Agriculture Textbook - Evolution & History PDF

A Co ipetitive Book of AGRICULTURE ' :, , V , ,...

A Co ipetitive Book of AGRICULTURE ' :, , V , , Ak t r f 1, S I t. , 1 11, 11. ; „1,:v.i.,:;;;;;; : - _...1 ^. 1. - -. '. - ! _ _ I. - ' - t 1 " 0.'0.. 3. '- ; MIIINSSRE P a 0.4.1, ts V.  CONTENTS S.No. Topic Page No. 1. Evolution and history 1-16 2. General Agriculture 17-46 Agronomy 47-150 Soil Science 151-195 Horticulture 196-247 6. Entomology 248-287 Plant Pathology 288-31 8. Nematology 317-333 9. Plant Breeding and Genetics 334-366 10. Plant Physiology 367-380 11. Extension 381-384 12. Agricultural Economics 385-391 13. Agricultural Statistics 39? -408 1 Animal Production 409-419 iv  LEVOLUTION OFsAGRICULTUItE AND RELATED TEOIS The term agriculture and related subjects are derived from the words of: /. Agriculture- Latin word- `ager' or `agri' meaning `soil' and `cultura' meaning 'cultivation' 2. Agronomy- Greek word- `agros' meaning 'field' and `nomos' meaning 'manage' 3. Horticulture- Latin word- 'hortus' meaning 'garden' and cultura' meaning 'culture or growing' 4. Pomology- Latin -Greek word- Combination of Latin word `ponum' meaning 'fruit' and greek word 'logy' or 'logos meaning 'discourse, treatise, or science'. 5. Olericulture- Latin word- `oleris' meaning 'pot herb' and english word 'culture' meaning 'cultivation' 6. Floriculture- Latin word- 7. Extension- Latin word- 'ex' meaning 'out' and `tensio' meaning 'stretching' 8. Soil Science- Latin word- `catena' meaning 'chain' 9. Soil- Latin word- `so/um' meaning "ground' 10. Monsoon- Arabic word- `mausim' meaning 'season' 11. Biodynamics- Greek word- `bios' meaning 'life' and 'dynamics' meaning 'energy' 12. Truck gardening- French word truck- 'torquer' meaning `to barter or exchange' 13. Nematode- Greek word- `nema' meaning 'thread' and 'told' meaning 14. Pedology- Greek word- `pedon' meaning 'soil or earth' 15. Pedogogy- Greek word- 'paid' meaning 'child' and `agogus' meaning 'leader' Evolution of Agriculture & related terms 1 A Competitive book of Agriculture IMMINNEMINAMINW.ftial:  16. Market- Latin word- `marcatus' meaning 'place of trade, traffic or merchandise'. 17. Evolution- Latin word- `evolutio' meaning 'unrolling or rolling out' 18. Enzyme- Greek word- 'en' meaning 'in' and `zyme' meaning 'ferment/living' 19. Credit- Latin word- 'credo' meaning 'I trust you'. 20. Society- Latin word- `societas' which was derived from noun `socius' meaning 'comrade, friend,ally'. 21. Vulgarization- French word- 'vulgarize' meaning 'popularize' 22. Cell — Latin word- `cellula' meaning 'small compartment' 23. 'In- vivo' and 'In- vitro' — Latin word- 'In -vivo' meaning `within the living' and 'In -vitro' meaning 'within the glass' 24. Plastid — GreA word- plastikas' meaning 'formed or moulded' 25. Ecology- Greek word- 'Oikos' meaning 'house/dwelling place' and 'logos' meaning 'study' 26. Entomology- Greek word- 'entomo' meaning 'insect' means 'cut into(section)' and 'logos' meaning 'discourse' 27. Arthropoda- Greek word- `arthros' meaning 'segmented' and `podu.s' meaning 'leg' 28. Phytopathology- Greek word- `phyton' meaning 'plant' , `pathos' meaning 'ailments' and `logus' meaning `knowledge' 29. Fungicide- Latin word- 'fungus' meaning 'fungus' and `caedo' meaning 'to kill' 30. Meteorology- Greek word- `Meteoro' meaning above the earth's surface' (atmosphere) and 'logy' meaning 'indicating science' Evolution of Agriculture & related terms  HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE Agriculture, since its invention and inception, has been the prime and foremost activity of every culture and civilization throughout the history of mankind. The first man on the was Homo erectus evolved on the earth around 1.5 million years ago and after 5 lakh years he spreads throughout the old world [First in tropical region and then in temperate region]. The evolution of modern man was as follows: Monkey (>1.5 million year ago) Java man IHomo erectus (15 lakh years ago)— ---÷ Cro-Magnan Modern man / Homo sapiens sapiens (250 thousand years ago). 'Homo' meaning `continous' , 'erectus' meaning 'erect' and `sapeins' meaning 'learning habit' The ancestor of modern man , Homo sapiens first time appeared in Africa around 35 thousand years ago. The Homo sapiens different from fellow animals due to presence of large brain, small teeth and chin, intelligence and skill in making and use of tools. The genus Homo get knowledge of fire control around 500 thousand years ago. The living development of Homo sapiens is as follows: Intelligence/brain development making tools [First tools was boulders (rock/stone) and spears of wood tipped with blades of flint] 0. Hunting of animals cooked meat on fire started domestication of dog dog helped in hunting started gathering seeds, leaves and fruits from jungle. Important events in history of agriculture Years ago Event 70 million Earliest primates, prosimians developed in trees 40 million Evolution of monkey and apes 20 million A giant ape, Dryonithecus in Indian Siwaliks ;0 Oldest primate , Ramapithecus with man- like 15 million A Competitive book of Agriculture Evolution of Agriculture & related terms 3  traits in Africa and India 5 million Closet primate ancestor to man in Africa 3 million Oldest known tool designed in Africa 1.5 million First true man , Homo erectus emerged in Indonesia and Africa 1 million Homo erectus migrated through old world tropics 0.8 million Homo erectus populated temperate regions 0.5 million Homo erectus pekinensis learnt use and control of fire 0.4 million Man made shelters out of tree branches 90,000 > Neanderthal man emerged in Europe 32,000 > Cromagnon man , Homo sapiens sapiens emerged in Europe 22,000 Artists decorated walls and ceiling in France and Spain Earlier than D Hunting, gathering 10,000 B.C. 8700 B.C. D Domestication of sheep 7700 B.C. D Domestication of goat 7500 B.C. D Cultivation of crops (Wheat and barley 6000 B.C. D Domestication of cattle and pigs 4400 B.C. D Cultivation of maize 3500 B.C. D Cultivation of potato 3400 B.C. Wheel was invented 3000 B.C. D Bronze was used to make tools 2900 B.C. ' Plough was invented. Irrigated farming was started. 2700 B.C. Silk moth domestication in China. 2300 B.C. Cultivation of chick pea, pear, sarson and cotton -- 2200 B.C. Domestication of Fowl, buffalo and elephant 1800 B.C. Cultivation of finger millet (Ragi) Evoluiton of Agriculture & related terms 4 A Competitive book of Agriculture. 1725 B.C. Cultivation of sorghum 1700 B.C. :- Taming of horses , 1500 B.C. ).- Cultivation of sugarcane. Irrigation from wells. 1400 B.C. Y Use of Iron in Middle East 1000-600 > Second , Aryan -migration wave, age of iron, B.C. iron -plough share and axe invented, crop cultivation in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar 543-491 - Reference to farming operations in Kullavagga B.C. and Mahavagga and Budhist literature in Pali 500 A.D. '.-- Classification of plants and animals in Brahat Samhita of Varahamihira _ Persian wheel used Araghatta (India) _ 760-800 )-- A.D. 900-1000 4-- Construction of anicuts and tanks, Krishi A.D. Parashara and Vrikshayurveda, manuals on agricultureand botany written, A text book on Agriculture prepared by Kashyapa by the name Krishi Sukti 15 Century r Cultivation of sweet orange, sour orange, wild A.D. brinjal. Pomegranate 16 Century - - Introduction Of Several Crops Into India By A.D. Portuguese. They Are Potato, Sweet Potato, Arrow Root, Cassava, Tomato, Chillies, Pumpkin, Papya, Pineapple , Guava, Custardapple, Groundnut, Cashewnut, Tobacco, American cotton, rubber 1550 A.D. Y Portugese introduced grafting technique in horticulture Y Flora India, published , Lieutenant William 1795 A.D. Frazer started study farm at PUSA (Bihar) to breed horses A Competitive book of Agriculture Evolution of Agriculture 1k related terms 5  G.L. Blane constructed Western Jainuila Lanai 1820 A.D. Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture published 1824 A.D. Y Famine in Bengal and Orissa (15 lakh people 1865 A.D. died) 1868-69 Severe famine A.D. 1871 > Department of Revenue. Agriculture and Commerce (DRAC) 1874 A.D. )> Severe famine in Bihar 1875 A.D. )> Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) at Pune (Maharastra) 1876 A.D. Famine in Madras and Bombay presidencies 1877 A.D. > Famine in Punjab, Central province (101ac died 1878 Higher Education in agriculture at Coimbatore. 