NCMB419 LEC & RLE Midterm 2023 PDF

NCMB419 LEC & RLE: Exam Week 12 BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 Bache...

NCMB419 LEC & RLE: Exam Week 12 BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 Bachelor of Science in Nursing 4Y1 Professor: Ma. Diosul Roque, MAN, RN & Evangeline Orata, MAN, RN, RM Midterm Topics: To protect the interests of staff, students and other Records Management stakeholders Intra-Discipilinary-Interdisciplinary & Multidisciplinary & Help to address complaints or legal processes. Work Collaboration To support patient choice and control over treatment and Nursing Management Functions services. Staffing To support day to day business of the health care delivery. Application of Research in Nursing Leadership and To support evidenced based practice. Management Research To assist clinical and other types of audits. To support sound administrative and managerial decision RECORDS MANAGEMENT making. - Records management (RM) is the supervision and To support improvement in clinical effectiveness through administration of digital or paper records, regardless of research. format. Benefits of Record Management - It is a systematic and effective control of records (both Saves time by ensuring that records can be found easily paper and electronic). and quickly. - It aims to ensure that records are accurate and reliable, Save space by preventing records from being kept longer can be retrieved speedily and efficiently, and efficiently, than necessary. and are kept for no longer than necessary. Saves money by reducing storage costs and maintenance - It is crucial to all organizations. Unless records are costs. managed efficiently it is possible to conduct business, to Improves efficiently by ensuring records are readily account for what happened in the past, or to make accessible legally. decisions are kept for no longer than necessary Improves compliance by keeping records in line with legal - Records management activities include: and regularly requirements. Creation Keeps records under control by preserving data and Receipt preventing accumulation control of referral material. Maintenance Improves the quality of information, providing staff with Use and disposal of records access to accurate and reliable quality records security - Documentation may exist in: Increases the security of confidential records continuity. Contracts Support business continuity and risk management Memos paper files electronic files Records are managed efficiently and can be easily Reports assessed and used - Records are stored as cost effectively Emails as possible and when no longer required they are disposed Videos of in a timely and efficient manner. Instant message logs or database records. Complies with requirements concerning records and What is the concept? records management practices to ensure compliance with - Information is "data, ideas, thoughts, or memories institution irrespective of medium." Records of longer term value are identified and protected - Documents are any "recorded information or objects that for historical and other research can be treated as individual units Classification of Records - Records are "information created, received, and 1) Active Records - a record that is regularly referenced or maintained as evidence and information by an organization required for current use. or person, in pursuance of legal obligations or in the 2) Inactive Record - a record that is still needed by an transaction of business." Archives are those records that organization but not for current operations. have been selected for permanent preservation because of 3) Electronic Record - a record recorded or formatted only a their administrative, informational, legal and historical computer can process. value as evidence of official business. Important of Record Management Records To provide evidence of actions and decisions - It is a permanent written communication that documents To support accountability and transparency information relevant to a client's health care management. To comply with legal and regulatory obligations, including - A record is a clinical, scientific, administrative and legal employment, contract and financial law as well as the data document relating to the nursing care given to the protection act and freedom of information act individual family and community. J.A.K.E 1 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 Sample of Records Individual Staff Record Administrative records of Grants/Contracts - Bid - A separate set of record is needed for staff, giving details of documents 1 their sickness and absences. Blueprint of facilities Consent forms-adult-minor Ward Records Endowment Fund Records - Deducting or increase in beds. Equipment inventory reports - Change in medical staff and non-nursing personnel for the General ledgers ward. Meeting minutes - The introduction and patient of support. Payroll folder Characteristic of a Good Record and Reporting Contracts-purchase lease rental and etc. Records in the Nursing Office and Unit Accuracy Administrative records: organogram, job description, Consciousness procedure manual Thoroughness Personnel records: personal files, records Up to date Patient records send to medical center chief/medical Organization director Confidentiality Leave record, duty roster, minutes of the meeting, budget Objectivity etc. Miscellaneous: circular log book, formats, etc. Purposes of Record Principles of Record Writing Supply data that are essential for programmed planning Nurses should develop their own method of expression and evaluation and form in record writing Provide the practitioner with data required for the Records should be written with clearly and appropriately application of professional services for the improvement of Records should contain facts based on observation family health conversation and action Used as tools of communication between health workers Select relevant facts and the recording should be neat, the family and other development personnel complete and uniform - Records should be written Shows the health problem in the family and other factors immediately after an interview that affect health Records are confidential documents. Indicates plan for future Seeking and Release of Records Provides baseline data to estimate the long term changes Sentinel events related to services Anecdotal Administrative Purpose of Clinical Records Incident report Legal documents Kardex Research or statistics rates Patients chart/records Audit and nursing audit 201 file Nurses' responsibility for record keeping and recording Quality of care Keep under safe custody of nurse Continuity of care No individual sheet should be separated Informative purposes Not accessible to patient and visitors Teaching purposes of students Strangers is not permitted to read records Diagnostic purposes Records are not handed over to the legal advisors without Importance of Records in Hospital written permission of the administration - For individual and Family Handed carefully, not destroyed Serve the history of the client Identified with bio-data of the patients such as name, age, Assist in the continuity of cares admission number, diagnosis, etc. Evidence to support if legal issues arise Never sent outside the hospital without the written administrative permission Assess health needs: research and teaching Nursing Administrator’s Responsibility - For the Doctor Protection from loss Serve the guide for diagnosis, treatment, follow up and evaluation Safeguarding its concerns Indicate progress and continuity of care Completeness Self-evaluation of medical practice Responsibility for nurse notes Protect doctor in legal issues - Used for teaching and Admission record research Scientific value of the nurse notes - For the Nurses Record of order carried out J.A.K.E 2 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 Document nursing service rendered Active Phase Planning and evaluation of service for future - It means that they are often used, shared between improvement colleague retrieved to support day-to-day business and Guide for professional growth referred to. Communication tool between nurse and other staff Preserve the integrity of the record, which means involved in the care ensuring that it has not been altered after completion Indicate plan for future Maintain its usability which means making it