Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of neuron is characterized by a single long axon?
Which type of neuron is characterized by a single long axon?
What are the primary functions of the frontal lobe?
What are the primary functions of the frontal lobe?
Which structure lies between the brain stem and the cerebral hemispheres?
Which structure lies between the brain stem and the cerebral hemispheres?
What is NOT included in the basal ganglia?
What is NOT included in the basal ganglia?
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What connects the cerebellum to the brain stem?
What connects the cerebellum to the brain stem?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?
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The hypothalamus is part of which structural division of the brain?
The hypothalamus is part of which structural division of the brain?
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Which structure originates from the dorsal aspect of the brain stem?
Which structure originates from the dorsal aspect of the brain stem?
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Which structures are included in the central nervous system?
Which structures are included in the central nervous system?
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What is the total number of spinal nerves in the human body and their distribution?
What is the total number of spinal nerves in the human body and their distribution?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with the cranio-sacral location?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with the cranio-sacral location?
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What primarily composes the grey matter of the brain?
What primarily composes the grey matter of the brain?
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Which of the following is NOT a classification of neurons based on neurite structure?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of neurons based on neurite structure?
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What is the main function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
What is the main function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
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What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
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Which features characterize white matter in the brain?
Which features characterize white matter in the brain?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Neuroanatomy
- Lecture by Prof Dr Mohamed El-Badry Mohamed
- Professor of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Merit University
- Professor of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Assiut University
Objectives of the Lecture
- Students will be able to identify the organs of the central nervous system.
- Students will be able to identify the structures of the peripheral nervous system.
- Students will be able to recognize the types of autonomic nervous systems and their locations.
- Students will be able to describe the anatomy of cells in the central nervous system and their functions.
- Students will be able to name the cavities of the brain and their locations.
- Students will be able to identify the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and their functions.
- Students will be able to describe the structure of gray and white matter of the brain.
- Students will be able to determine the number of spinal nerves and their distribution.
- Students will be able to list the cranial nerves.
Nervous System
A. Somatic Nervous System
1. Central nervous system
- Brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
- Spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system
- Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
- Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
- 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal
B. Autonomic Nervous System
1. Sympathetic nervous system
- Thoraco-lumbar (T1-L2)
2. Parasympathetic nervous system
- Cranio-sacral (Cr III, VII, IX, X, and S2,3,4)
Cerebrum
- Two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum.
- Composed of outer cortex (grey matter) and inner medulla (white matter).
Grey Matter
- Primarily cell bodies of nerve cells.
- Includes glial cells (astrocytes, protoplasmic and fibrous, oligodendrocytes, microglia).
- Astrocytes provide structural and nutritional support to neurons.
- Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths in the CNS.
- Microglia are phagocytes of the CNS.
White Matter
- Consists mainly of nerve fibers and glial cells.
Classification of Neurons
I. Based on the Number, Length, and Branching of Neurites
- Unipolar: single neurite; posterior root ganglion
- Bipolar: single neurite from either end of cell body; retina, sensory cochlea, and vestibular ganglia
- Multipolar: many dendrites and one long axon; fiber tracts of brain and spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and motor cells of spinal cord
II. Based on Size
- Golgi type I: single, long axon; fiber tracts of brain and spinal cord, peripheral nerves, motor cells of spinal cord
- Golgi type II: short axon with dendrites that resembles a star; cerebral and cerebellar cortex.
Neuroglial Cells
- Diagrammatic representation of different types of neuroglial cells showing their arrangement.
- Ependyma
- Protoplasmic astrocytes
- Fibrous astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Microglial cells
- Capillary
- Neuron
Lobes of the Cerebrum
- Frontal lobe: motor, cognition
- Parietal lobe: general somatic sensation
- Temporal lobe: hearing
- Occipital lobe: vision
Basal Ganglia
- Nuclei buried within the white matter.
- Includes: Caudate nucleus, Putamen, Globus pallidus, Claustrum, Amygdaloid body.
Diencephalon
- Located between the brain stem and cerebral hemispheres.
- Includes: Epithalamus, Thalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, and Metathalamus.
Brain Stem
- Structures: Medulla oblongata, Pons, and Midbrain.
Cerebellum
- Largest part of the hindbrain
- Originates from the dorsal aspect of the brain stem
- Overlies the 4th ventricle
- Connected to the brain stem by three pairs of fiber bundles (superior, middle, inferior cerebellar peduncles).
Cranial Nerves
- Originate in the brain and exit through foramina.
- Distributed in the head and neck, except the vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10).
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves: olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal.
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