Human Body Systems PDF

Human Body Systems Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the general and unique characteristics of the different organ systems in representative animals. 2.Analyze and appreciate the functional relationships of the different organ systems in ensuring animal survival. Human Body Organization The H...

Human Body Systems Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the general and unique characteristics of the different organ systems in representative animals. 2.Analyze and appreciate the functional relationships of the different organ systems in ensuring animal survival. Human Body Organization The Human Body is composed of Organ Systems are composed of Organs are composed of Tissues are composed of Cells Eleven Body Systems work together to maintain homeostasis. 1. Nervous System 2. Endocrine System 3. Lymphatic System 4. Circulatory System 5. Respiratory System 6. Digestive System 7. Excretory System 8. Skeletal System 9. Muscular System 10. Integumentary System 11. Reproductive System What is the job of your circulatory system? To transport oxygen and nutrients around your body and to help to get rid of wastes  What organs, or parts, make up your circulatory system? Arteries Veins Heart Blood The heart pumps blood through the body.  Types Of Blood Vessels ❖ Arteries Move blood away from the heart Have thick & and elastic walls, made of smooth muscles. Are connected to ventricles in the heart.  Types Of Blood Vessels ❖ Veins Move blood toward the heart Have one-way valves. Are squeezed by skeletal muscles. Carry blood with waste materials and that is oxygen- poor.  Types Of Blood Vessels ❖ Capillaries Are microscopic blood vessels. Connect arteries to veins. Their walls are only one cell thick! Nutrients and oxygen are exchanged from the blood to body cells through capillary walls.  Components of Human Blood Contains Help fight Help clot nutrients & Transport Oxygen blood minerals The infection liquid part of blood  Digestive System Function: Digestion is the process of breaking food into small molecules so that they can be absorbed and used by the body. Nutrients Are substances in food that provide energy and materials for cell development, growth, and repair.  The Digestive System Function: to change food into simpler molecules that can be absorbed into bloodstream and used by the body Major Organs : Organs that food will pass through Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine MAIN ORGANS MOUTH LIVER GALL BLADDER SMALL INTESTINE HELPER ORGANS ESOPHAGUS STOMACH PANCREAS LARGE INTESTINE RECTUM  Parts of the Digestive System Esophagus: muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. Moves food down by squeezing (peristalsis) Stomach: muscular bag where chemical and mechanical digestion continue; food stays here ~4 hours, changes to chyme. Small Intestine: Tube nearly 7 meters long where digestive juices from liver and pancreas are added villi absorb small nutrient molecules. All chemical and physical digestion ENDS  Small Villus Intestine The small intestine absorbs nutrients and transSfeectiros n 38t-2he nutrients to the circulatory system. The small intestine is lined with small fingerlike projections known as villi which designed to have a large surface area for this task. Large Intestine: absorbs water from undigested food, where unabsorbed materials become more solid Rectum: where solid wastes (feces) are stored. ANUS: muscles control the release of solid wastes from the body RECTUM  Respiratory System Major Structures lungs, nose, mouth, trachea Functions moves air into and out of lungs; controls gas exchange between blood and lungs The Respiratory System links to the Circulatory System to provide cells with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Bronchi branch to air sacs known as aveoli where gas exchange occurs. Gas Exchange in the Alveoli lungs occurs through the process of DIFFUSION High concentration of oxygen Bronchiole (O2) moves out of lungs into blood to balance concentration. CO2 does the opposite (moves from blood to lungs) Capillary The Lungs are only the air sacs.In order for them to movetheymust work together with a muscle known as the Diaphragm. Air inhaled Air exhaled Rib cage Rib cage rises lowers Diaphragm Diaphragm Exhalation Inhalation  Excretory System Functions Removes cellular wastes from blood and the body Major Structures kidneys urinary bladder ureters urethra skin, lungs Wastes and water diffuse out of the blood into filters in the kidney. The kidneys form the liquid waste URINE. Urine leaves the kidneys and is passed from the ureters to the urinary bladder. Vein Artery Kidney Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra How does the human body move from place to place and have the ability to run, blink or build things? These things are all made possible by the skeletal and muscular systems.  Muscular System Function: MOVEMENT Major Muscle Types Skeletal – Attached to bones for voluntary actions Smooth – Found in the digestive tract and the blood vessels to move food and blood. Control involuntary actions (you do not decide for them to work) Cardiac – Heart muscle cells are involuntary. Skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs.When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes. Movement Biceps (relaxed) Biceps (contracted) Movement Triceps (contracted) Triceps (relaxed) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCminz-X52I  Interesting Facts… There are nearly 600 skeletal muscles that make up nearly half of the total body weight in the human. Muscles can only pull – they cannot push. Energy is stored in the muscles in a chemical called ATP. Lactic acid is released when the muscles are overworked and lack O2, making the muscles hurt or ache. Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. The biggest muscles in the body are the gluteus maximus muscles (buttocks), but the muscle that can exert the most force is the masseter (jaw muscle). Major Structures Skeletal System bones and joints Functions protects organs shapes & supports the body interacts with skeletal muscles allows for movement produces blood cells in the bone marrow stores minerals calcium and phosphorous  Interesting Facts… A baby is born with 270 bones while an adult body has 206 bones. The hands and feet contain half of the bones in the human body. Bones are made of the hard mineral calcium, living cells, blood vessels and nerves. Bones are made of several layers – periosteum, compact bone, and spongy bone. A joint is where two bones meet. Joints can be fixed (the skull), ball-and-socket (shoulders and hips), pivot (neck), gliding (wrists), and hinged (fingers, elbows, and knees).  Reproductive System Functions produces gametes Eggs (female) Sperm (male) Allows for the continuation of the species. Major Structures ovaries, uterus, and (in females) testes and penis (in males)  The Reproductive System Functions to make new individuals by producing, storing and releasing specialized sex cells known as gametes. Cells from the male reproductive system, known as sperm, must fuse with cells of the female reproductive system, known as eggs.  Interesting Facts… A person grows over 5 million times bigger changing from a single cell to a newborn human being. Humans grow for about 20 years, changing from a child to an adult. Male reproductive cells are called sperm, and female reproductive cells are called eggs. Sperm and eggs have only 23 chromosomes each. When joined together, sperm and egg make a whole cell called a zygote which can grow into a baby.  Nervous System Major Structures brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Functions regulates behavior; maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems; controls sensory and motor functions The Nervous System: The nervous system is the number one communication center of the body.The basic cell type that carries the communications are neurons that transmit electrical impulses. NEURON CELL Nucleus Axon terminals Cell Body Myelin Sheath Dendrites Nodes The nervous system is divided into two divisions: The Central Nervous System (CNS)– Responsible for relaying messages, processing and analyzing information. The Peripheral Nervous System – Receives information from the environment and relays commands from the CNS to the organs and glands. The brain is the main switching area of the central nervous system. Cerebrum – Responsible for voluntary activities of the body (Intelligence, learning and judgement) Cerebellum – Coordinates muscle movement and balance. Brain Stem – Consists of the pons and the medulla oblongata. Pass message between brain and body  Interesting Facts… The left half of the brain controls the right half of the body and vice-versa. The human brain is more powerful and complicated than the world’s biggest computer. It can store millions of memories and do billions of calculations every day. The human body has over 100 billion neurons in all. The brain can receive over 100,000 signals per second. Messages whiz through the nerves at up to 270 mph. Neurons reaching from the spinal cord to the toes are the longest cells in the human body, measuring up to 4 feet in length.  Endocrine System Functions: regulates body activities temperature, metabolism development, and reproduction maintains homeostasis regulates other organ systems Major Glands (organs): hypothalamus pituitary Pancreas Adrenal Thyroid testes and ovaries Hypothalamus Pineal Gland Endocrine Glands Pituitary Thyroid Pancreas Parathyroid s Ovary (female) Thymus Testis Adrenal (male) Glands  Endocrine System Endocrine glands release hormones, chemicals that act as signals telling different parts of the body what to do. The body makes over 20 hormones, each with a different job to do. The blood carries hormones around the body until reaching the target organ, the body part needing it. Hormones can affect the way a person feels. As a person ages, the body makes less of some hormones. Important Glands and Hormones of the Human Body Gland Hormone Function Pineal Melatonin Controls sleep and wake cycle Thyroid Thyroxine Controls appetite and metabolism Adrenal Adrenaline Deals with stressful situations Thymus Thymosin T-cell development (fight diseases) Ovary Estrogen Female reproduction Testis Testosterone Male reproduction LYMPHATIC SYSTEM  LYMPHATIC SYSTEM The lymphatic system, is an organ system that is part of the immune system and complementary to the circulatory system. It consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs, lymphatic tissue, and lymph, and has various functions such as fat absorption and immune defense.  The integumentary system is the organs forming the outermost layer of an animal's body. It comprises the skin and its appendages, which act as a physical barrier between the external and internal environments that protect and maintain the animal’s body.