available - For Authorities for all colleagues who need an access to the record to Statistical Information do their job - Facilitate identification and preservation of Administrative control records with permanent retention Future reference Inactive Phase Evaluation of care in terms of quality, quantity and - During this stage, we should free up space in our offices to adequacy new records, but we need to ensure keeping inactive records handy. The objectives of this stage are: Help supervisor to evaluate service Guide staff and students Identify the records that are not required to be stored in the primary office space (paper) or systems/shared Legal evidence of service rendered by each employee drives (electronic) Provide justification of expenditure of funds Organize and list them Managing Records Transfer them to the local Records Center (for field missions the local Records Center within mission area; for HQ offices the ARMS Records Center) Retrieve only those records that are needed from time to time Disposition Phase - The objectives of this stage are: Identify records with archival value (permanent retention), list them, organize them Identify records due for disposal/destruction, list them, gather necessary approvals for the destruction and proceed with an environmentally friendly destruction process Seminar Organization Implementing Self Care for Nurses - More and more research and data about the physical and mental strain of nursing have come out. This should. prompt health care leaders to take the initiative to acknowledge and treat this issue about nurses providing for their self-care in a profession that is gradually taking its toll on their physical and mental health Increased Specialization and Career Path Options What is the records lifecycle - Psychiatry, obstetrics, gerontology is steadily growing. Create/ Receive - Enables nurses to develop expertise in the area in which he - Starts when records are either received from an external or she is providing care. source or created internally. The objectives of this initial - Opens the door to opportunities for career advancement. stage are: - Patients are assured of high level of knowledge and 1) Create complete and accurate records that provide competence in a specific area of care. evidence of the organization's functions, activities, Expanding Entrepreneurship Opportunities decisions, transactions, procedures, etc. - Nurses to set up their own businesses 2) Identify and apply an appropriate security classification - For nurses who value independence and autonomy, 3) Distinguish between records and non-record copies or entrepreneurship may be a good fit. working documents, to be able to appropriately Continued Growth of Telehealth segregate them in the filing system - Patients gain access to doctors and nurses through video 4) Place the record in an organizational classification and phone - consults, remote monitoring, and other scheme (or file plan) either in paper (e.g. in a filing electronic communication. cabinet or a binder) or in electronic version (e.g. on a - Serves as opportunity for health promotion wellness shared drive or in a system) to ensure that it's preserved checks, and patient care. within its context. J.A.K.E 3 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 Increasing Need for Doctoral Education 3) Don’t criticize – Slows down the idea generation process. - In the United States, the number of nurses enrolling in Encourage teammates to participate. Avoid negative doctoral education programs is growing, specifically for the criticisms. Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) because of the shortage 4) Appreciate the uncommon – Entertain ideas that are of doctors seemingly unworkable or are unusual. Some even serve as - In the Philippines. the future of nursing may eventually stepping stones to even better ideas. include mandate to have more doctoral degree nurses but 5) Combine and improve – Building upon one another's ideas they are mostly in the field of education is natural and normal during brainstorming, and helps you Furthering Nursing Education Online to generate more ideas. - Online classes in the post graduate programs are now 6) Try different methods – While brainstorming can be very being offered by some universities. Pre-covid, it was an effective, different methods can be added into a option, but with the pandemic it is now the trend brainstorming session and possibly become even more - Gave rise to an increasing need for nurse educators. creative. Impact of the Looming Nursing Shortage 7) Playful environments – Help your ideas to move more - As baby boomers age the demand for health care services quickly, and facilitate inspiration. arrows. 8) Put them on the wall – Visualizing your ideas on a wall or a Nurses Getting Involved Through Advocacy and Action large space that is visible to visible to all participants helps - The Code of Ethics for Nurses states that Advocacy is also to get everyone *on the same page" and thinking actively. a nurse's responsibility. And as the biggest group of health 9) Break – Don't go for too long. Brainstorming can be care providers locally and internationally, nurses have a physically exhausting, so make sure to give yourself a significant opportunity to express a voice in the future of break during long sessions. health care and the health of the nation. Nurses needing to be Technologically Savvy Editing and Refinement - Every day new health care technologies enter the market. 1) Technical feasibility – Check whether the ideas works on Nurses are required to adapt to these technologies in order the platform to be used and with the technology available. to improve patient care. 2) Market opportunity – Think about why people would - Technology is introduced to reduce administration time, attend a planned event based in your idea. increase accuracy all keeping clinician satisfaction and the 3) Goal consideration – Whether it fits well with the set goals. patient experience in mind. 4) Business/cost restrictions – Will it work within time and Nurses moving in to the Community Outpatient Setting budget constraints given. - Shift of health care from inpatient to outpatient settings. a) Preliminaries - Greater impact in attaining the goal of helping people to get i. Purpose and goals of event healthy and stay healthy. ii. Title of event iii. Target audience (undergrad, graduates, resident) Six Biggest Problems Facing Nursing Today iv. Date and location (primary date and alternate) 1) Staff shortages - Fewer nurses means a more hectic v. Start and end time workload for the nurses that are on the wards. vi. Number of participants and cost 2) Meeting patient expectations - Because of the shortage vii. Program speaker in manpower, nurses often feel that they do not come up viii. Room set up (chairs, table, stage, podium) with patients' high level of expectations. ix. Equipment (audio, lightning) 3) Long working hours - Because of the shortage in staff, x. Food (breakfast, lunch, dinner) there are hospitals that opt for the 12hour shift instead of xi. Relevant (co-curricular learning outcomes) the 8 hour shift. b) Develop a realistic budget 4) Workplace violence - Being over fatigued, overstressed c) Obtain necessary approvals for: and overworked tend to take its toll on the weary nurses, Event registration - Includes event approval from key which at times may result to conflicts. persons and venue reservation. Corporate 5) Workplace hazards - The workplace can put the nurses' Sponsorship. physical and mental health at risk. Inviting a guest speaker - Follow the institutional 6) Personal health guidelines in the choice of a speaker. (If there are any) Seminar Conceptualization Corporate sponsorship Brainstorming External sponsorship - Seek approval for 1) Have a challenge ready – This will trigger creativity. sponsorship from any external source. 