1880 > Famine commission appointed. 1881 A.D. > Government of India started Department o Revenue and Agriculture in provinces 1882 A.D. Veterinary college established at Lahore (now in Pakistan) 1890 A.D. Higher Education in agriculture at Pune. 1891 A.D. ) Dr J A Volcker's report on improvement o Indian Agriculture 1892 A.D. Agriculture chemist and an assistant chemist were appointed to look after research and teaching 1899-1900 i. Famine (Chhapaniya Kal) 1900 A.D. Forest research Institute 1901-1905 Agricultural Colleges were established at Pune, Kanpur, Sabour, Nagpur, Lyallapur and Coimbatore 1901 A.D. ,-- First Immigration commission. Evolution of Agriculture & related terms 6 A Competitive book of Agriculture  Model Village by Daniel Hamilton — 1903 A.D. Y An Entomologist were appointed 1905 A.D. Established the Imperial (now known as Indian) Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa, (Bihar) shifted to new Delhi in 1936. 1906 A.D. )- Started Agriculture Journal India 1908 A.D. Y Tagore started Youth organization in the village in the Kaligram Pargana 1919 A.D. D Constitutional Reforms made Agriculture as a state subject 1920 A.D. GURGAON Project by F L Bryne 1921 A.D. SHRINIKETAN Project by R.N.Tagore 1921 A.D. )=. MARTHANDAM Project by Spencer Hatch 1921 A.D. ).- SEVAGRAM Project by Mahatma Gandhi. Adarsh Seva Sangh , Pohri (Gwalior) by Col. Shitole 1921 A.D. fr- Indian central cotton committee. 1926 A.D. 'fr. Appointment of Royal Commission Agriculture headed by Lord Linlithgow 1929 A.D. fr- Establishment of Imperial (now Indian) Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) ,New Delhi 1930 A.D. fr, SEVAGRAM Project by Mahatma Gandhi 1931 A.D. -- )%- Indian Central Lac Committee 1932 A.D. fr- Rural reconstruction movement by V.T. Krishnamachari in Barod 1935 A.D. -.- Rural Development Programme 1936 A.D. ).- Indian Central Jute committee. 1940 A.D. ). Monthly Journal (Popular) Indian Farming started by Imperial (Indian) Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi _ 1942 A.D. )-- Department of Food created. A Competitive book ofAgriculture Evolution of Agriculture & related terms 7  Grow more food campaign (Failed and again 1942 A.D. D started in 1947 GMF) D Great Bengal Famine (Caused by 1943 A.D. Helminthisporium oryzae) 1944 A.D. D Indian central Sugarcane committee. 1944 A.D. D Dr W. Burns report on Technological Possibilities of Agricultural Development in India 1945 A.D. D Sir, Pheroze Kharegat's memorandum on the development of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in India 1945 A.D. D Indian central- Coconut committee. 1945 A.D. D Indian central tobacco committee. 1945 A.D. > Inclian Village Service by A.T. Mosher and B.N.Gupta, D.Tharugad 1946 A.D. > Directorate of planet projection & quarantine. 1946 A.D. Central Rice research institute. End of D Firka Development by Madras State by - 1946 or T.Prakasha and D. Tharugad 1947 1947 A.D. D Food policy committee. 1947 A.D. D Indian central Oil Seeds committee. Fertilizers & chemicals Travancore. _ 1947 A.D. D 1947 A.D. D Mazdoor Manzi! at Nilokheri by S.K.Dey Jan.1948 D GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and - Trade) 1948 A.D. Etawah Pilot Project by Albert Mayer 1948 A.D. Indian Village Service by Mr. Arther, T.Mosher and B.N.Gupta 1949 A.D. Arecnut Committee 1952 A.D. D Pilot Training cum Development Project by Ford Evolution ojAgriculture & related terms 8 A Competitive book of Agriculture  Foundation /F'd Community Development Oct.1952 2 nd National Extension Services (NES) Oct.1953 1956 A.D. )-- Project for intensification of regional research on cotton, oil, seeds, millets(PIRRCOM) 1957 A.D. p All India Coordinated maize improvement Project. 1958 ir Status of Deemed University accorded to IARI under UGC Act,1956. 1958 A.D. -,',- Spices and Cashewnut Committee Oct. 1958 NAFED (National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation) 2' d Panchayati Raj (Democratic decentralization) 3- Oct.1959 tier system by Balwant Roy Mehta , inaugurated by J.L.Nehru on 2"d Oct.1959 in Nagaur District _ of Rajasthan 1960 A.D. );- First agricultural University at Panthnagar , on the pattern of Land grant system of USA 1960-61 Intensive Agriculture District Programme( IADP) 1963 A.D. > National Seed Corporation. 1964 ).- National Demonstration March,1964 '>> Intensive Agriculture Area Programme( IAAP) 1964 A.D. )-- Intensive Cattle Development Project (ICDP) 1965 A.D. )-0 National demonstration Programme(NDP) 1965 A.D. ACRIPs were started on other crops as well as in other areas of Research 1966 )=. Placement of different agricultural research institutes under the purview of ICAR Evolution of Agriculture & related terms 9 A Conon-Mit book of Agriculture  1->--Taigh yielding Varieties Programme. F9-6-C-A.tTh7;7-Directorate of Extension...._. _._ Multiple cropping schemes (MCP) 1966-67 > Green Revolution 1967-68 > Farmers Training and Education Centre (FTEC) 1969 A.D. ) Second Irrigration compassion. 1970 A.D. )P. National commission on agriculture. 1971 A.D. Minikit Programme (MKP) 1970-71 Y Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) 1971 A.D. > All India coordinated project for dry land agriculture. 1971 A.D. ). Small Farmers Development Agency (AFDA) 1971 A.D. Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labour Project (MFAL) 1972 A.D. ICRISAT 1973 Creation of Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) in the Ministry of Agriculture 1973 A.D. Minikit trials programme. 1974 A.D. Y Training & Visit system (T&V) formulated by Daniel Benor and Baxter of Israel. Turkey was the first started in Rajasthan Canal Area in Rajasthan and Chambal area in Madhya Pradesh 1974 A.D. Command Area Development Authority (CADA) 1974 A.D. Operational Research Project 1974 A.D. > Food for Work Programme (FWP) 1974 A.D. > Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) 1974 A.D. Y Krishi Vigyan Kendra. Mohan Singh Mehta committee recommended (First at Pondichery ,under TNAU, Coimbatore Evolution of Agriculture & related terms 10 A Competitive hook of Agriculture 1975 Establishment of Agricultural Research Service and Agricultural Scientists' Recruitment Board i st 20 Points Programme July,1975 1976 A.D. ')> National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) 1976 A.D. ';=. Desert Development Programme (DDP) 1976 A.D. Antyodya Yojana 1976 A.D. National Academy of Agricultural Research and Management (NAARM) 1976 A.D. > Ashok Mehta Committee proposed two tiers Panchayat Raj System April, 1978 p integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) 1979 A.D. Training for Rural Youth for Self Emplyment (TRYSEM) Jan. 1979 National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) 1st June, Lab to Land Programme (LLP) , on the ICAR 1979 golden jublee year 1979 p Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) 1980 -- District Rural Development Programme 1980 National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) 1980 National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) 1982 A.D. Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWACRA) 1982 A.D. Council for Advancement of Peoples Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) 12th July, p National Bank for Agriculture & Rural 1982 development (NABARD) 1983 National Agricultural Extension Project (NAEP) 1983 Rural Landless Employment Guarntee Evolution of Agriculture & related terms 11 A Competitive book of Agriculture  Programme (RLEGP) Crop Insurance Scheme (CIS) now National 1985 A.D. )-.- Agricultural extension project (NAEP) Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) _ 1986 1986 A.D. D National Agricultural research project (Phase -11) 1988 > Special Food Production Programme (SFPP) 1989 Jawahar Rozgar Yojana ( Formed after merger of NREP and RLEGP) 2nd > Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) Oct.1993 2 ' )%' Assured Employment Scheme (AES) Oct.1993 1994 > Mahila Samrudhi Yojana 1995 D Institution Village Linkage Programme (IVLP) 1995 D National Social Assistance Scheme 1996 D Establishment of National Gene Bank at New Delhi 1997 D. Swarana Jayanti Sahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) 1998 D National Agricultural Technology project (NATP) 1998-99 Kisan Credidt Card Scheme 1999 D Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojna (JGSY) 1999 D Swarana Jayanti Gram swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) [IRDP,TRYSEM,DWACRA,SITRA- merged in to SGSY] 1999-2000 Indira Awas Yojna (lAY) Rabi 1999- D National Agricultural Insurance Scheme 2000. (NAIS) Dee.2000 Antyodaya Anna yojana (AAY) 25" Dec. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PGSY) 2000 Evolution of Agriculture & related terms 12 4 Competitive book kir/culture - - 2001 - - - - - - - Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar yojana (SGRY) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1st Y The four erstwhile schemes of OPP, OPDP, - Apri1,2004 NPDP and AMDP have been merged into one Centrally Sponsored Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil palm and Maize (ISOPOM) being implemented from 1.4.2004 14'1' Nov. > National food for work programme (NFWP) 2004 2004 )> Marine Fishing Policy 2004 D National Commission on Farmers (Chairman Dr M S Swaminathan) July ,2006 > National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) Through world bank May,2005 > National Horticulture Mission (NHM) 2005-06 0- Bharat Nirman 2006-07 National bamboo Mission 6thFeb. 'r Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment 2006 Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) 2006.-. National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) on 3.11.2006 August, - National food security mission (NFSM) 2007 August, -.- Rashtriya Krishi V ikash yojana (RKVY) 2007 Domestication of plants and animals in Na rious world regions Estimated Animal/plant Place time 10,000 B.C. Dog Iraq and Israel 8,400 B.C. North -Western America Dog Evolution of Agriculture & related terms A Competitive book of Agriculture 13  Sheep and goat Middle- East region 9,000 B.C. 7,000 B.C. Pig Turkey 6,300 B.C. Cattle Greece _ 6,000 B.C. Wheat Greece 6,000 B.C. Lentil and peas Middle —East 6,000 B.C. Phaseolus lunatus Peru 6,000 B.C. Phaseolus vulgans Peru 5,000 B.C. Kidney bean Peru and Mexico 5,000 B.C. Maize Mexico and South America 4,000 B.C. Rice China and Thailand 3,000 B.C. Cotton Africa and India 3,000 B.C. Horse Southern Russian Turkestan 3,000 B.C. Ploughing began Latin America and old world 2,500 B.C. Buffalo South Eastern Asia 1,800 B.C. Sorghum North Africa and India Before Sunflower Central North America 1,000 4000 years Potato (cultivated) South America ago - Chickens India 18'h Century First plant hybrid 1920 Artificial mutation Source: Charles B. Heiser Jr. (1981) _ INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTRAL RESEARCH (ICAR) \1928 Royal Commission on Agriculture , headed by Lord Linlithgow recommended setting up Imperial Council of Agricultural Research to promote , guide and coordinate agricultural research throughout the India. 16th July, ICAR was set up on 16ffi July, 1929, as registered Evolution of Agriculture & related terms 14 A Competitive book of Agriculture 1929 society under the Societies Registration Act 1860. On the recommendation of Royal Commission of Agriculture. March,1946 )- Under the president ship ofJogendra Singh it was decided to change the 'Imperial' in to "Indian" and now it is called Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 1963 The Agricultural Review Team headed by Dr. Marion W. Parker of USDA was appointed 1965 > A policy was made to appoint an Agricultural scientist as the Chief Executive of ICAR , with the designation of Director General ;Dr. B. P. Pal become the first DG of ICAR in 1965 1966 > ICAR was made a fully autonomous organization on the recommendation of Agricultural Review Team June,1972 '1= Gajendragadkar Committee was established to review the recruitment and personal policies of ICAR and its institutes, which submitted its report in 1973. 1973 ),-. Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) was created in Ministry of food and Agriculture. 1st The Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board Nov.1973 (ASRB) was established on 1 November 1973 as an independent recruitment agency in pursuance of the recommendations of the Gajendragadkar Committee. 15 A Competitive book ofAgriculture Evolution ofAgriculture & related terms INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEA ' " g 1905 Agricultural Research Institute was established at Pusa, Bihar under the viceroyalty of Lord Curzon. Earlier it was in West Bengal. Help of sum of rupees 9 lakh was donated by an American Philip of USA 1911 Y Renamed as Imperial Agricultural Research Institute 1923 ) ; Institute started offering Diploma of Associate ship. 1934 Major Earth quake damaged the building at Pusa, Bihar. 1936 '),- Shifted to Pusa Road , New Delhi 1936 )-- B.Vishwanath became the first Indian Director of Institute 1946 - )=- The Diploma of Associate ship was recognized _ equivalent to M.Sc. 1947 r Name has been changed from Imperial Agricultural Research Institute to Indian Agricultural Research Institute. 1958 > Recognized as "Deemed University" under UGC Act 1956. PG school was established. Evolution of Agriculture & related terms 16 A Competitive book of Agriculture  2. GENERAL A6RICULTURE About to Indian Agriculture: V Geographical area of India is: 328.74 mha. V Total reporting area of India is: 306 mha V Total degraded land of India is: 187 mha V Gross cropped area of India is: 193 mha _ V Gross irrigated area of India is: 76 mha V Net irrigated area of India is: 57 mha V Net cropped area of India is: 141 mha V Cropping intensity of India is: 135 % V Forest area of India is: 20.4 % of total geographical area V State having highest geographical in Rajasthan. India V The state which is 2 n in geographical MP area: V Highest forest area in the state: MP V The state which is I in pulse MP production: V The state which is 1st in food grain U. P. production: V The state which is 1s1in total coarse Rajasthan cereal prod.: V The state which is 2"din food production: Punjab. V The state which is I' in wheat U. P. production: V The state which is 2 n in wheat Punjab. production: V Water vapor in the atmosphere constitute 0.001 % of the total only about: global water sf Annual World precipitation is: 1000 mm V Average annual rainfall of India: 1194 mm _ V C;:nerated rainfall volume: 400 mha-m 17 A Competitive book of Agriculture Generol Agriculture ,./ Maximum area under irrigation is in: Ganga basin V Optimum forest area required: 33% of Geographical area V Maximum area under drip irrigation is Maharashtra in: V Highest fertilizer consumption rate Pundicherry (1091.0 (Includes States and Union Territories) kg/ha) V Highest fertilizer consumption Punjab (212 kg/ha) rate(Among States) : V Total fertilizer consumption is maximum U.P. in : V Maximum area under irrigation is in : Punjab (92.7% of cultivated area). Important facts: ,/ Most poisonous pollutant in water is: Arsenic..4 Maximum concentration of ozone is Lower stratosphere. found in: V Forest conservation act was made in the 1980. year: V The test has self purification capacity of BOD test. water body: V Most commonly disinfectant in water Chlorine. purification is: V Gases responsible for acid rain: SO2 and NO2. V Pollutant free alternative to petrol for Propane. automobiles: V The gas responsible for Bhopal gas MIC (methyl tragedy 1984: isocyanate). V MIC was used for manufacturing of Carbaryl insecticide: V Author of famous book "silent spring" Rachel Carson. 1962 is: V Largest ocean: Pacific. V Establishment of NA BA RD: - 12 July, 1982. General Agriculture 18 A Competitive book of Agriculture  _ N7 R.B.I. was established in which year: 1935. V Proteins are made up of: Amino acids. V Ozone depletion mainly due to: CFC (chloro floro carbon). V One mol. of CFC is destroyed about of Ozone. 