NGN110 Lecture 3: Teamwork PDF

Lecture 3: Teamwork NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul Acknowledgments  This lecture used material from:    http://engr11.tamu.edu/powerpoints.htm K. Smith, “Teamwork and project management” Eide et al., “Introduction to Engineering Design and Problem Solving” NGN11...

Lecture 3: Teamwork NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul Acknowledgments  This lecture used material from:    http://engr11.tamu.edu/powerpoints.htm K. Smith, “Teamwork and project management” Eide et al., “Introduction to Engineering Design and Problem Solving” NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 2 What is a team?  Definition from http://www.dictionary.com:     A group on the same side, as in team A brood or flock A group of animals exhibited or performing together A group organized to work together, as in team of engineers A small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable Together Everyone Achieves More NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 3 Why Teams?  Real engineers work in teams  Team skills are valued by industry and academia NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 4 Team Meetings  In United States there are 19 million meetings/day  New engineers spend almost 25% of their time in meetings  Senior engineers spend as much as 50% of their time in meetings NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 5 Outline         Types of Teams Team Structure Team Member Roles Team Dynamics Decision Making Conflict Management Common Team Problems Tips for Working Successfully in a Group NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 6 Types of Teams*  Pseudo teams Performance Level  Perform below the level of average member Real team High-performing teams Individual members Potential team Pseudo teams Type of group NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul *Katzenbach & Smith (1993) American University of Sharjah Page 7 Types of Teams*  Potential teams Performance Level  Perform slightly above the level of the average member Real team High-performing teams Individual members Potential team Pseudo teams Type of group NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul *Katzenbach & Smith (1993) American University of Sharjah Page 8 Types of Teams*  Real teams Performance Level  Perform quite well Real team High-performing teams Individual members Potential team Pseudo teams Type of group NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul *Katzenbach & Smith (1993) American University of Sharjah Page 9 Types of Teams*  High-performing teams Performance Level  Perform to an extraordinary level Real team High-performing teams Individual members Potential team Pseudo teams Type of group NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul *Katzenbach & Smith (1993) American University of Sharjah Page 10 Outline         Types of Teams Team Structure Team Member Roles Team Dynamics Decision Making Conflict Management Common Team Problems Tips for Working Successfully in a Group NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 11 Team Structure Sponsor Team Leader Team Members NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul Team Facilitator American University of Sharjah Page 12 Team Structure Sponsor Team Leader  Team Members Team Facilitator Sponsor   Translates the companies mission and vision into appropriate action Example University – instructor Company – manager NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 13 Team Structure Sponsor Team Leader  Team Members Team Facilitator Team Leader   Responsible for the Content: What is to be accomplished Process: How it is to be accomplished May run the meeting NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 14 Team Structure Sponsor Team Leader  Team Members Team Facilitator Team Facilitator    Individual from outside the team (another unit/department) Responsible for leading the discussion, keeping focus, and moving the meeting along; Neutral Helps team leader prepare for meeting NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 15 Team Structure Sponsor Team Leader  Team Members Team Facilitator Team Members   Selected due to a particular area of responsibility or expertise Contribute both information and ideas NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 16 Team Member Roles Team Members Meeting Recorder Coordinator  Time Keeper Encourager Devil’s Advocate Member Coordinator      Coordinates and prepares the agenda Coordinates time and place of meeting Insures all necessary resources are available Keeper of the “Code of Cooperation” (to be discussed) Monitors the decision making process NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 17 Agenda Example Agenda for the 3rd monthly meeting of the executive council of ASCE student club at AUS Meeting Place = ELB G05 Date = October 7, 2004 Time = 2:00-3:00 pm Roles: Ali = Coordinator Sara = Recorder Laila = Devil Edvocate Bilal = Time keeper Ahmad = Encourager/Gatekeeper Agenda Items 1. Introduction of new members (2:00-2:05 pm) 2. Report from the President (2:05-2:15 pm) 3. Report from the Treasurer (2:15-2:30 pm) 4. New business - strategies for recruitment (2:30-2:45 pm) - Election of new vice president (2:45-2:55 pm) 5. Other business (2:55-3:00 pm) 6. Adjournment (3:00 pm) NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah *Tabsh Page 18 Code of Cooperation To promote a more constructive and productive teamwork, a team should create a set of guidelines for the group The guidelines should be agreed on by all team members It should always be visible to and accessible by the team members NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 19 Code of Cooperation Example  Ford Motor Company            Help each other be right, not wrong Look for ways to make new ideas work, not for reasons they wont If in doubt, check it out. Don’t make negative assumptions about each other Help each other win, and take pride in each other’s victories Speak positively about each other and about your organization at every opportunity Maintain a positive mental attitude no matter what the circumstances Act with initiative and courage, as if it all depends on you Do everything with enthusiasm; its contagious Whatever you want, give it away Don’t lose faith Have fun  NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 20 Team Member Roles Team Members Meeting Recorder Coordinator  Time Keeper Encourager Devil’s Advocate Recorder    Responsible for doing the writing of the team whenever group work is being done Keeps an “action list” to keep a record of assigned actions Makes sure that the team gets copies of their work NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 21 Minutes Example Minutes of Meeting for the 3rd monthly meeting of the executive council of ASCE student club at AUS Meeting Place = ELB G05 Date = October 7, 2004 Time = 2:00-3:00 pm Agenda Item Discussion Action 1 Two new members (A. Jamal & L. Michael) were introduced. None 2 President Ahmad presented his report. He pointed out that more social activities are needed by the club. It was decided to form a new committee (Ali, Bilal & Sara) to look into planning a dinner party next month. 3 Treasurer Sally presented her report, and stated that the budget is balanced. None 4 Members discussed various ways for recruiting new members. Sara was elected vice president with a majority votes. It was decided that Ali will contact a senior student from Architecture at AUS to design a flyer for the club and post it in different buildings on campus. 