Introduction to Neuroanatomy PDF

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Merit University

Prof Dr Mohamed El-Badry Mohamed

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neuroanatomy nervous system human anatomy medicine

Summary

This document provides an introduction to neuroanatomy, covering the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It discusses the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and autonomic nervous system.

Full Transcript

INTRODUCTION TO NEUROANATOMY Prof Dr Mohamed El-Badry Mohamed Professor and Head of Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Head of Academic Departments Faculty of Medicine, Merit University Professor of Human Anatomy and Embryology Department,...

INTRODUCTION TO NEUROANATOMY Prof Dr Mohamed El-Badry Mohamed Professor and Head of Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Head of Academic Departments Faculty of Medicine, Merit University Professor of Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University Objectives of the of the Lecture By the end of the lecture the student should be able to: Mention the organs forming the central nervous system Mention the structures forming the peripheral nervous system Mention the types of autonomic nervous system and their location Describe anatomy of the cells in the central nervous system, their location and function Name the cavities of the brain and their sites Mention the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and their function Describe the structure of the grey and white matters of the brain How many spinal nerves are there in the body and their distribution Enumerate the cranial nerves Nervous System A. Somatic Nervous System: I. Central nervous system: 1. Brain a. Cerebrum b. Cerebellum c. Brain stem (midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata) 2. Spinal cord II. Peripheral nervous system: 1. Cranial nerves (12 pairs) 2. Spinal nerves (31 pairs; 8 cerivcal, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 pair coccygeal) B. Autonomic Nervous System: I. Sympathetic nervous system - Thoraco-lumbar (T1 – L 2) II. Parasympathetic nervous system - Cranio-sacral (Cr III, VII, IX, X and S 2,3,4) Cerebrum - Two cerebral hemispheres connected together by corpus callosum Cerebrum (Cont.) - Each hemisphere consists of outer cortex (grey matter) and inner medulla (white matter). Grey matter: - Consists mainly of: - 1. Cell bodies of nerve cells - 2. Glial cells (astrocytes; protoplasmic and fibrous) give neurons both structural and nutritional support, oligodendrocytes for formation of myelin sheath inside CNS and microglia (phagocytes of CNS) White matter: - Consists mainly of: - Nerve fibers and glial cells Classification of Neurons: I. Number, Length, and Mode of Branching of Neurites: 1. Unipolar: Single neurite divides a short distance from cell body; Posterior root ganglion 2. Bipolar: Single neurite emerges from either end of cell body; Retina, sensory cochlea, and vestibular ganglia 3. Multipolar: Many dendrites and one long axon; Fiber tracts of brain and spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and motor cells of spinal cord II. Size of neuron: 1. Golgi type I: Single long axon; Fiber tracts of brain and spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and motor cells of spinal cord 2. Golgi type II: Short axon that with dendrites resembles a star; Cerebral and cerebellar cortex Classification of neurons according to the number, Different types of neurons length, and mode of branching of the neurites. Diagrammatic representation of the arrangement of different types of neuroglial cells. Fuctionally each cerebral hemisphere consists of 4 lobes: 1. Frontal lobe: Motor, cognition 2. Parietal lobe: General somatic sensation 3. Temporal lobe: Hearing 4. Occipital lobe: Vision Basal ganglia:  Number of nuclear masses  Buried within the white matter The most are: 1) Caudate nucleus 2) Putamen 3) Globus pallidus 4) Claustrum 5) Amygdaloid body DIENCEPHALON  Continuous with rostral part of midbrain  Lies: Between the brain stem and cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon comprises: 1) Epithalamus 2) Thalamus 3) Subthalamus 4) Hypothalamus 5) Metathalamus (part of lateral nucleus of thalamus) BRAIN STEM 1)Medulla oblongata 2)Pons 3)Midbrain CEREBELLUM  The largest part of the hindbrain  Originates from dorsal aspect of brain stem  Overlies the 4th ventricle  Connected to the brain stem by 3 pairs of fibre bundles (cerebellar peduncles): 1) Superior cerebellar peduncle 2) Middle cerebellar peduncle 3) Inferior cerebellar peduncle CRANIAL NERVES - Each cranial nerve originates within the brain and leaves the brain through a foramen in the skull - All distributed in the head and neck except the vagus nerve (10) CRANIAL NERVES 1. Olfactory nerve 2. Optic nerve 3. Oculomotor nerve 4. Trochlear nerve 5. Trigeminal nerve 6. Abducent nerve 7. Facial nerve 8. Vestibulo-cochlear nerve 9. Glosso-pharyngeal nerve 10. Vagus nerve 11. Accessory nerve 12. Hypoglossal nerve THANK YOU Prof Dr Mohamed El-Badry Mohamed

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