100,000 mol.: _ V Gas filled in fire extinguisher cylinders CO2 is: V Contribution of agriculture to GDP 14.2 % (2010-11): V Plough is used to turn over the soil is: Mould bould plough V Carbohydrate which is only present in Glycogen animal cells: V The pesticide consumption is maximum Andhra Pradesh in: V Present Union Agriculture Minister: Sharad pawar V Total KVK up to Oct,2013 630 V Present DG of ICAR: Dr. S. Ayyappan V Recently banned pesticides is: Phosphamidon V Pesticide which is going under procedure Endosulfan to ban: V First all India Co-ordinate Research On Maize (1957) Project (AICRP): V First National Research Center (NRC) Groundnut(Junagarii. for: Gujarat). V The region inhabited by living organism Biosphere. on land, ocean and atmosphere: ✓ Name the plants which produce lbod themselves through photosynthesis: Phototrophs/autofrophs. Sui✓generis"✓used✓in✓GATT✓proposals✓is✓a✓Latin✓‘‘ord✓means 'a system of its own'. ✓ India won, Neem patent in March 2005. from G. R. Grace Company of America since, 1999. General Agriculture 19 ,1 Competitive bao t AcilitAptute v In northern India, sometimes rain takes place in winter which is due to: Western depression (JRF-97/RPS(', A0-09). V National agricultural insurance scheme (NAIS)/ Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojna is sponsored by General Insurance Corporation. In total agricultural credit the contribution of commercial banks is highest (74%), followed by co-operative banks (17%) and rural banks (9%) in 2009. (Pre -PG -2013) V Agriculture came into existence in: 7500 B.C. when cultivation of wheat and barley first started. Minimum support prices of various crops are recommended by Commission on Agricultural Cost & Price (CACP), at present 24 crops under MSP. ✓ Accumulation of nutrients in a lake or pound due to human intervention or natural process is: Eutrophication ✓ Maximum number of campuses under a single agricultural university: JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP) ✓ Central Agricultural University, Imp/sal (Manipur) is the only multi state, agricultural university with seven colleges among sister states. ICAR Institutes: Deemed to be universities:. IARI: Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa (New Delhi). IVRI: Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (UP) N. NDRI: National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana). 4. CIFE: Central Institute of' Fisheries Education,Mumbai, MH 5. AAI: _ Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad (UP) Agricultural Research Institute: 1. CARL Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair (Andaman & Nicobar). CARL Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP 3. CAZRI: Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur - (Rajasthan), 1959 _.. General Agriculture 20 A Competitive book of Agriculture 4. CIAE: Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh). 5. CICR: Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur (Maharashtra). 6. CIPHET: Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana (Punjab). 7. CRIDA: Central Research Institute for Dry land Agriculture, Hyderabad (AP), 1985 8. CRUAF: Central Research Institute for Jute & Allied Fiber, Barrackpore, WB. 9. CRRI: Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack (Orissa) 10. CSSRI: Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana). 11. CSWCRTI Central Soil and Water Conservation Research - and Training Institute, Dehradun (Uttrakhand). 12. CTRI: Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry (Andhra Pradesh). 13. IASRI: Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Pusa (New Delhi). 14. 1GFRI: Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi. 15. IGS1: Indian Grain Storage Institute, Hapor, UP 16. IIPR: Indian Institute of Pulse Research, Kanpur, (UP) 17. IISS: Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal (MP) 18. HSR: Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lukhnow, UP 19. ILRI: Indian Lac Research Institute: Ranchi, Jharkhand 20. IIVR: Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh). 21. NIRJAFT National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied _ Fiber Technology, Calcutta (West Bengal). 22. SBI: Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore (TN) 23. VPKAS: V ivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora (UK) General Agriculture 21 A Competitive book of Agriculture Animal sciences and fisheries: I. CARL Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar (UP). CIFRI: Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore (West Bengal).. CIFT: Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin (Kerala). 4. CIRG: Central Institute for Research on Goats, Mathura (Uttar Pradesh). 5. CSWRI: Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Tonk (Rajasthan) 6. NIANP: National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore (Karnataka). 7. NFDB: National Fisheries Development Board, Hyderabad (AP), 2006 National Bureaus: I. NBPGR: National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi.. NBSSLUP: National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur (MH).. NBAGR: National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal (Haryana).. NBFGR: National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lukhnow (Uttar Pradesh). 5. NBAIM: National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Micro-organisms, Mau, UP 6. NBAII: National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Bangalore, 2009. (Formerly it was named Project Directorate of Biological Control). International institutes: 1. IRR1: International Rice Research Institute at Manila (Philippines) in 1960.. CIMMYT: It is a Mexican word which denotes International Center for Maize and Wheat improvement at General Agriculture 22 A Competitsve book of Agnculture 11 0, 42  Mexico in 1966 (RAS Pre. -09) 3. ICARDA: International Center for Agricultural Research in - Dry land Area, Aleppo (Syria), 1977 4. ICRISAT: International Crop Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics, Hyderabad (India), 1972 _ International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya, 1973 ICGEB: International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Triesta, Italy & New Delhi, India IBPGR: International Board of Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, Italy (1974) IIM1: International Irrigation Management Institute: Digana (Shri Lanka). AVRDC: Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Taiwan. 10. TITA: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria, 1968 11 ICRISAT: International Crop Research Institute for the Semi -Arid Tropics, Hyderabad (AP). 1972 12. ICARDA: International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Area at Aleppo (Syria) in 1977 13 CIAT: International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Columbia, 1967 Other institutes: I. NAARM: National Academy of Agricultural Research and Management, Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh). FR!: Forest Research Institute: Dehradun (UK) NCERT: National Council of Education Research and Training, New Delhi. NRC-WS: National Research Center for Weed Science, Jabalpur (MP) NRC-WT: National Research Center for Water technology, Bhubaneswar (Odissa) NRC- National Research Center for Women in A Competitive book of Agriculture General Agriculture 23  Agriculture Research, Bhubaneswar (Odissa) WAR: ARS exam -07 Project Directorate of Water Management 7. PDWMR: Research, Patna (Bihar). Project Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad S. PDRR: Project Directorate of Maize Research, Pusa, New 9. PDMR Delhi. Project Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal 10. PDWR: (Hariana). 11. N1OF: National Institute of Organic Farming, Ghaziabad (UP) 12. NC1PM: National Center for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi. 13. WMO: World Meterological Organization, Head Quarters in Geneva (Switzerland). 14 DFR: Directorate of Flowericulture Research, New Delhi 15. DIPA: Directorate of Information and Publication in Agriculture, New Delhi FluitAci-tit z:Tc. 16. NBB: National Biodiversity Board, NoN 113*14i_Chenr-c:u 17. NASM: National Agricultural Science Museum, (ICAR),New Delhi, 2004 18. ARFIS: Agricultural Research Finance Information System, ---------, 2004 19. DRMR: Directorate of Rape seed & Mustard Research, Sewar, Bharatpur (Raj.), 2009 (Formerly it was NRC for rape seed & mustard) 20. APEDA: Agricultural and Processed Food Product Export Development Authority, New Delhi. 21. NAFED: National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation, Oct. 1958 22. NABARD: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, 12 July 1982 23. GATT: General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (Now it General Agriculture 24 A Competitive book of Agriculture  replaced by WTO in 1995). 