Neuroanatomy Past Paper PDF 10/27/2021

Module 202: Organisation of the central nervous system 2: Tutor Notes. Brain pathologies In this workstation, you will inspect a series of pathology pots. Pot 1 (ED2) Pot 1 contains a coronal slice of the cerebrum. A large meningioma (tumour), originating from the choroid plexus, can be seen within...

Module 202: Organisation of the central nervous system 2: Tutor Notes. Brain pathologies In this workstation, you will inspect a series of pathology pots. Pot 1 (ED2) Pot 1 contains a coronal slice of the cerebrum. A large meningioma (tumour), originating from the choroid plexus, can be seen within the left lateral ventricle. Q. In which part of the left lateral ventricle is the meningioma? Rostral aspect of the body of the left lateral ventricle (midbrain can be seen) Q. Which structure is being compressed in the roof of the ventricle? Corpus callosum Q. Which structures on each side have been displaced laterally by the meningioma? Thalamus and internal capsule Q. Can you identify the right lateral ventricle? It is difficult to identify, since it has been compressed by the meningioma Organisation of the central nervous system 2 Prof. Andrew Dilley 10/27/2021 1 Module 202: Organisation of the central nervous system 2: Tutor Notes. Pot 2 (ED5) Pot 2 contains a coronal slice of the cerebrum. A tumour can be seen projecting into the right lateral ventricle. The patient has tuberous sclerosis, which is rare genetic condition that causes benign tumours to develop. Q. Into which part of the lateral ventricle is the tumour projecting? Anterior horn of the right lateral ventricle (slice is anterior to brainstem and head of caudate nucleus can be seen) Q. Is the tumour within the lateral ventricle? No, since the ependyma can be seen above the mass. Q. Which structure site lateral to the tumour? Head of the caudate nucleus, which is part of the basal ganglia. Q. Can you identify a smaller nodule (tumour) on the left side of the brain? There is a small nodule inferior to the head of the caudate nucleus. Organisation of the central nervous system 2 Prof. Andrew Dilley 10/27/2021 2 Module 202: Organisation of the central nervous system 2: Tutor Notes. Pot 3 (ED16) Pot 3 contains a coronal slice of the cerebrum. A vascular lesion can be seen in the right side of the brain. Q. Within which brain structure does the vascular lesion originate? Right lentiform nucleus Q. Is the internal capsule affected by the lesion? There is minimal compression of the internal capsule, which is located medial to the lentiform nucleus. Q. Which ventricle is compressed? Right anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. Q. Can you spot a pathology in the corpus callosum? There is small infarct within the right side of the corpus callosum. Organisation of the central nervous system 2 Prof. Andrew Dilley 10/27/2021 3 Module 202: Organisation of the central nervous system 2: Tutor Notes. Pot 4 (ED3) Pot 4 contains a horizontal slice of the cerebrum. A massive intracerebral haemorrhage can be seen on the right side. Q. Where is the origin of the haematoma? Right lentiform nucleus, probably in the putamen or external capsule Q. Into which other regions has blood accumulated? Into the white matter that is anterior and posterior to the lentiform nucleus. Blood has also accumulated with the lateral ventricles. Pot 5 (ED1) Pot 5 contains a coronal slice of the cerebrum, as well as a segment of dura for the right side. The right cerebral hemisphere is markedly flattened. Q. What is the pathology? The patient has suffered an extradural haematoma. Blood can be seen on the outer surface of dura. Q. Can you identify the location of a second smaller pathology? There is a small haemorrhage within the midbrain, deep to the cerebral peduncles. Organisation of the central nervous system 2 Prof. Andrew Dilley 10/27/2021 4