Neuro Quiz Week 2 Transmitters and Receptors PDF

1. Organophosphates inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase. What effect does this have in the cell? 1. It prevents breakdown of ACh in the synapse causing increased activity at the postsynaptic cell. (Correct) 2. It prevents synthesis of ACh in the presynaptic terminal causing less...

1. Organophosphates inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase. What effect does this have in the cell? 1. It prevents breakdown of ACh in the synapse causing increased activity at the postsynaptic cell. (Correct) 2. It prevents synthesis of ACh in the presynaptic terminal causing less neurotransmitter release. 3. It prevents reuptake of ACh into the presynaptic terminal causing less neurotransmitter synthesis. 4. It prevents binding of ACh on the postsynaptic cell causing less activity. 5. It prevents reuptake of ACh into the presynaptic terminal causing increased activity at the postsynaptic cell. 2. The presence of which compound or protein in a cell makes it quite likely that the cell is a GABAergic neuron? 1. Pyridoxal phosphate 2. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (Correct) 3. GABA transaminase 4. γ-hydroxybutyrate 5. Glutamine 3. Cell X fires an action potential and releases GABA onto Cell Y. Assuming only GABAA receptors are present on the postsynaptic membrane, which is at rest at - 55mV, which ion is responsible for the changes that would be observed? 1. Chloride (Correct) 2. Potassium 3. Sodium 4. Calcium 5. Magnesium 4. The transmitter GABA excites immature cortical neurons because 1. Immature GABA receptors pass more sodium than chloride. 2. Immature GABA-receptive neurons have a more negative firing threshold than mature neurons. 3. Immature GABA-receptive neurons express many Na+ / K+ / Cl- co-transporters. (Correct) 4. Immature GABA-receptive neurons express many K+ / Cl- co-transporters. 5. The opening of GABA receptor channels tends to excite immature cortical networks because of the networks' wiring. 5. Which statement describes a possible outcome for a neurotransmitter after release into the synaptic cleft? 1. Modulation by an enzyme, increasing its efficiency 2. Reuptake into postsynaptic terminal via transporter proteins 3. Activation of G-protein-coupled receptor on postsynaptic cell (Correct) 4. Activation of voltage-gated ion channel on presynaptic cell 5. Uptake into postsynaptic cell via endocytosis 6. Which of the following is not a catecholamine? 1. Dopamine 2. Histamine (Correct) 3. Norepinephrine 4. Epinephrine 5. All of the above are catecholamines. 7. Listed below are the enzymes needed to synthesize epinephrine (adrenaline). Which of the following is the correct sequence of enzyme actions in the synthesis of epinephrine? 1. Dopamine-β hydroxylase 2. Tyrosine hydroxylase 3. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase 4. DOPA decarboxylase 1. 2; 4; 1; 3 (Correct) 2. 3; 1; 4; 2 3. 2; 1; 3; 4 4. 1; 2; 4; 3 5. 2; 4; 3; 1 8. Cocaine acts 1. On GABAA receptors. 2. As an MAO inhibitor. 3. By blocking serotonin reuptake. 4. By blocking dopamine reuptake. (Correct) 5. By blocking biogenic amine vesicular transporters. 9. While the nature of adenosine's actions on central circuits is not well understood, adenosine is thought to have an inhibitory or relaxing effect based on which observation? 1. Its presence in many inhibitory neurons 2. Its ability to block the reuptake of inhibitory transmitters  3. Its actions as a cofactor at glycine receptors 4. The consequences of xanthine (e.g., caffeine) blockade of adenosine receptors (Correct) 5. The co-localization of adenosine with GABA in GABAergic synaptic vesicles 10. Peptide neurotransmitters are often released 1. Shortly after their synthesis in presynaptic terminals. 2. As pre-propeptides. 3. As propeptides. 4. More readily and quickly than nonpeptide transmitters. 5. Together with nonpeptide transmitters. (Correct) 11. Which of the following is not a class of opioid peptides? 1. Dynorphins 2. Endorphins 3. Enkephalins 4. Endocannabinoids (Correct) 5. Neoendorphins 12. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor consists of _______ subunits. 1. Two 2. Three 3. Five (Correct) 4. Seven 5. Nine 13. Based on the distribution of endocannabinoid receptors in the brain, it can be surmised that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol likely has an influence on 1. The neocortex. 2. The hippocampus. 3. Basal ganglia. 4. The hypothalamus. 5. All of the above (Correct) 14. The neurotoxin α-bungarotoxin (which is used by banded kraits in defense) acts by  1. Stimulating acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions. 2. Blocking transmission at neuromuscular junctions. (Correct) 3. Blocking Ca2+ channels. 4. Blocking muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. 5. Stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the CNS. 15. Glutamate is 1. The most commonly used neurotransmitter in the brain. 2. Neurotoxic at high concentrations. 3. A nonessential amino acid. 4. Often synthesized from glial-synthesized glutamine. 5. All of the above (Correct) 16. Which is not a feature of glutamate signaling systems? 1. The presence of multiple glutamate receptor families with different ionic selectivities 2. Voltage-dependent gating of certain types of glutamate receptor 3. The passage of large amounts of magnesium and calcium by NMDA receptors (Correct) 4. The use of specialized proteins for loading glutamate into vesicles 5. The use of specialized proteins for removing glutamate from the synaptic cleft 17. Which change could be responsible for increasing the amplitude of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)? 1. An increase in the amount of glutamate released into the synapse (Correct) 2. An increase in the myelination of the axon 3. An increase in the number of GABA receptors on the postsynaptic membrane 4. An increase in potassium conductance in the postsynaptic unit 5. A decrease in the number of VGLUTs in the presynaptic terminal 18. A researcher studying synaptic transmission in a glutamatergic hippocampal neuron attempts to measure calcium flow in the postsynaptic hippocampal neuron after either low or high intensity stimulation to the presynaptic neuron. Predict the results of the different stimulations. 1. There will be an influx of calcium after low intensity stimulation. 2. There will be an efflux of calcium after low intensity stimulation. 3. There will be an influx of calcium after high intensity stimulation. (Correct) 4. There will be an efflux of calcium after high intensity stimulation.  5. There will be an influx of calcium after both types of stimulation (stimulation occurs at separate times, not together). 19. Myasthenia gravis is characterized by 1. Degeneration of lower motor neurons. 2. Degeneration of upper motor neurons. 3. Mutations affecting the synthesis of acetylcholine. 4. Mutations affecting acetylcholine receptors. 5. An autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptors. (Correct) 20. Which receptor type can be modulated by both barbiturates and benzodiazepines? 1. GABAA (Correct) 2. GABAB 3. GABAC 4. Glycine 5. Muscarinic ACh receptor