Networks Physical Architecture PDF - Holy Spirit University of Kaslik

Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK) Faculty of Arts and Sciences GEIT210 – Information Technology and Networking Fall 2024-2025 Chapter 3: Networks Physical Architecture  Outline Definitions and introduction to Networ...

Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK) Faculty of Arts and Sciences GEIT210 – Information Technology and Networking Fall 2024-2025 Chapter 3: Networks Physical Architecture  Outline Definitions and introduction to Networking Network topology Networks Peripherals USEK GEIT210 3  Introduction to Networking Definition of Network and Networking:  A Network is a collection of computing devices connected via a communication medium to exchange information and resources.  A resource may be: File, Folder, Printer, Disk drive  Networking is the term that describes the processes involved in designing, implementing, upgrading, managing and otherwise working with networks and network technologies. USEK GEIT210 4  Introduction to Networking Advantages of networking Connectivity and Communication Data Sharing Hardware Sharing Internet Access Management Entertainment USEK GEIT210 5  Introduction to Networking Disadvantages of networking  Network Hardware, Software and Setup Costs  Hardware and Software Management and Administration Costs  Unwanted Sharing  Worry about Data Security USEK GEIT210 6  Introduction to Networking Network Classifications USEK GEIT210 7  Introduction to Networking Personal Area Networks (PAN): PAN is a small network around some meters of large, allows the interconnection of personal machines (portable PC, portable phone). Local Area Networks (LAN): A LAN is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building. USEK GEIT210 8  Introduction to Networking Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):  A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN).  The term is applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger network.  The usage is also sometimes referred to as a campus network. USEK GEIT210 9  Introduction to Networking Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): USEK GEIT210 10  Introduction to Networking Wide Area Networks (WAN):  WAN is a computer network that covers a broad area (regional or national boundaries).  Or, less formally, a network that uses routers and public communications links.  The largest and most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet. USEK GEIT210 11  Introduction to Networking Intranet and Internet specifications  Intranet: o It’s a private network that is contained within an enterprise. o It may consist of many interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in the Wide Area Network. o Companies can send private messages through the public network, using the public network with special encryption / decryption and other security safeguards to connect one part of their intranet to another. USEK GEIT210 12  Introduction to Networking Intranet and Internet Specifications  Internet o It’s a worldwide system of computer networks o A network of networks in which user at any computer can, if he have permission, get information from any other computer and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers. USEK GEIT210 13  Networks Peripherals Network Interface Card (NIC)  NIC provides the physical interface between computer and cabling.  It prepares data, sends data, and controls the flow of data.  It can also receive and translate data into bytes for the CPU to understand. USEK GEIT210 14  Network Interface Card Configuration: Each card must have a unique physical network address or MAC address. If two cards have the same MAC addresses, neither one of them will be able to communicate. Drivers: For the computer to use the network interface card, it is very important to install the proper device drivers. USEK GEIT210 15  Network Interface Card Performance:  The most important goal of the network adapter card is to optimize network performance and minimize the amount of time needed to transfer data packets across the network. USEK GEIT210 16  Networks Peripherals Repeater: USEK GEIT210 17  Networks Peripherals Repeater:  Repeaters are very simple devices. They allow a cabling system to extend beyond its maximum allowed length by amplifying the network voltages so they travel farther.  Repeaters are nothing more than amplifiers and, as such, are very inexpensive.  Repeaters can only be used to regenerate signals between similar network segments.  The main disadvantage to repeaters is that they just amplify signals. These signals not only include the network signals, but any noise on the wire as well. USEK GEIT210 18  Networks Peripherals Hub: USEK GEIT210 19  Networks Peripherals Hub:  Hubs are devices that link several computers together.  They repeat any signal that comes in on one port and copy it to the other ports (this process is called broadcasting).  