24. CACP: Commission for Agriculture Costs and Prices 25. NIAM: National Institute of Agricultural Marketing, Jaipur (RAJ.), 1988 26. LAMPS: Large Sized Adivassi Multipurpose Cooperative Society 27. CFQCTI: Central Fertilizer Quality Control & Training Institute, Faridabad, UP 28. NPPTI: National Plant Protection Training Institute, Hyderabad, AP 29. DMI: Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Faridabad, UP About to ICAR: 1. 1926: Established Royal Commission on Agriculture, to examine the condition of rural economy in India 2. 1928: Royal Commission on Agriculture submitted its report 3. 1929: 16, July Imperial Council of Agricultural Research was formerly born to promote Co-ordinate agricultural _ research in India 4. 1947: ICAR, named as Indian Council of Agricultural - _ Research 5. 1965: 1st DG of ICAR was Dr. BP Pal, he Initiated All India Co-ordinate Research Projects (AICRPs) 6. 1966: ICAR regarded as Autonomous body 7. President of ICAR: Union Minister of Agriculture 8. DG of ICAR also Secretary of DARE: (Department of Agriculture Research and Education) established in 1973. 9. 1 st President of ICAR: Khan Bhadur Sir Mohammad Habib ullah ICAR awards: _ SN Award Field 1 Hari Om Ashram Trust award —Published Research in Crop Science General Agriculture 25 A Competitive book of Agriculture  Punjabrao Deshmukh Women For woman Agricultural Scientist Best work in Ph. D in the field of Jawaharlal Nehru award Agriculture & Allied Sciences Two Innovative Farmers in Agriculture & Allied Sciences For Excellence Journalism in the field of Agriculture Research and development Important publication related to agriculture: JournaUmagazine I Published by Place kurukestra Ministry of Rural Development New Del — hi 1 Current science Current Science Association & Bangalore Indian Academy of Science Science reporter C.S.I.R New Delhi Chronology of agriculture: 1875: Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Pune (MH) 1881: Separated Department of Agriculture. 1901: First Irrigation Commission 1905: Imperial Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) started a Pusa (Bihar) 1926: Royal Commission on Agriculture, chairman: Lord Linlithgow 1928: RCA submitted its report 1929: Imperial Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), 16, July at New Delhi. 1936: IARI shifted to New Delhi after a devastating earthquake in Pusa, Bihar in 1934 1943: Great Bengal Famine (due to Helminthosporium oryzae) 1947: Grow More Food campaign 1952: Community Development Programme (CDP) 1953: National Extension Service (NES) 1958: IARI became Deemed University General Agriculture 26 A Competitive book of Agriculture a. a„ *EV re , Wk. , gkar ' k. t P,. Tha Lin 4-T rIEWM101.131 11110EVOIMSr_ _ atICEINSiitrSaM Sa-2 't t, ), 1959: Panchayati Raj (3 tier), by Balwant Roy Mehta, inaugurated by J. L. Nehru on 2"d Oct., 1959 firstly in Nagaur district of Rajasthan 1960: First Agricultural University in India, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, on the pattern of Land- Grant system of USA 1960: Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP) 1964: Intensive Agriculture Area Programme (IAAP) I 1I t L-IVI I V II,G I- 1 GNIUGIll til P.- /AIN, L I. D r r att 1966: High Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP), cause Green Revolution 1979: Lab to Land Programme, on ICAR golden jubilee year 1970: Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA) 1971: Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) 1973: Started Agricultural Research Services (by Dr. MS Swaminathan) 1973: Tiger project started 1974: Command Area Development Authority (CADA) 1974: T&V System by Denial benor, first in Rajasthan 1974: Started KVK, recommendation of Mohan Singh Mehta, First in Pondicherry 1975: Formed Agricultural Scientist Recruitment Board (ASRB) based on recommendation of G. Gadekar Committee 1975: Started 20 Point Programme 1976: National Academy of Agricultural Research & Management (NAARM)/Central Staff Collage of Agriculture, Hyderabad 1976: National Rural Extension Programme (NREP) 1976: Desert Development Programme (DDP) 1976: Antyodya Vojna 1976: Ashok Mehta Committee proposed two tiers Panchayati Raj system. General Agriculture 27 A Competitive book of Agriculture  Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) 1978: Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM) 1979: Development of Women & Children in Rural Areas 1982: (DW C RA) 1985: Crop Insurance Scheme (CIS), now NAIS 1986: Technology Mission on Oil seeds (TMO) National Watershed Development Programme for Rainfed 1986: Areas 1998: ICAR Launched World Bank funded Programme 'National Agricultural Technology Project' (NATP) 1999: National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS), from Rabi 1999 2004: Inauguration of National Agricultural Science Complex (NASC) at New Delhi 2004: National Commission on Farmers constituted with Dr. Swaminathan as its first chairman 2005: National Horticulture Mission 2006: ICAR Launched National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) with financial support from World Bank. 2006: 6 Feb. 2006 National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NAREGA), later (Oct. 2, 2009) it replaced by Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme 2007: NFSM (National Food Security Mission) 2007: RK'VY (Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna) _ Contribution of Agriculture Experts: I. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan: Wheat breeder Father of Green Revolution in India, Ex. Member of Planning Commission World Food Prize (1987) given by FAO Was honored as a 'Millennium prize' by former Prime Minister A. B. Vajpai in 88 th National Science Congress held on 3-7 Jan, 2001 at IARI, New Delhi. General Agriculture 28 A Competitive  Ex. President of National Commission on Farmers of India. The book entitled" Wheat Revolution" Written by him. 2. Dr. N. E. Borlaug: Father of 'Green Revolution' in World He was American wheat scientist (Plant Pathologist) Awarded Noble Peace Prize in 1970. 3. Verges Kurien: Father of White Revolution in India Ex. Chairman of NDDB, Anand (Gujarat) Brain behind the scheme 'Operation Flood' (1970-1996) Magsaysay Award, in 1963. Got 'World Food Prize' in 1989. 4. S. K. Vashal: Maize breeder working at CIMMYT. Awarded" World Food Prize" in the year 2000 for research on QPM (maize rich in amino acids tryptophan and lysine along with Dr. E. Villegas. 5. Dr. K. L. Chadda: Pomologist Father of 'Golden Revolution' in India. 6. Dr. R. S. Paroda: Forage Breeder Ex. D.G. of 1CAR 7. Amrita Patel: Chairperson of NDDB, Anand 8. Sanjay Raja Ram: International wheat breeder. Awarded "Chinas Friendship Mandel "in 2001. 9. Dr. G. S. Khush: Rice breeder. 'Wolf Prize' for agriculture, 2000 for his extra ordinary contribution to plant breeding and genetics especially in rice. Crop Improve Achievements: General Agriculture 29 A conpetiMec a. Genetically Modified Crops: The crops in which one or many of its traits are altered or enhanced through a process of genetic engineering known as GM crops i.e. Bt. Cotton developed against cotton boll worms. Bacillus thuringensis is a soil bacterium that produces proteins lethal to insect larvae affecting the digestive system of boll worms. The gene responsible for this effect is Cry-lAc. GM cotton is only crop permitted by Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) under Ministry of Environment and Forestry first permitted on March, 2002. Bt. Cotton varieties developed by Mahyco: MECH-12, MECH-162, MFCH-184 for Southern States and RCH-134, RCH-138 suitable for Northern India. Mahyco collaborated with Monsanto to developed Bt. Variety Bollgourd-1, using Cry -I Ac gene. Recently Bt. Variety developed as Bollgourd-ll, having both genes of Cry I Ac and Cry 2 Ab gene. First transgenic crop was: Bt. Tobacco (1987) Country having first position for transgenic plants is:USA Rank of India for transgenic plants is: Fourth The position of transgenic plants in world (in area): Soyabean (> 60 %) > Maize > Cotton > Canola. Mostly GM traits are used as herbicides resistant traits followed by quality improvements and insecticides resistant traits. b. Genetically modified mustard: These are glyphosate resistance mustard developed by Pro- I. Agro Seed Company Ltd. (an