2) Focus on quantity – Come up with lots of ideas for more choices and a better likelihood of choosing a good one. Critically reflecting ideas during brainstorming should not be done; collect them and move on. J.A.K.E 4 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 INTRA-DISCIPLINARY, INTERDISCIPLINARY AND MULTI- - Research joint appointment DISCIPLINARY AND WORK COLLABORATION - Clinical school of nursing model Collaboration - Collaborative clinical education model - The roots of the word collaboration, namely co-, and Preceptorship Model elaborate, combine in Latin to mean “work to together.” - A preceptor is teacher or instructor with special training - The collaborative process involves a synthesis of different and he care provide practical training to an intern or staff. perspective to better understand complex problems. - Is a - The best preceptor like to teach and they will volunteer for process by which members of various disciplines (or the role rather than wait to be assign agencies) share their expertise to accomplishing a - Responsibilities of the Preceptee's: common goal Provide an orientation for the students - Collaboration is the most formal inter organizational Review agency guideline with students, especially those relationship involving shared authority and responsibility that will impact the student experience directly for planning, implementation, and evaluation of a joint Help students feel a sense of belonging in the agency effort, Marquis and Huston, (2017) Provide opportunities for the student to participate in - Collaboration defined as a joint communication and important agency functions such as meetings, outreach decision-making process with the goal of satisfying the events, etc. as appropriate. health care needs of a target population. NNCCS, (2012). Be aware of the student's learning goals so that can be - Mattessich, Murray and Monsey (2001), define help structure experiences that will help the student collaboration as’... a mutually beneficial and well- defined meet goals. relationship entered into by two or more organizations to Give honest, constructive feedback to the student and achieve common goal. faculty supervisor as needed. - Effects of Collaboration: Meet with student at frequent, regular intervals to Improved patient outcomes provide feedback, evaluate progress and resolve Reduced length of stay problems Cost savings Remember what may see basic or easy for the Increased nursing job satisfaction and retention preceptor may not be basic or simply to the student Improved teamwork Mentorship Model - Types of Collaboration: - Mentoring is a developmental relationship in which a more Interdisciplinary – the term used to indicate the experienced person helps a less experience person. combining of two or more disciplined, professions, - The Value of Mentoring: Mentoring provides: department, integrated for one plan formulation usually Retention by means of personal relationship in regard to practice, research education, and/or Staff development and career guidance theory? Job satisfaction, and a healthy workplace environment Multidisciplinary – Refers to independent work and - Roles of Mentors: decision making, such as when disciplines work side- Teacher (educational expertise) by-side on a problem. Guider Tran disciplinary – Efforts involve multiple disciplines Counselor (practical expertise) sharing together their knowledge and skills across Advisor traditional disciplinary boundaries in accomplishing - Mentor VS Preceptors: tasks or goals. Mentor Inter professional collaboration – Interactions of two or o Older than Learner more disciplines involving professionals who work o Possesses wisdom and experience together, with intention, mutual respect, and o Career networking commitments for the sake of a more adequate o Facilitator response to a human problem. o Guide - Need for Collaboration: o Advisor Increasing gap between nursing education and nursing o Role model service. o Chosen Graduate nurses often lack practical skills despite their o May have no formal preparation significant knowledge of nursing process and theory. o Share Life, education, work experience Clearly, a partnership between nursing educators and o Type of relationship” close, personal friendship hospital nursing personnel is essential to meet the o Not an evaluator challenge o Occurs over time o No termination date Models of Collaboration o Sought out by mentee - Preceptor-ship model o Teaches networking - Mentorship model o Shares personal experiences - Lecturer practitioner model o Experiences are personal J.A.K.E 5 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 o Mentoring relationship may be personal, academic, Clinical School of Nursing Model or work-related. - The concept of a Clinical School of Nursing is one that Preceptors encompasses the highest level of academic and clinical o Willing to teach and learn skills nursing research and education. o Expertise - The development of the Clinical School offers benefits to o Competent practitioner both hospital and university. o Teaching and support - It brings academic staff to the hospital, with opportunities o Orientation and Socialization for exchange of ideas with clinical nurses with increased o Role Model opportunities for clinical nursing research. o Selected - It has a fundamental importance and close link between o Assigned to learner the theory and practice of nursing at all levels o Prepared for role Collaborative Clinical Education Model o Competent practitioner - In an effort to improve the quality of new graduate o Support needed from peers, educators, manager transition, Epworth Hospital and Deakin University ran a o Functional not intimate relationship collaborative project (2003) founded by the National Safety o May evaluate and Quality Council to improve the support base for new o Has set time limit graduates while managing the quality of patient care o Termination date delivery. o Assigned - The collaborative clinical Education Epworth Deakin o Formalized orientation (CCED) model developed to facilitate: o Assists in fine tuning skills Clinical learning o Offers suggestions Promote clinical scholarship and o Work-related focus Build nurse workforce capability - Mentor VS Preceptor Learner Outcomes - Example: Mentor Undergraduate nursing students attending lectures at o Self-actualization Deakin University in the traditional manner but o Guide to established own place in the profession completing all tutorials, clinical learning, laboratories o Enhanced problem- solving and clinical placements at Epworth Hospital throughput o Personal satisfaction in sharing knowledge their three year course. Preceptors Tutorials, laboratories and clinical placements are o Bridge theory to practice gap. conducted by Epworth clinicians who are prepared and o Achievement of planned learning outcomes supported by Deakin School of Nursing Faculty. o Skills and knowledge These clinicians also support the student-preceptor o Anxiety reduction relationship in the clinical learning component of the Lecture Practitioner Model curriculum. - Each clinical placement gave to have named lecturer / All the models pursue collaboration as a means of practitioner or clinical educator who will assist in the developing trust, recognizing the equal value of organization, facilitation and supervision of the clinical stakeholders and bringing mutual benefit to both learning experience throughout the entire programs. partners on order to promote high quality research, - Role of Lecturer Practitioner: continued professional education and quality health Promote active discussion within the clinical setting to care. encourage understanding Application of these models can reduce the perceived Work with clinical staff to identify alternative means to gap between education and service in nursing, also can gain relevant experience help in the development of competent and efficient Play an active role in overall assessment to help nurses for the betterment of nursing profession. student achieves the required learning outcome Research Joint Appointments - Is a formalized agreement between two institutions where an individual holds a position in each institution and carries out specific and defined responsibilities - The goal of this approach is to use the implementation of research findings as a basis for improving critical thinking and clinical decision-making of nurses - A formal agreement exists within the two organizations regarding specific responsibilities and the percentage of time allocated between each salary and Benefits are shared between the two organizations J.A.K.E 6 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 Development of Team Work and Collaboration Stages of Team Development Stage 1 Forming – The leader may seek control over the team and exemplify styles such as “tyrant”, “superwoman”, “party