Crop Production Fundamentals PDF

Crop prod luls Major sources of food in the world - Agriculture - fisheries/aquaculture - forestry Agriculture - “field cultivation”, producing plants and animals for food and fibers Crop production - art and science of producing plants which are useful to man Animal production/husbandr...

Crop prod luls Major sources of food in the world - Agriculture - fisheries/aquaculture - forestry Agriculture - “field cultivation”, producing plants and animals for food and fibers Crop production - art and science of producing plants which are useful to man Animal production/husbandry - art and science of producing animals to meet humans needs and luxury Development of agriculture (pasunod) - Pastoral stage - Middle stone age - Neolithic age - Agricultural stage Domestication - process of bringing wild species under the management of man Crop science - study of principles and practices in crop production, study of identification and classification of cultivated crops. Agronomy - “field managing”, extensive culture (large scale), non-living state (high dry matter form), deals with the principles and practices of managing field crops. Horticulture - “garden enclosure cultivation”, intensive culture, living state (high moisture content), science that deals with production of garden crops. Branches of horticulture - Floriculture - flower - Olericulture - vegetables - Pomology - fruits - landscape/gardening - beautification and protection - Nursery - planting materials in nursery One Town, One Product (OTOP) - priority program to promote entrepreneurship and create jobs. Nature of a plant system (pasunod) - System - Organs - Tissues - Cells - Organelles - Molecules - Elements Part of a plant cell - Cell wall - for support - Middle lamella - outermost layer - Primary wall - wall deposited by cells, composed of pectic polysaccharides - Secondary wall - occurs after growth stop, mainly for support - Cell membrane - selectively permeable, separates organelles and cell parts  - Nucleus - contains DNA - Cytoplasm - gel-like matrix within the cell - Mitochondria - powerhouse of the cell - Ribosomes - protein synthesis - Endoplasmic reticulum - site of lipids and membrane synthesis, contains ribosomes, transport function - Membrane bound sacs - Peroxisome - contains enzymes for metabolizing waste products - Gylxisome - contains enzymes for fat metabolism - Vesicle - functions in storage and transport - Golgi apparatus - site for processing and packaging, esp. For export - Microtubules - cell cytoskeleton (support), cell movement (cilia, flagella), cell division (spindle) - Plasmodesmata - cell bridges or tunnels Unique parts of the plant - Plastids - contains own DNA, membrane bound organelles - Proplastid - found in young cells - Chromoplast - non-photosynthetic, gives colors to fruits and flowers - Leucoplast - non-pigment, stores starch - Etioplast - plastid whose development into chloroplast has been stopped - Chloroplast - site for photosynthesis, has own DNA, has chlorophyll, carotenes, and xanthophylls - Central vacuole - large central cavity containing fluid called cell sap for, water storage and waste disposal Plant anatomy - study of tissue and cell structure of plant organs Plant tissue system - Tissue - made of diff. Types of cells - Dermal tissues - outer covering - Vascular tissues - translocation of water and minerals (xylem), and sugars (phloem) - Ground tissues - functions for storage and photosynthesis (pith and cortex) - Meristematic tissues - actively dividing cells - Apical meristem - shoot/root apex upward/downward growth - Lateral meristem - sideward growth (girth of stem/root) - Intercalary meristem - between internodes of grasses - Permanent tissues - mature, non-dividing cells - Simple permanent tissue - one type cell - Parenchyma - thin-walled cells, makes up large portion - Collenchyma - thick-walled, elongated/support cells - Sclerenchyma - thick-walled, highly lignified - Complex permanent tissues - more than one type cell The plant organs - Root - below ground structure - Shoot - above ground structure General anatomical regions of a plant body - Epidermis - outermost layer, for protection - Cortex - storage for photosynthetic products - Pericycle - layers of cells adjacent to cortex, provide support structure and protection for the plant - Vascular bundle - Phloem - transports food and sugar passageway - Xylem - water passageway Anatomical regions of a leaf - Epidermis - skin or outer covering - Cuticle - single transparent layer of interlocking cells - Stomata - numerous openings and adjustable pores which allow entry of air - Mesophyll - cells containing plastids - Vascular bundles - xylem and phloem (translocation) - Leaves - principal photosynthetic organ - Leaf anatomy - flattened leaf shape exposes large surface area to catch sunlight - Internal leaf structure - crucial to photosynthesis - Lignification - the process which lignin wax is being laid down on the inside of the cell The root system - Types of root system - Taproot - primary root, one central primary root with several branches - Fibrous - numerous, similar sizes, no central root - Adventitious roots - arise from the stem - Lateral roots - secondary growth - Buttress roots - large roots on all sides of a big bottomed tree - Tuberous roots - enlarged tap roots for storage - prop/stilt roots - adventitious roots on trunks and branches - Lenticels - provide gas exchange and an additional source of oxygen - Pneumatophores - air bearing roots, located above water level - Aerenchyma tissues - aerial root projection allowing gas exchange - Root nodules - enlargements in roots Mycorrhiza - fungi and root symbiosis/mutual relationship The shoot system - Shoot system - made up by the stem, lead and reproductive structures - Stem - for translocation and support for leaves - Modified stems - Tendrils - threadlike shape - Stem tendril - located on the opposite side of the stem - Rhizome - enlarged stem for storage - Tuberous stem – same sa rhizome - Corm - vertically growing enlarged stem - Stolons - long slender branches - Cladodes - flattened or cylindrical green stems - Offshoots - daughter plants  - Bulbils - found in the axils of leaves Flower - reproductive organ of the plant - Gymnosperms - evolutionary older and more primitive group - Angiosperms - original flowering plants Parts of a flower - Perianth - Calyx - sepals - Corolla - petals - Androecium - male reproductive organ - Saminodes - sterile stamens - Gynoecium - female reproductive organ - Apocarpy - each carpel forms a pistil - Coencarpy - several carpels form a pistil - Pistil - enlarged ovary Types of plants depending on sexes - Androgynous - contains both reproductive organs - Monoecious - plants with both male and female but on different plants Types of flowers - Complete flower - all four floral organs complete - Incomplete flower - lacks floral organs - Perfect flower - contains both sexual organs - Imperfect flower - contains only one sexual organ - Staminate flower - male flower - Pistillate flower - female flower