ancillary Company of Bayer ; Crop Science, Germany). Project on Indian mustard oil with higher B -carotene is initiated by: TERI (Tata Energy Research Institute). Varieties developed of Bras,s.ica juncea at "{ER! unnat and TERI-uttam. General Agriculture 30 c. Golden Rice: (RPSC, AO Exam -2012) It is genetically modified rice. Having a -carotene (precursor of Vit-A) rich rice. d. Super Rice: Developed by Dr. Gurdev Singh Khush at IRRI, which would bring an improvement of 25% of over present day varieties. e. Hybrid Rice: I s' time in World developed in China in 1974 by Prof. Long Ping Yuan, hence known as 'Father of Hybrid Rice'. India is second to developed hybrid after China i.e. MGR- 1(earlier named as CoRH-1) developed first by TNAU, Coiinbatore and PRH-1 & P14II-6 developed by JAR!. f. Hybrid Mustard: Developed by DRMR (Directorate of Rapeseed and Mustard Research), Bharatpur (Rajasthan) Varieties developed by DRMR are: NRC-HB-506 (first hybrid mustard in India). Other is: NRC-HB-1 g. Super Wheat: The research on super wheat is in progress at DWR, Karnal It was expected to come by 2005, yield increase 15-20 per cent. 11. Green Revolution: The term G.R. coined by William S. Gaud in 1968 of USAID; to describe the productivity based improvement in food production particularly in wheat and rice. Main components in green revolution are High yielding varieties, use of chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals. i. Ever Green Revolution: This term coined by Dr. M S. Swaminathan to denote the green revolution based on sustainable methods of crop intensification and diversification. j. Vertical Revolution in Agriculture: General Agriculture 31 A Competitive book of Agriculture  Maximizing production per unit land area per unit of time using intensive cropping system cropping system, high production inputs and improved management practices. k. Other Revolutions in Agriculture: Revolution: Related to: 1. White Revolution: Milk Production 2. Blue Revolution: Fish Production 3. Brown Revolution: Food Processing 4. Grey Revolution Fertilizer Production 5. Yellow revolution: Oil Seeds Production (mustard) 6. Red Revolution Tomato/Meat Production 7. Pink Revolution: Prawn /Onion Production 8. Golden Revolution: Fruit Production 9. Round Production: Potato Production 10. Silver Revolution: Egg/ poultry production 11. Black revolution: Biofuel/Jatropha Production 12. Rainbow revolution: All sector of agriculture 13. Prabhani revolution: Okra production India shares in world: Total geographical area: 2.4 % Population: 17.5% Livestock: 15% Forest: 1.5% India's position in World Agriculture: 1. First position in: Mango production Cashew production Banana production Coconut prod! tion Total irrigated area Total pulses production Sugarcane production Milk production Tea production Jute & allied fibers Live stock production 2. Second position: Wheat production Rice, Oilseeds production Vegetables production General ' , trolture 32 3. Third position: Tobacco production Cotton production 4. Fourth position: Natural Rubber (share 8.5%) of total world NR production Despite this India has emerged as the second largest consumer of NR, overtaking the United States with share of 9.6 per cent in world consumption in 2009. ✓ In coffee production India has sixth position.( Out of total production of coffee 65-70 % is exported Position of Agricultural trades in India: a. Agriculture export commodities: Rice > Cashew > Wheat > Tea > Tobacco b. g. imports commodities: Vegetable oil > Cashew > Pulses > Fruits t8,041cieu4.v, their tl Deficiency Effect/disease Source A (Retinol) Night blindness, growth Liver is rich source, failure, Xerophthalmia milk, carrot, papaya, mango etc. _ 131 (Thiamine) Ben -ben (disturbance in Rice polishing, leafy digestive system) veg. fish, egg, meat _ 132(Riboflavin) Photophobia, inflamed lips, Milk powder, fish, cracks on skin/aribollavinosis pulses B5(Niacin or Pellagra/black tongue Nicotinamide) B6 (Pyridoxine) Degeneration of nerves Yeast, wheat germ, legumes _ Bi2 (Cobalomine) Pernicious anemia Animal food (liver, meat, fish, egg) C (Ascorbic acid) Scurvy (soft tissues around Aonla, guava, — the Joints become swollen fruit - and painful) 4libti General Agriculture D (Calciferol) Rickets (bone deformation), Sun light, fish & Pigeon chest in children & liver oil Osteomalacia in adults E (Tocopherol) Sterility (reproductive Outer layer of grains failure) H (Biotin) Dermatitis K (Phylloquinone) Delayed clotting Cauliflower, liver, soybean Folic acid Anaemia Palak, karonda, green leafy veg. Common medicinal plants and their uses: - CoM M011 Botanical name I Part Chemical Uses Mime used content Belladona Atropa Leaves Atropine Neurologic pains belladona Ashwagandha Withania Roots Withanine General medicine somnifera Sarafgandha Rauvolfia Roots Serpentine Treat hypertension serpentina reserpine High blood pressure Sated mush i Chlorophytum Roots Saponin Diabetics, Known as spp. T'd Shilajeet Opium poppy Papaver Fruit Morphine Painkiller, god of. saminiferum Codine sleep, cure leukemia Narcotine lsabgol Pantago ovata Husk, Mucilage Laxative, used against Seed irritation in gastrointestinal tract , Guggal Conuniphora Gum, Guggulipids Treat obesity, arthritis wightii Resin Reduce cholesterol Minerals Deficiency symptoms Calcium: Rickets/milk fever Phosphorous: Rickets/Osteomalacia/Pica Iron: , Anaemia Zinc: Parakeratosis. General Agriculture 34 A Competitive book of Agricy. manganese: Paresis lod me: Goiter Cobalt: Coast disease Minerals Excesses Mo: Molybdenosis Fluorine Fluorosis Selenium: Degnala/alkali disease Elements: Disease Ca & Mg oxalate Kidney stone Lead Mental retardation Fluoride Fluorosis Arsenic Poisoning Iron Constipation or Dysentery Growth substances and their function: SN Hormone Functions I Auxin Named by F.W. Went, It has apical bud dominance, inhibit root elongation and promote cell division in tissue culture. IAA Prevent premature fruit drop b. IBA Root formation. NAA Fruit thinner, prevent fruit drop d. 2,4-D Fruit setting hormone (20ppm) Cytokinin Dormancy breaker, stimulate cell division 3 Gibberellins Cell elongation, increase fruit size Abscisic acid Dormancy induced, stomata closer, also called as anti (ABA) gibberellins. Ethylene Ripening of fruits, isodiametric growth of stem & roots Clormequat Logging preventer, also known as cycocel (CCC) Growth retardant, prevent onion sprouting in storage, sold Mallic hydrazide under trade name Sproutstop T. Name: Ethrel, Used as banana fruits ripener Ethephone A Competitive book of Agriculture General Agriculture 35 Vitamins and enzymes: The term vitamin was introduced by: Funk (1912) Vitamins are accessory food factors play vital role in growth, nutrition and metabolic process. Fat soluble vitamin: A, D, E &K. Water soluble vitamin: B & C. Folic acid is essential for maturation of RBC (Red blood corpuscles). The largest concentrations of minerals are found in bones and teeth. Calcium is essential component of all living cells, helps in body building. The term enzyme was coined by: W. Kuhne (1898) Enzymes are those organic substances which are capable of catalyzing chemical reactions in living system. Essential amino acids: (They can not be synthesized in our body) These are ten in number: (Tricks 'TV, MILL, PATH') Tryptophan, Valine, Metheonine, Iso-leusine, Leucine, Lysine, Phenyl-alanine, Arginine, Threonine, Histidine. Essential fatty acids: Four in number, (Remember tricks `OLLA) Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, Arechidonic acid Imported years related to agriculture: 2004: International Year of Rice (OBC, Bank -08) 2005: International Year of Physics 2006: International Year of Desert and Desertification 2007: International Year of Water 2008: International Year of Potato 2009: International Year of Fiber 2010: International Year of Biodiversity 2011: International Year of Forest, and : International Year of Chemistry 2012: International Year of Co-operative General Agriculture 36 A Competitive book of Agriculture  2012: Year of Horticultural (declared by Ministry of Ag. & Food Processing, Govt. of India). SN Date , Famous day 1 15th March World Consumer Day 2 21 s1 March World Forestry Day 3 —3-611' March Rajasthan Day 5t June World Environment Day 5 11th July World Population Day 6 16th July ICAR