5 No other business was discussed. None 6 NGN110: Introduction Meetingtowas adjourned at 3:05 pm Engineering and Computing None Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah *Tabsh Page 22 Team Member Roles Team Members Meeting Recorder Coordinator  Time Keeper Encourager Devil’s Advocate Time Keeper   Keeps track of time Keeps team moving to finish on time NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 23 Team Member Roles Team Members Meeting Recorder Coordinator  Time Keeper Encourager Devil’s Advocate Encourager     Gives encouragement to all other team members Maintains a balanced level of participation for all members Encourages silent members to participate Holds back verbose, dominate members NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 24 Team Member Roles Team Members Meeting Recorder Coordinator  Time Keeper Encourager Devil’s Advocate Devil’s Advocate  Takes position opposite to that held by the team to ensure that all sides of an issue are considered NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 25 Individual Exercise The nine dots shown are arranged in equally spaced rows and columns. Connect all nine points with four straight lines without lifting the pencil from the paper and without retracing any line. NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul          American University of Sharjah Page 26 Individual Exercise - Solution The nine dots shown are arranged in equally spaced rows and columns. Connect all nine points with four straight lines without lifting the pencil from the paper and without retracing any line. NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul          American University of Sharjah Page 27 Things You Should Say In a Group …  Facilitator “Let’s focus on the problem.”  Recorder “Let me write that down.”  Time Keeper “We have one minute remaining.”  Encourager “Why is Fred silent?”  Devil’s Advocate “Hmm! How about this way!” NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 28 Outline         Types of Teams Team Structure Team Member Roles Team Dynamics Decision Making Conflict Management Common Team Problems Tips for Working Successfully in a Group NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 29 Team Dynamics  Four stages of team development     Forming (orientation) Storming (conflict) Norming (cohesion) Performing (performance) NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 30 Team Dynamics      Members explore the limits of acceptable group behavior Excitement and anticipation is clear among members Serious suspicion, fear, and anxiety about project is also felt Discussion will be tentative, suggesting abstract thoughts Forming stage doesn’t result in much progress   NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 31 Team Dynamics      Most difficult stage Members tend to be defensive and competitive Poor attendance is noted Members criticize each other’s ideas Not much work is accomplished  NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 32 Team Dynamics       Events start to crystallize Members accept the “team ground rules” Begin to establish their roles and help each other Members express criticism constructively Members work out differences Progress is seen!  NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 33 Team Dynamics       Last stage of team dynamics Team has finally resolved and established its relationships Members discovered and accepted each other’s strengths and shortcomings Do actual problem solving Team is capable of getting a lot of work done Problem gets solved   NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 34 Outline         Types of Teams Team Structure Team Member Roles Team Dynamics Decision Making Conflict Management Common Team Problems Tips for Working Successfully in a Group NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 35 Decision Making  7 methods for decision making by D. and F. Johnson (’91) 1. Decision by authority without discussion  Leader makes all decisions 2. Decision by authority after discussion  Leader makes decision after discussion with group 3. Expert member  Most expert member is allowed to decide for the group 4. Average of member’s opinions 5. Minority control  Two or more members who constitute less than 50% of group make decisions 6. Majority control  Decision occurs when 51% of members agree on action 7. Consensus  Decision occurs when everyone agrees NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 36 Decision Type and Quality Quality of Decision Highest Lowest Individual Average of Minority Majority Individuals Control Control NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul Consensus American University of Sharjah Page 37 Outline         Types of Teams Team Structure Team Member Roles Team Dynamics Decision Making Conflict Management Common Team Problems Tips for Working Successfully in a Group NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 38 Conflict Management  What is a conflict?  Is a situation, when an action of one person prevents, obstructs, or interferes with the actions of another person NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 39 Conflict Management  Five conflicting strategies are described as follows:      Withdrawal Neither goal nor relationship is important Withdraw from interaction Forcing Goal is important but not relationship Use all energy to get task done Smoothing Relationship is more important than goal You want to be liked and accepted Compromise Goal and relationship are important Gain and lose something Confrontation Goal and relationship are important Resolve through negotiation NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 40 Conflict Management  Blake and Mouton Conflict Model High Importance Force Confront Goal Compromise Withdraw Smooth Low Importance High Importance Relationship NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 41 Outline         Types of Teams Team Structure Team Member Roles Team Dynamics Decision Making Conflict Management Common Team Problems Tips for Working Successfully in a Group NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 42 NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 43 Common Team Problems One of my team members never comes to class One of my team members never participates One of my team members is very rude Most of my team members just want to rush No one comes to our meeting prepared NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 44 We Learn …        10% of what we read, 20% of what we hear, 30% of what we see, 50% of what we see and hear, 70% of what we discuss with others, 80% of what we experience, 95% of what we teach to someone. NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 45 Tips for Working Successfully in a Group             Meet people properly Find things you have in common Make meeting conditions good Let everyone talk (i.e. LISTEN!) Leave your ego behind Praise each other (i.e. constructive feedback) Put it in writing (setup roles, meeting reminders, agenda, meeting minutes, etc.) Make sure everyone is “on the same page” Be open and honest Avoid conflicts at all costs Phrase alternatives as questions Accomplish the task NGN110: Introduction to Engineering and Computing Dr. Fadi Aloul American University of Sharjah Page 46