There are two types of hubs: active and passive. o Passive hubs simply connect all ports together electrically and are usually not powered. o Active hubs use electronics to amplify and clean up the signal before it is broadcast to the other ports.  In the category of active hubs, there is also a class called "intelligent" hubs, which are hubs that can be remotely managed on the network. USEK GEIT210 20  Networks Peripherals Bridge: USEK GEIT210 21  Networks Peripherals Bridge:  They join similar topologies and are used to divide network segments.  For example, with 200 people on one network, the performance will not be very good. If you divide this network into two segments of 100 workstations each, the traffic will be much lower on either side and performance will increase.  If the destination address belongs to the other segment, a bridge will forward the packets to that segment.  They are more intelligent than repeaters but are unable to move data across multiple networks at the same time.  Unlike repeaters, bridges can filter out noise.  The main disadvantage to bridges is that they can’t connect different network types or perform intelligent path selection.  For that function, you would need a router. USEK GEIT210 22  Networks Peripherals Switch: USEK GEIT210 23  Networks Peripherals Switch:  Low-end network switches appear almost identical to network hubs, but a switch contains more "intelligence" (and a slightly higher price tag) than a network hub.  Network switches are able to inspecting data packets as they are received, determining the source and destination device of that packet, and forwarding it appropriately.  By delivering each message only to the connected device it was intended for, a network switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a hub. USEK GEIT210 24  Networks Peripherals Routers: USEK GEIT210 25  Networks Peripherals Routers:  Routers are highly intelligent devices that connect multiple network types and determine the best path for sending data.  The advantage of using a router over a bridge is that routers can determine the best path that data can take to get to its destination.  Like bridges, they can segment large networks and can filter out noise.  However, they are slower than bridges because they are more intelligent devices; as such, they analyze every packet, causing packet-forwarding delays.  Because of this intelligence, they are also more expensive. USEK GEIT210 26  Networks Peripherals Routers: USEK GEIT210 27  Networks Peripherals Characteristics:  Bandwidth: o The bandwidth is the data rate measured in bits (not bytes) per seconds. o 1 char = 1 byte = 8 bits o 1 Kbps (Kilobits Per Second) = 1000 bps = 1000/8 chars/sec = 125 chars/sec USEK GEIT210 28  Networks Peripherals Characteristics:  IP address: o Each interface or network card has an IP address. o An IP address is a series of 32 bits indicated as a.b.c.d o Each values a, b, c or d represents a series of 8 bits or 1 byte. o With a, b, c and d are integers between 0 and 255 since (255)10 = (11111111)2 USEK GEIT210 29  Networks Peripherals Characteristics:  Connecting to the Internet: Requirement:  A computer or cell phone.  An account with an ISP (Internet Service Provider).  A modem (modulator/demodulator) for dial-up services/DSL or a NIC (Network Interface Card) for Cable services. USEK GEIT210 30  Networks Peripherals Characteristics:  Home Network (Single machine): USEK GEIT210 31  Networks Peripherals Characteristics:  Home Network (Multiple machine): USEK GEIT210 32  Networks Peripherals Characteristics:  Home Wireless Network: USEK GEIT210 33  Networks Peripherals Characteristics:  Connection Types: o LAN: Usually connected using Ethernet Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable USEK GEIT210 34  Networks Peripherals Characteristics:  Connection Types: o WLAN: Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity): A wireless technology that connects computers without cables. Access Point (AP): A device (base station) that connects wireless devices together, usually connected to a wired-network. USEK GEIT210 35  Networks Peripherals Characteristics:  Connection Types: o Dial-up Services: Modem – Modulator/demodulator – A device that converts analog signal to digital (modulation) and vice versa (demodulation) USEK GEIT210 36  Networks Peripherals Characteristics:  Connection Types: o Broadband Services: – DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): A technology that provides digital data transmission over unused frequencies on traditional telephone lines. – Need a DSL modem. – Also, a Splitter is needed to separate the voice and data signal. USEK GEIT210 37  Networks Peripherals Characteristics:  Connection Types: o WAN: Spans a large geographic area, such as connections between cities. Usually connected using telecommunication lines (T1-1.5Mbps, T3-45Mbps) or fiber optic lines (OC3-155Mbps, OC12-622Mbps, OC48- 2.4Gbps). USEK GEIT210 38