Day 7 16th September Ozone Day 8 16'h October Word Food Day 9 4th December Women in Agriculture Day 10 23rd December Kishan Day, birth day of Choudhary Charan Singh Fertilizer Trade: India is meeting 85 per cent its urea requirement through indigenous production but depends heavily on imports for its phosphatic and potash fertilizer requirements. Farmers pay only 25 to 40 per cent of the actual cost and the rest of the cost is borne by the Government in the form of a subsidy, which is reimbursed to the manufactures/importers. The production of urea is estimated at 215.37 lakh tonnes in 2010-11 and that of DAP and complexes at 39.58 lakh tonnes. There have been major policy initiatives in the fertilizer sector: 1. Introduction of nutrient -based subsidy scheme with effect from 1 April 2010. Under the nutrient based subsidy scheme (NBS), Government has amended subsidy per kg of nutrients N, P, K and S contained in P & K fertilizers as well as per MT of fertilizers. Irrigation trade: General Agriculture 37 A Competitive book of Agriculture  The total irrigation potential in the country has increased from 81.1 million hectares in 1991-92 to 108.2 mha in March 2010. More than 75 per cent of annual rainfall is received during the southwest monsoon season (June -September). The major schemes/programmes: 1. National Food Security Mission (NFSM): The NFSM was launched in Rabi 2007 with a view to enhancing the production of rice, wheat, and pulses by 10 mt, 8 mt, and 2 mt, respectively by the end of the Eleventh Plan. The Mission aims to increase production through area expansion and productivity; create employment opportunities; and enhance the farm -level economy to restore confidence of farmers. The NFSM is presently being implemented in 476 identified districts of 17 States of the country. A new programme under the NFSM called the Accelerated Pulses Production Programme (A3P): Under A3P: ✓ 1000 block demonstrations of technology have been launched from 2010-11. This programme will essentially promote plant nutrients and plant protection -centric technologies in compact blocks of 1000 ha each for five major pulse crops, namely, tur, moong, urad, gram, and lentil. Components/activities of NFSM: Demonstrations of improved package of practices. Demonstrations of the system of rice intensification (SRI). Distribution of high yielding variety seeds of rice, wheat, and pulses and hybrid rice. Soil ameliorants, such as gypsum/lime/micro nutrients to restore soil fertility for higher productivity. Integrated Pest Management (IPM). General Agriculture 38 A Competitive book of Agriculture  Improved farm machineries, including water -saving devices have been distributed. Farmers' field school (FFS) — level trainings. In addition, about several lacks block demonstrations have been conducted during the 2010 kharif under the A3P. 2. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY): The RKVY was launched in 2007 with an outlay of '25,000 crore' for the Eleventh Plan to incentivize States to enhance public investment so as to achieve a 4 per cent growth rate in agriculture and allied sectors during the Eleventh Plan. The RKVY has emerged as the principal instrument in financing development of agriculture and allied sectors in the country. Its convergence with other schemes like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Scheme is expected to boost development of the agrarian economy. 3. Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm and Maize (ISOPOM): Launched in 2004 The ISOPM is being implemented in 14 major States for oilseeds and pulses, 15 for maize, and 10 for oil palm. The pulses component has been merged with the NFSM with effect from 1 April 2010. The Scheme provides flexibility to the states in implementation based on a regionally differentiated approach to promoting crop diversification. Under the Scheme, assistance is provided for purchase of breeder seed, production of foundation seed, production and distribution of certified seed, distribution of seed minikits, plant protection chemicals, plant protection equipment, weedicides, gypsum/liming, sprinkler sets, and water carrying pipes, supply of rhizobium/ PSB culture and improved farm implements, publicity etc. 39 A Competitive book of Agriculture General Agriculture 4. Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA): At district level to operationalize the extension reforms with the active participation of farmers/farmer groups, non- government organizations (NG0s), Krishi Vigyan Kendras, Panchayati Raj Institutions and other stakeholders operating at district level and below Up to October 2010, 591district-level ATMAs have been established. Gender concerns are being mainstreamed by mandating that 30 per cent of resources on programmes and activities are allocated for women farmers and extension functionaries. 5. The National Horticulture Mission (NHM): May. 2005 The Ministry of Agriculture has been implementing the centrally sponsored NHM for the holistic development of the horticulture sector since 2005-06. All the States and the three Union Territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Lakshadk\ eep, and Puducherry are covered under the Mission except the eight north-eastern States. The latter are covered under the Horticulture Mission for the North East and Himalayan States (HIVINEH). The per capita availability of fruits and vegetables has increased from 391 gram/day in 2004-05 to 466 gram/day in 2008-09. 6. National Mission on Micro Irrigation (NMMI): 2010 The Centrally sponsored National Mission on Micro Irrigation was launched in June 2010 in addition to the earlier Micro Irrigation Scheme launched in January 2006. The Mission is being implemented during the Eleventh Plan period for enhancing water -use efficiency by adopting drip General Agriculture 40 A Competitive book of Agriculture  and sprinkler irrigation systems in all States and Union Territories for both horticulture and agricultural crops. 7. National Bamboo Mission (NBM): November, 2004 With a view to harnessing the potential of the bamboo crop in the country. The Ministry of Agriculture has been implementing the centrally sponsored NBM in 27 States in the country during the year 2006. The Mission aims to promote holistic growth of the bamboo sector by adopting an area -based, regionally differentiated strategy and to increase the area under bamboo cultivation and marketing. 8. Kisan Credit Card Scheme (KCCs): From Kbarif 2006-07 to 2008-09, farmers were receiving crop loans up to a principal amount of' 3 lakh at 7 per cent interest. In the year 2009-10, Government provided an additional 1 per cent interest subvention to those farmers who repaid their short-term crop loans as per schedule. The Government has raised this subvention for timely repayment of crop loans from 1 per cent to 3 percent from the year 2010-11. Thus the effective rate of interest for such farmers will be 4 per cent per annum. 9. National Agricultural Insurance Seheni:2 (NAIS): The NAIS is being implemented in the country from rabi 1999-2000 season. Minimum indemnity level of 70 per cent instead of 60 per cent, and private -sector insurers with adequate infrastructure allowed (at present, ICICI-Lombard, 1FFC0-Toltio and Cholamandalam-MS). General Agriculture 0.Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS): Announced in the Union Budget 2007 in selected States and Union Territories. The WBCIS is intended to provide insurance protection to farmers against adverse weather incidences, which are deemed to unfavourably impact crop production. It has the advantage of settling claims within the shortest possible time. 11.Kisan Call Centre: The Kisan Call Centre scheme was launched in 21, Jan 2004 to provide agricultural information to the farming community through toll -free telephone lines. A country -wide common 11 -digit number-1800-180- 1551—has been allocated for KCCs. Replies to the queries of the farming community are being provided in 22 local languages. Calls are attended to from 6.00 am to 10.00 pm on all seven days of the week. 12.Agri-clinic and Agri -business Centres: The Agri -clinic and Agri -business Centres Scheme was launched in 2002 to provide extension services to farmers on payment basis through setting up of economically viable self—employment ventures. Selected trainees are provided agri-preneurship training. NABARI) monitors the credit support to Agri -Clinics through commercial banks. Provision of credit -linked back -ended subsidy at 33 per cent of the capital cost of the project funded througkb loan as well as full interest subsidy for the first tw the bank credit has rept) 13.Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights (PPV&FR): Authority established in November 2005 at New Delhi has been mandated to implement provisions of the PPV&FR Act, 2001. 14.Buffer Stock: The stock position of food grains in the Central pool as on 1 October, 2010 is 46.2 million tonnes comprising 18.4 million tonnes of rice and 27.8 million tonnes of wheat. FC1 has Buffer stock, Oct. 2009: 16.2 mt. UNIT -2.Agriculture The term agriculture is derived from the two Latin words: Ager = Soil Cultura Cultivation Hence Cultivation of soil is called agriculture. Sustainable agriculture/eco-farming: Sustainable agriculture is one which makes of use of low cost inputs, lower amounts of chemical fertilizers: maintain soil fertility and ecological harmony (FAO, 1989). It is also known as ecological farming/natural farming or organic farming/permaculture. Shifting cultivation/land rotation/jhuming: The productivity of soil is lost due to cultivation of same crop generally rice on the same forest land year after year hence. the crop is shifted to other burnt land. It causes soil erosion. It practiced in Jharkhand, MP  It refers to the prediction of mansoon season (rainfall), based on analysis of weather data of pre-mansoon period and managing crops accordingly. Precision farming/site specific farming: The target specific use of inputs (like seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc.) for crop production according to crop requirement on localized basis. Advantages of precision farming: Minimized the cost of production Maintains ecological balance Conserve resources Ideotype (modal plants): The concept of Ideotype was given by Donald in 1968. The single plant would give the better result in a group when the crop has at least competition with the same type of the 1 crop. Ideotype is the model plant which may be defined as "a biological modal which is expected to perform or behave in a predictable manner within a defined environment. Terra -forming: To develop the mars (planet) according to the earth's environment is called terra- forming. At present bacteria and plants are being developed by creating the environmental condition of mars on the earth. Hydroponics: Growing of plants under 5oil less condition is called hydroponics. Solution culture is being used for raising flowers and vegetables at homes. Response curve: Suggested by Holliday, 1960: The relationship between plant population & yield Two types of response curve. I. Asymptotic response: General Agriculture 44  Where entire dry matter is the economic product as in the case of fodder crops or most of dry matter as in tobacco. It means increase plant density with increase yield e.g. cereal crops for fodder. 2. Parabolic: after reaching a level, increase plant density with decrease yield (wide space between plants cereals/pulses for grain purpose. A close functional relation between input & output: Quadratic response: y = a + bx + cx 2 Linear response: y = a + bx Mitscherlish equation: y = y + a (1-10-"). Or y = dy/dx = (A -y) c Zero tillage: Father of zero tillage Glubler B. Triplets (USA), 1950 Primary tillage completely avoided. Secondary tillage restricted to seedbed preparation in the row zone only. Keeps 50-100% of residue on soil surface. Before sowing, herbicides Paraquat, Glyphosate are used for weed control. Till planting is adopted. Till planting: It is the practice in zero tillage including four operations. 1 Cleaning the crop row Opening of soil for seed insertion 1 Placing of seed 1 Covering the seed These functions are accomplished in one tillage operation. Minimum tillage: Can be defined as a method aimed at reducing tillage to the minimum necessary for ensuring a good seedbed, rapid germination, satisfactory crop stand and favorable growing conditions. 45 A competitive book ett,Aft: General Agriculture  Started in USA, because of high cost of tillage due to steep rise in oil price in 1974. Tillage operation is done only for seed bed preparation. Keep 30-50 % crop residues on soil surface. It improves soil condition due to in situ decomposition of plant residue. Weed control can be done by herbicide Global warming: Surface of the earth is warmth from sun heats. Earth absorbs most of sun energy but reflects back some energy in the form of infra red radiation. Green house gases e.g. CO2 (55%), Methane (25%), CFC (11%) and N 2 0 (4%). These gases are present in atmosphere. transmit the infrared radiation and reflect back to the earth. This reflected energy falls on the earth surface and keeps it warmer. This is called global warming or green house effect. Source of green house gases: In developed countries: Emission from automobiles & factories contains CFCs. In developing countries: Deforestation cases rise in CO2 level, methane gas from paddy field & livestock and nitrous oxide from N base fertilizer. Effect of global warming on world and agriculture: Increase overall temperature on earth e.g. earth's surface temperature has increased 1.4° F in first on Century ( It has been forecasted that 5 °F will rise in next Century). Cause changes in climate tremendously. Results in melting of ice in polar region. Increase sea level resulting in submerging of coastal areas. Drought in warmer region. A Competitive book of Agriculture General Agriculture 46  3. AGRONOMY important points: ,./ Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association Fungus & roots of between: higher plants V VAM: Vascular Arboscular yycorrhyza P solubilizing in is used to: plant roots V Cereals are deficient in which amino acid: Lysine V Amino acid which is deficient in legumes: Methionine V Power tiller is most suitable for the Paddy cultivation of: V Ammonium polyphosphate contains: 15% N & 62 % P205. (RPSC, ,40-09) 7 Tz (tetrazolium) test is done for: Viability of seeds. V nursery of rice, level of water is 5 cm In wet maintained: V The optimum depth of puddling in rice is: 5 cm. V Ultra violet radiations are absorbed by: Ozone layer. V First Indian director of IARI was: Dr. B. Vishvanath. V The most critical stage of irrigation in CR1 stage (21 days wheat is: , after sowing) _ v Jhum cultivation mostly found in: Eastern part of India. V. Objective of sustainable agriculture is: To maintain ecological balance V The plants growing in salt water are Halophytes known as: V Crop canopy temperature is measured by: Infra -red thermometer. v Reclamation disease due to deficiency of: Copper v Hormone related to drought tolerance is: Abscisic acid V Contribution of live stock to agriculture 29.7 % GDP: 1 Hormone used as an herbicide: 2, 4-D (>20 PPM) Agronomy 47 A Competitive Book of Agriculture V Element available in both anion and Nitrogen (LAR', cation ions is: PILD-11) V Dormancy breaking hormone is: Cytokine. V Ring worm disease is caused by: Fungus. V Wind which is cause rainfall in Tamil North East Nadu: monsoon V Stress hardening in plants can be achieved ABA. by: _ V Maximum allowable biurate content of 1.5%. Urea is: V Carbon content in organic matter: 58 %. V Nitrogen biofertilizer used for wheat: Azatobacter. V Nitrogen biofertilizer used for sorghum: Azospirillum I Vertical mulch is used in soils: Black cotton soils. V Criteria of essentiality were given by: I Arnon & Stout, 1939. V The optimum spacing for wheat is: 22.5 em(line to line) V The nontraditional area for cultivating Eastern India. wheat is: V Major P fertilizer in India in India is: DAP. I Very few poor (BPL) peoples are in: _ Punjab. V Very large number of BPL peoples are in: Bihar V Bio fertilizer more suited for sugarcane is: Azatobacter _ V Depth of sowing of soybean seed: 3 cm. _ V First variety of rice introduced in India is: TN -1 (1964-65) V Indian mustard known as: Brassica juncea. V —Explosive fertilizer is: Ammonium nitrate. V Most prominent soil group of India: Alluvial soil. V In SSP sulphur contains: 12 %. _ V Micro nutrient deficient in Indian soils: Zn. V Spike tooth harrow is a type of Secondary tillage implement: