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Questions and Answers
What effect does organophosphates have in the cell?
What effect does organophosphates have in the cell?
- It prevents binding of ACh on the postsynaptic cell causing less activity.
- It prevents reuptake of ACh into the presynaptic terminal causing increased activity at the postsynaptic cell.
- It prevents synthesis of ACh in the presynaptic terminal causing less neurotransmitter release.
- It prevents reuptake of ACh into the presynaptic terminal causing less neurotransmitter synthesis.
- It prevents breakdown of ACh in the synapse causing increased activity at the postsynaptic cell. (correct)
Which compound makes it likely that a cell is a GABAergic neuron?
Which compound makes it likely that a cell is a GABAergic neuron?
- Glutamine
- Glutamic acid decarboxylase (correct)
- γ-hydroxybutyrate
- Pyridoxal phosphate
- GABA transaminase
Which ion is responsible for the changes observed when Cell X fires an action potential and releases GABA onto Cell Y?
Which ion is responsible for the changes observed when Cell X fires an action potential and releases GABA onto Cell Y?
- Magnesium
- Calcium
- Sodium
- Chloride (correct)
- Potassium
Why does the transmitter GABA excite immature cortical neurons?
Why does the transmitter GABA excite immature cortical neurons?
Which statement describes a possible outcome for a neurotransmitter after release into the synaptic cleft?
Which statement describes a possible outcome for a neurotransmitter after release into the synaptic cleft?
Which of the following is not a catecholamine?
Which of the following is not a catecholamine?
What is the correct sequence of enzyme actions in the synthesis of epinephrine?
What is the correct sequence of enzyme actions in the synthesis of epinephrine?
How does cocaine act?
How does cocaine act?
What observation suggests that adenosine has an inhibitory effect in central circuits?
What observation suggests that adenosine has an inhibitory effect in central circuits?
Peptide neurotransmitters are often released
Peptide neurotransmitters are often released
Which of the following is not a class of opioid peptides?
Which of the following is not a class of opioid peptides?
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor consists of _______ subunits.
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor consists of _______ subunits.
Based on the distribution of endocannabinoid receptors in the brain, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol likely has an influence on:
Based on the distribution of endocannabinoid receptors in the brain, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol likely has an influence on:
What action does the neurotoxin α-bungarotoxin have?
What action does the neurotoxin α-bungarotoxin have?
What is glutamate?
What is glutamate?
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Study Notes
Organophosphates
- Inhibit acetylcholinesterase, preventing breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh).
- Increased acetylcholine leads to heightened activity at the postsynaptic cell.
GABAergic Neurons
- Presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase indicates a neuron is GABAergic.
Ion Changes in Neurons
- GABA release onto postsynaptic membrane causes chloride ions to flow, leading to inhibitory effects.
- Chloride influx observed when Cell X releases GABA onto Cell Y at resting potential of -55mV.
Immature Cortical Neurons
- Immature GABA receptors favor sodium permeability over chloride.
- Immature neurons express high numbers of Na+/K+/Cl- co-transporters, affecting excitability.
Neurotransmitter Release Outcomes
- Activation of G-protein-coupled receptors on postsynaptic cells is a key outcome post-synaptic release.
Catecholamines
- Histamine is not classified as a catecholamine; dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are.
Epinephrine Synthesis Sequence
- Correct enzymatic sequence for epinephrine synthesis:
- Tyrosine hydroxylase → DOPA decarboxylase → Dopamine-β hydroxylase → Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase.
Cocaine's Mechanism
- Cocaine primarily acts by blocking dopamine reuptake.
Adenosine Effects
- Adenosine may exert inhibitory effects, notably through the blockade of adenosine receptors via xanthines like caffeine.
Peptide Neurotransmitters
- Released alongside nonpeptide transmitters, rather than immediately after synthesis.
Opioid Peptides
- Endocannabinoids are not classified among opioid peptides; dynorphins, endorphins, enkephalins, and neoendorphins are.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Structure
- Composed of five subunits.
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Influence
- Likely affects diverse brain regions, including the neocortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus.
Neurotoxin α-Bungarotoxin
- Blocks transmission at neuromuscular junctions, inhibiting acetylcholine receptors.
Glutamate
- The most prevalent neurotransmitter in the brain; neurotoxic at elevated concentrations.
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