host”, or “reluctant candidate”, Members are also characterized by dependency-seeking behaviors and will most likely rely on the group leader. They may also take on the roles of “scapegoat” and “helper’. Stage 2 Storming – Leader tries to persuade the team and may use “salesman” ad “nice guy” styles often struggling to be a socio—emotional leader. Team members may demonstrate resistance. Despite persistence of scapegoating among team members, new roles that help reduce tension may emerge. Stage 3 Norming – Coalitions of member’s exercise leadership based on previously demonstrated competence. Members have evolved into colleagues who were able to - In a hospital setting, multidisciplinary teams, involves or defer to each other’s relevant experience. combines several academic or professional disciplines, either formal or informal groups meet to accomplish goals Stage 4 Performing – Authority is exercise by coalition of and objectives, members practice independently of one colleagues. Team members exemplify interdependence. another, each of the member is being guided by their own Tools for Facilitating Health Care Team Work professional standards however leadership always 1) Task roles – Necessary for accomplishing the team’s task. determined by professional hierarchy. These roles are as follows: - As illustrated above the interdisciplinary and Initiating/energizing multidisciplinary team collaboration involves the Information/opinion giving contribution from different departments of their services Information/opinion seeking and shared their own professional expertise to achieve Reality testing/clarifying optimum health of the patient. The vital role of the nurse it Coordinating to coordinate, communicate and documents services Orienting provided by the team as shown in the illustration. Procedural Technician 2) Maintenance roles – Which help the team function as a team. Maintenance roles are: Harmonizing Gatekeeping Encouraging Following Climatizing 3) Individual roles – In which a team member attempts to satisfy individual rather than team goals. A team is most productive when all three (3) sets are managed simultaneous. Individual roles are: Blocking/Aggressing Out of field Digressing Recognition seeking (Sullivan and Decker, 2009) Nurse’s Role in Establishing Collaborative Relationship in the Delivery of Health Care Program Services - In a community setting, the Intra-agency, Inter-agency, 1) Maintains good interpersonal relationships interagency and multidisciplinary and sectoral collaboration are important inter-agency. in the effective and efficient delivery of health services to 2) Respects the role of other team members. the individuals, families, population groups and the 3) Acts as a liaison/advocate of the client during decision community. The nurse is responsible in maintaining making by the inter-professional team. harmonious relationship within the health unit (intra- - Interpersonal Relationship Defined: The term Interpersonal agency) and coordinating activities of the members of the Relationships refers to reciprocal social and emotional health team to ensure achievement of group goals. interactions between two or more persons in an environment and who share common interests and goals. - Importance of Interpersonal Relationship for Nurses: 1) Helps build positive functional multidisciplinary team. J.A.K.E 7 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 2) Improves intra and/or inter-team communication, - It is more stable than the dyad as the third members coordination, and cooperation may act as a mediator when there is conflict between 3) Builds mutual understanding and cooperation the other two. 4) Facilitates better understanding of oneself 3) Group 5) Improves decision making and problem-solving - A group consist of more than three members and is a - To maintain good interpersonal relationship in working with collection of triads and dyads. a team to achieve its goal of providing safe and quality - It is the most stable form of interpersonal relationship patient/ client care, it is also important for the nurse to Purposes of the Interpersonal Relationship appropriately respond to conflict situations. In the process, 1) Interpersonal relationship for an individual conflict may occur within the individual (intrapersonal), - Personal growth and development between two or more individuals (interpersonal), and - Source of enjoyment between one or more groups (intragroup). - Sense of security - Categories of Conflict Conflict is a disagreement among - Context of understanding people involved that results from differences in ideas, - Interpersonal needs values, or feelings, differences in economic and - Establishing personal identity professional values, poorly defined role expectations and 2) Interpersonal relationship for nurses there is competition among the professional themselves, - Building a positive functional multidisciplinary team Filley (1975). - Improving intra-and/or inter-team communication, coordination and cooperation Nurse Interpersonal Relationship - Building mutual understanding and cooperation Doctor - Nurse relationship - Improved decision making and problem Nurse – Patient relationship 3) Interpersonal relationship for patients Nurse – Nurse relationship - Developing a sense of security and comfort - One of the most distinctive aspects of human being is that - Fostering trust and cooperation we are social beings - Facilitating communication - Interpersonal relationships are and have been the core of - Improving socialization our social system since the dawn of civilization - Developing and maintaining positive feelings - Nursing is a therapeutic process and demands an Types of Interpersonal Relationship association between the nurse and the patient 1) Friendship – Theories of friendship emphasize the concept - Is a strong, deep or close association or acquaintance as a freely chosen association where individuals develop a between two or more people that may range in duration common ground of thinking and behaving when they enter from brief to enduring into the relationship by including mutual love, trust respect - Are social associations, connections, or affiliation between and unconditional acceptance for each other. two or more people 2) Love – An in formalized intimate relationship characterized - They vary in differing levels of intimacy and sharing, by passion, intimacy, trust and respect is called love. implying the discovery or establishment of common ground, Individuals in a romantic relationship are deeply attached and may be centered around something(s) shared in to each other and share a special bond common 3) Platonic – A relationship between two individuals without - In nursing care can be defined, based on a theory 1, as the feelings of sexual desire for each other is called a platonic interaction between two or more people who communicate, relationship. In such a relationship, a man and a woman transfer values and energy from their roles in society are just friends and do not mixes love with friendship. - Such interaction is continuous 4) Family – Family communication patterns established roles Dynamics of Interpersonal Relationship and identify and enable personal and social growth of 1) Dyad individuals. Family relationships can get distorted if there - A Dyad consists of two interacting people is an unresolved conflict between member since other - It is the simplest of the three interpersonal dynamics family members have significant emotional difficulties but - One Person relays a message and the other listen fails to bring them out unless the physician or nurse - It is none of the most unstable interpersonal dynamic. enquires. The interaction ends when one constituent of the dyad 5) Professional – Individual working for the same refuses to listen or share his or her message - It is also organization are said to share a professional relationship one of the most intimate interpersonal dynamic as the and are called colleagues. Colleagues may or may not like focus of listening and communication is centered on each other only one person 2) Triad Types of Relationship among Health Professionals - A triad consists or three interaction people. 1) Complementary Relationship - The members engage in the relay and reception of - One person is dominant and the other is submission thoughts and ideas. - Control is not divided equally between the two participants J.A.K.E 8 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 - Relationship are stable and predictable also inhibit - The nurse must avoid vagueness and ambiguity by creativity and independent thinking using specific terminology rather than abstractions Physician in communication process Nurse - The nurse helps the patients identify their problems 2) Symmetrical Relationship in their own context and use the available resources - Control is more evenly distributed between the two to solve the problem. participants - The patient’s self-esteem will be boosted by having - Free to express their opinions feeling of - Power struggles occurs when participants complete to b) Exploitation acquire or give up control - In this phase, the patient is made to understand the Both Dominant problems by exploring all available avenues to solve Both Submissive the problem. 3) Parallel Relationship - The nurse can help the patient by extending minimal - Control moves back and forth between the two professional participants - The patient start exploitation all the available - Participant take turns holding and giving control, resources in spite of making requests to others to depending on the circumstances, rather than extend help competing for control - Finally, the patient with his or her problems - Effective and flexible communication 4) Termination Phase Nurse / Physician - This is the termination of the professional relationship 5 types of Nurse-Physician Relationship that begins with convalesce and rehabilitation stage of 1) Collegial Relationships - Characterized by equal trust, hospitalization power, and respect are illustrated by the following excerpt. - The patient’s needs have already been met by the 2) Collaborative Relationship - Marked by mutual trust, collaborative efforts of the power, and respect. - It psychological dependence persists between both of 3) Student – Teacher Relationship - Either the physician or them, it become difficult to resolve the transferences or the nurse can be the teacher. Physicians who teach are counter transferees. A nurse must aware of the identified as having a lot of knowledge and “always willing techniques to resolve it. to explain or teach. - The relationship must be terminated by maintain a 4) Friendly Stranger Relationship - Is characterized by a healthier emotional balance by both the parties formal exchange of information and a somewhat neutral feeling tone. NURSING MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS 5) Hostile / Adversarial Relationship - Are marked by anger, Planning verbal abuse, real or implied threats, or resignation. - Defined as pre determining course of action in order to arrive at a desired result. Phases of Interpersonal Relationship - the most basic and essential activity of management (Hildegard Peplau 1952) functions that decide in advance what needs to be done for 1) Pre- orientation Phase the day, month, or years ahead. - Self-awareness of the nurse. Planning the progress of - Defined as deciding in advance what to do; who is to do it; the interaction and how, when and where it is to be done. - Client’s medical history, age, name, address Henri Fayol (1841-1925) 2) Orientation Phase - The first element of management defined by Henry Fayol is - Start with an initial encounter with nurse and patient planning in which he defines as making a plan of action to - The fact formulation begins between the nurse and the provide foreseeable future. patient. - According to him that plan must have unity, continuity, - The nurse clarifies his or her roles and responsibilities flexibility, and precision. The plan should be included within the therapeutic boundary to the patient. annual and 1o year forecasts, taking advantage of input of - The Nurse identifies the patient’s problems and others. Planning improves experience, gives sequence in - After developing a trustworthy relationship, the patients activity, and protects business against undesirable start clarifying doubts, share perceptions and convey changes. Planning facilitates the art of handling people. their needs and expectation to the nurse. - Planning is designed for the nurse administrators who are - There are several factors that may affect this phase in a seeking more effective means of improving current and nurse-patient relationship future performance. It offers principles of planning and 3) Working Phase decision-making guides in nursing practice. It deals with a) Identification those aspects of planning that directly affects the nurse - The nurse must approach the patient with empathic administrators on a personal as well as organizational level. understanding to perceive the patient’s current Purpose of Planning feeling. 1) Planning increases the chances of success. 2) It forces analytic thinking and evaluation of alternatives J.A.K.E 9 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 3) It establishes a framework for decision making that is recommendations to make hospital conditions more consistent with top Management objectives. therapeutic not only for the patients but for the workers as 4) It orients people to action instead or reaction. well. Performance of workers and evaluation of services to 5) It includes day-to-day and future-focus managing. patients’ base on criteria set during the planning stage will 6) It helps to crisis management and provides decision- indicate whether standards of care are met and whether making flexibility. changes are indicated. 7) It provides a basis of for managing organizational and Principles of Planning individual and individual performance. 1) Planning is always based & focused on the vision mission, 8) It increases employee involvement and improves philosophy, and clearly communication. 2) defined objectives of organization. 9) It is cost effective. 3) Planning is a continuous process Importance of Planning 4) Planning should be pervasive. 1) Leads to achievement of goals and objectives. Workers 5) Planning utilizes all available resources relate what they do to meaningful results. It ensures 6) Must be precise in its scope & nature alignment of nursing unit/department and financial plans 7) Should be time bound with the strategic plan. Thus, increase the probability of 8) Projected plan must be documented achieving organizational goals, vision, and mission. Also, it establishes a framework for decision making consistent Scope of Planning with top management objectives. Top Management – set the overall goals and policies of an 2) Gives meaning to work. Employees or workers experience organization greater satisfaction if what they do becomes meaningful to Middle Management – direct the activities to actually them. Ensures safe and quality care through awareness of implement the broad operating policies of the organization individual responsibility and accountability. such as staffing delivery service to the units. 3) Provides for effective use of available resources and Lower or First level Management – do the daily or weekly facilities. The best use of personnel and material resources plans for the administration or direct patient care in their prevents wastage. respective unit. 4) Helps in coping with crisis. Hospitals must provide for Major Aspects of Planning disaster plans. It allows the workers to function more 1) Planning should contribute to objectives. It should seek to clearly and efficiently when actual emergencies occur such achieve a consistent, coordinated structure of operation as fire, typhoons, earthquakes, or during New Year focused on desired ends. Actions without plans often celebrations and or other occasions when more people are result to chaos and failure. likely to get hurt. Manages risk and copes with crisis 2) Precedes all other processed of management. Without a situations. plan there would be nothing to organize, direct, and control. 5) Cost – effective Cost can be controlled through planning Planning leads to easy accomplishment of the for efficient operation. Projecting the number of operations organizational objectives which is necessary for group in a given day, including daily dressings, helps in effort. Planning and control are inseparable. determining accurately the needed weekly supplies in the 3) Planning pervades all level. It encompasses both higher surgical units so as to prevent undersupply, oversupply or and lower echelons and vice versa and spreads pilferages. horizontally through peer levels and/or across services and 6) Based on facts and future activities. Evaluation of members of the health team. programs. Schedules, and activities whether successful or 4) Planning should be efficient. It should contribute to the not, prevents and/or reduces the recurrence of problems attainment of objectives not only in terms of peso value, and provides better ideas in modifying or avoiding them. man –hours, units of production but should also include 7) Leads to realization of the need for change. Discovers the individual values and group satisfaction. need for change that leads to create new services and Characteristics of a Good Plan productivity. Many of the hospitals have found out that in- Have clearly worded objectives patient hospital days can greatly reduce by having the Guided by policies and procedures laboratory and diagnostic work up in the Out-patient Indicate priorities Department. Minor surgeries are also done at the OPD so Develop action that are flexible and realistic that more hospital beds can be allotted to critically-ill Develop logical sequence of activities patients or for those needing specialized services. Include practical methods for achieving objectives 8) Planning improves communication and team collaboration Pervade whole organization through people involvement in planning activities. 9) Provides basis for control. It becomes the basis for evaluating the accomplishment of the set programs/activities. 10) Necessary for effective control. Nurse- managers evaluate the environment or setting in which they work or where the patients are confined and make necessary J.A.K.E 10 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 Basis in Planning the Nursing Service When was it formerly done? Forecasting When could it be done? - It helps managers look into the future, including the 3) WHERE environment in which the plan will be executed. Where is the job to be done? - The hospital, this includes the type of hospital served (level Where does an activity occur in relation to those 1, level 2, level 3, or level 4); the kind of service it offers activities immediately? (general or special) its philosophy mission and goals and preceding and following it? categories of their budget (national or local). Where could supplies be stored, cleaned, and so - The community it serves, this includes the kind of people forth? served their needs, expectations, literacy rate, economic 4) HOW levels, employment rates, demographic statistics, cultural How will the job be done? values, values and services available in the community. What are the steps to be followed in doing the - The goals of care, vary according to the needs of the procedure? community, agency, trends in technology and in changing How will the time and energy of personnel be used? needs of the community, agency, trends in technology and How much will it cost? in changing concepts of the nurses’ roles and functions. - A mistake common to novice managers is a failure to How much time will it require? 5) WHO complete adequate proactive planning. Instead, many managers operate in a crisis mode and fail to use available Who has been doing the job? historical patterns to assist them in planning. Nor do they Who else could do it? examine present clues and projected statistics to Is more than one person is involved? determine future needs. Forecasting involves trying to 6) WHY estimate how a condition will be in the future. Forecasting To each of the questions, ask why. takes advantage of input from others, gives sequence in Why is this job, this procedure, this step necessary? activity and protects an organization against undesirable Why is this done in this way, in this place, at this changes. time, by this person? - Changes in technology, payment structures, and resource One more question can be added to make the availability, the manager who is unwilling or unable to formula more helpful. forecast accurately impedes the organization’s efficiency 7) CAN and the unit’s effectiveness. Can some steps or equipment be eliminated? - Forecast must be supported by facts, reasonable Can this activity be efficiently combined with other estimates and accurate reflection of policies and plans. operations? Setting the Vision, Mission, Philosophy, Goals and Can somebody else do it? Objectives Can we get a machine to help? Mission – statement outlines the agency’s reason for Can we get enough money? existing, who the target clients are and the services will be - Modes of Planning provided. 1) Reactive planning occurs after a problem exists. Vision – statement outlines the organization’s future role Because there is a dissatisfaction with the current and function. It gives the agency something to strive for. situation, planning efforts are directed at returning the Philosophy – is a statement of beliefs and values that organization to a previous, more comfortable state. direct one’s life or one’s practice. Often times, in reactive planning, problems are dealt Goals – are broad statements or objective that is expected with separately without integration with the whole to be achieved. organization. Because it is done in response to a crisis, Objectives – are the action commitments through which this type of planning can lead to hasty decision and an organization’s mission and purpose will be achieved mistakes. and philosophy or belief sustained. 2) Inactivism is another type of conventional planning. Developing and Scheduling programs Inactivists seek the status quo, and they spent their - Planning Formula: energy preventing change and maintaining conformity. 1) WHAT When changes do occur, they occur slowly and What has been done? incrementally. What should be done? 3) Preactivism, preactive planners utilize technology to What equipment and supplies have been used or are accelerate change and are future oriented. Unsatisfied needed? with the past or present, preactivists do not value What steps necessary in the procedure? experience and believe that the future is always What sequence of activities was previously used? preferable to the present. What other efficient methods may be used? 4) Interactive or proactive planning. Planners who fall into 2) WHEN this category consider the past, present, and future and attempt to plan the future of the organization rather When should the job be done? J.A.K.E 11 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 than react to it. Because the organizational setting 3) Identify the organization’s external constituencies or changes often, adaptability is a key requirement for stakeholders and then determine their assessment of proactive planning. This also occurs in anticipation of the organization’s purposes and operations. changing needs to promote growth within an 4) Clearly communicate the goals and objectives to the organization and is required of all leader-managers so organization’s constituents. that personal as well as organizational needs and 5) Develop a sense of ownership of the plan. objectives are met. 6) Develop strategies to achieve the goals. 7) Ensure that the most effective use is made of the Types of Planning organization’s resources. Strategic Planning 8) Provide a mechanism for informed change as needed. - A broad continuous systematic process that emphasizes 9) Provide a mechanism for informed change as needed. assessment of the organizational environment both 10) Build a consensus about where the organization is going. internally and externally such as economic, political, social, - It should be noted, though, that some critics argue that and technological factors. strategic planning is rarely this linear. Nor is it static. - It is a management tool that helps organizations set long- Strategic planning instead involves various actions and term goals, a risk-taking decision with knowledge of their reactions that are partially planned and partially unplanned. effects in the future, and evaluating the outcomes through - Sample of 5-year Development Plan: reliable feedback mechanism. - It focuses on performance improvement and utilizes strategies to accomplish the organization’s desired outcomes - Strategic planning forecasts the future success of an organization by matching and aligning an organization’s capabilities with its external opportunities. An organization could develop a strategic plan for dealing with the nursing shortage, preparing succession managers in the organization, developing a marketing plan, redesigning workload, developing partnership, or simply planning for organizational success. SWOT Analysis - One effective tool that can assist in strategic planning is Operational Planning SWOT analysis (identification of strengths, weakness, - a detailed work plan or written blueprint in which the opportunities, and threats) is one of the most commonly objectives of a nursing unit/department are put into used in health care organizations. SWOT analysis is also measurable actions? known as TOWS analysis was developed by Albert - It is known as a management plan. Humphrey at Stanford University in the 1960s and 1970s. - Some categorical areas for objectives are: patient - The first step in SWOT analysis is to define the desired end satisfaction, patient safety, internal process, staffing, state or objective. After the desired objective defined, the training and education, research, and financial. SWOT are discovered and listed. Decision makers must - It is also a specific plan that supports the strategic plan by then decide if the objective can be achieved in view of the implementing Its strategies, projects and programs. It SWOTs. provides detailed information to direct its people to - If the decision is no, a different objective is selected and perform the day to day tasks and activities in running the the process repeats. With the results of your analysis the nursing unit/organization. The operational plan objectives following should be included: are specific. These are concrete statements that nurse 1) working out what you hope to achieve, managers seek to accomplish in terms of results. 2) being objective, - It includes the what (task to be undertaken), who (person 3) incorporating the findings into the action plan, and 40 responsible), when (timeline for task completion), and how revisiting your findings on a regular basis. much (amount of financial resource to carry out the task). - Perform correctly, SWOT allows strategic planners to - The formulation and implementation of operational plan is identify those issues most likely to impact a particular the responsibility of middle and front -line managers and organization or situation in the future and then to develop its done yearly. Operational planning is an upward an appropriate plan of action approach because team members actively involved in the - Strategic Planning as Management Process: planning process. They are encouraged to develop 1) Clearly define the purpose of the organization. personal to-do list necessary to reach the targets or 2) Establish realistic goals and objectives consistent with milestones of their nursing units, (DOH, 2016). the mission of the organization. J.A.K.E 12 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 - Sample of Operational Plan: - POLICIES may also be implied or expressed. Implied policies neither written nor expressed verbally, have usually developed overtime and follow a precedent. - While expressed policies are delineated verbally or inwriting. Most organizations have many written policies that are readily available to all people and promote consistency of action. - PROCEDURES are plans that establish customary or acceptable ways of accomplishing a specific task, and delineate a sequence of steps that required action. Procedures identify the process or steps needed to implement a policy and are generally found in manuals at the unit level of the organizations, (Marquis and Huston, 2017). - Guidelines outlining the scope and standards of practice for specialty practice areas. - In the mid-20th century Kurt Lewin (1951) developed change theory, identified 3 phases in which the change agent must proceed before a planned change becomes part of the system: Unfreezing Movement Refreezing. Unfreezing - This occurs when the change- agent convinces members of the group. To change or when guilt, anxiety, or concern can be elicited. Change agent needs to have made a thorough and accurate assessment of the extent of and interest in change, for them to become effective as change agent. Movement - change agent must identifies, plans, and implements appropriate strategies, ensuring driving forces exceed restraining forces. Because changes are not that easy it’s a complex process and it requires a great deal of planning and intricate timing. Human behavior changes or attitudes and values underlie that behavior, takes some time. Establishing Nursing Standards, Policies, and Procedures Refreezing - Nursing Standards Institutions develop their own - during this phase the change agent assists in stabilizing the standards of nursing practice, the standard of Nursing system change so that it becomes integrated into the Practice and Nursing Service Administration formulated by status quo. For this to occur, the change agent must be the Association of the Nursing Service Administrators of supportive and reinforce the individual adaptive behavior the Philippines and revised 2008. efforts of those affected by the change, (Marquis and - The established standards in an evaluation provides Houston, 2017). professional desirable norms against which department’s performance can be measured. Areas of improvement are Budget identified and a plan of action to correct is made and - Annual operating plan implemented. - Financial “road map” and plan - NURSING STANDARDS, the philosophy shall be based on - Estimate of future costs the belief that the client is integral whole and that he is a - Plan for utilization of capital in the operating programs unique individual with needs that can be met through - A financial plan that includes estimated expenses as well nursing interventions. as income for a period of time, - NURSING SERVICE POLICIES are plans reduced to - Budgeting, it is the financial guideline where is the statements or instructions that direct organizations in their allocation of each resources such as money, time and decision making. It direct individual behavior toward the people will be acquired and used. It is the financial “road organization’s mission and define broad limits and desired map” which projects the future costing and a plan for outcomes of commonly recurring situations while leaving manpower utilization, and other resources in line with the some discretion and initiative to those who must carry out operating programs. that policy. J.A.K.E 13 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 - A nurse manager uses his/her expertise to utilize the - To monitor income and expenses of the Nursing services. efficient and effective budgetary planning and processes. Budgeting helps you keep on track of the income and In budget preparation, the nursing services purposely expenditures of the Nursing services. control and establish the monthly as well as the annual - Rationalization of the financial transparency and financial budget plan report. accountability of the Nursing services. Budgeting gives you Nursing Budget – a plan for allocation of resources a precise report summary of the financial responsibilities. based on preconceived needs for a proposed series of Budgeting Process programs to deliver patient care during one fiscal year. Phase 1 Gathering Data Hospital Budget – a financial plan to meet future service 1) Study the overall past performance based on proposed expectations. Budgeting translates these needs to goal. manpower, equipment and supplies so that both 2) Gather environmental information services are provided at the highest level of quality at a 3) Regulates the overall expenses and revenues from the minimum cost. past reports to present based on proposed budget. Types of Budget Phase 2 Planning 1) Personnel Budget 1) Create a Budget Committee - It is the type of budget affected by personnel policies 2) Set Objectives based on strategic goals such as salary related to position and number of days 3) Establish a program or project for future goals allowed for educational and personal leave. 4) Formulate a budget guideline to synchronize with - This said to be the workforce budget because it is financial linkages forecasting the volume of operational staff. 5) Settle an Operating and Capital Budget - It monitors the personnel budget to determine the 6) Manage a budget hearing needs of nursing staff either in short for long term basis. 7) Prioritize your budget based on necessity The manager should aware of the increasing or 8) Conclude your proposed budget plan decreasing of patient’s volume per day/per hour or per Phase 3 Approval and Execution minute so as they would know the number of staff 1) Summarized the proposed nursing service budget plan nurses to be assigned., (Marquis and Huston, 2017) and let the authorize finance budget committee to 2) Operating or Revenue and Expense Budgets review and approve the budget. - This includes the daily revenues and expenses to 2) Make a budget plan ready for improvement in order to operate the health care institution. It deals primarily calibrate any errands to the General Appropriations Act with salaries, supplies, and contractual services. (GGA). - It is an annual budget that includes the revenues and 3) Cascade the proposed budget plan accordingly to all expenses associated with the daily activities of the nursing unit staff and department. Nursing department. Provides an over view of an Phase 4 Monitoring and Reporting agency’s functions by projecting the planned operations, 1) Observe the proper delivery or implementation of the usually for the upcoming year. budget plan. 3) Capital Expenditure Budgets 2) Make an analysis between the proposed budget and the - Related to long range planning. Include physical actual performance. changes such as replacement, or expansion of the plant, 3) Clarify and justify the results to determine the major equipment, and inventories. significant trends - Considers the purchased related to the acquisitions of 4) Ready to make an adjustment based on the required the major equipment and necessities involving the needs. physical facilities of the Nursing services. 5) Present the financial report according to hospital policy. 4) Cash Budget Pre-Requisites for Budgeting - Plan to make adequate funds available as needed and 1) Sound organizational structure with clear lines of authority to use an extra fund profitably. and responsibility is needed. 5) Flexible Budget 2) Non monetary statistical data – such as number of - budgets that adjust automatically over the course of the admission, average length of stay, percentage of year depending on variables such as volume of labor occupancy and number of patient days – are used for costs and capital expenditures. planning and control of the budgetary process. Purpose of Budgeting 3) Chart of accounts are designed to be consistent with the 1) A forecast of income and expenditure organizational plan. 2) A tool for decision making, to provide financial framework 4) Managerial support is essential for a budgetary program. 3) Measured the financial report and its statistical data. 5) Formal budgeting policies and procedures should be Importance of Budget available in the budget manual. - To control the over spending of the Nursing services. Factors in Budget Planning Budgeting helps you control the spending beyond the Type of patient and the length of stay in the hospital. means in related to nursing activities. Bed capacity and hospital size J.A.K.E 14 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 Physical plant of the hospital, design and the size of the - One of the strategies in managing the time is learn to wards/unit and other treatment rooms. prioritize duties, managing and controlling crisis, reducing Personnel policies. stress and balancing work and personal time, (Marquis and Grouping of patients Houston,2017). Standard of Nursing Care - Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it into small jobs. - Method of performing nursing care Henry Ford Method of documentation - Things which matter most must never be at the mercy of Proportion of nursing care providers (professional / non- things that matter least. – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe professional) Time Management Principles 1) Planning anticipates the problem that arise from actions Amount and quality of supervision available and provided without thought. Competencies of job description and qualification 2) Tasks to be accomplished should be done in sequence and Method of patient assignment should be prioritized Amount and kind of labor-saving devices and equipment 3) Setting deadlines in one’s work and adhering to Amount of centralized service provided 4) them is an excellent exercise in self-discipline. Nursing service requirement ancillary departments 5) Deferring, postponing, or putting off decisions, actions, or Reports required by administration activities can become a habit which oftentimes causes lost Affiliation of nursing students or medical students opportunities and productivity, generating personal or Budgeting Methods interpersonal crises. Incremental Budgeting – simplest method for budgeting. 6) Delegation permits a manager to take priority for decision Since the budget for the next coming year may be projected, making and to assign tasks to the lowest possible the programs and services were not prioritized. consistent with his/her judgement, facts, and experience, Zero-Based Budgeting – the method does not (Venson, 2016). automatically claim to be funded. A set funding priority is Time-Saving Techniques, Devices, and Methods to Better the main purpose of this method. Use Of Time Flexible Budgeting – this method calculates what the 1) Conduct an inventory of your activities expenses should be specified in the program 2) Set goals and objectives and write them down. Performance Budgeting – emphasizes the outcomes and 3) With the use of calendars, executive planners, logs or results instead of activities and outputs. journals, write what you expect to accomplish yearly, Factors in Determining Budgetary Requirement monthly, weekly or daily. - Asses the appropriate provision in the current General 4) Break down large projects into smaller parts. Appropriation Act. 5) Devote a few minutes to concentrate on one thing at a time. - Associate the sources of funds (General, national, city, 6) Organize your work space so it is functional. municipal…) 7) Close your door when you need to concentrate. - Evaluate the current appropriations and actual 8) Learn to delegate. expenditures for the current year. 9) In a meeting, define the purpose clearly before starting. - Analyze the projected changes in other department that 10) Take or return phone calls during specified time. Develop will affect the nursing service budget. effective decision-making skills. Do no afraid to say “no”. - Consider the required expenditures, supplies, equipment 11) Take rest breaks and make good use of your spare time and material, repair and replacement for the next coming Three Steps to Time Management year. 1) Allow time to planning and establish priorities. - Projects the estimated personnel salaries and benefits 2) Complete the highest task whenever possible and finish including their unusual leaves. one task before beginning another. - Assess the cost of Human Resource Development and 3) Reprioritize based on the remaining tasks and on new Research Programs. information that may have been received. - Render this information into peso and submit the official forms to the Medical Center Chief for approval and Organizing inclusion in the general budget. Organizational Theory and Bureaucracy The efficiency of the budget management resources - Max Weber is known as the father of organizational theory. determines the productivity goal of the of the nursing service According to him, bureaucracy is an institutional method management. It reflects the consistency of the budget costing for applying general rules to specific cases, making the ability of the nurse manager. actions of management fair and predictable. - Characteristics of bureaucracy are the following: Time Management There must be a clear division of labor. - It is a technique for allocating one’s time through the A well-defined hierarchy of authority must exist which setting of goals, assigning priorities, and identifying and separates the superiors from subordinates. eleminating wasted time, and using managerial techniques There must be impersonal rules and impersonality of to reach goals efficiently. interpersonal relationships. J.A.K.E 15 of 35  NURSING LDSHP AND MGMT LEC & RLE: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023 A system of procedures for dealings with work relationships, areas of responsibility, persons to whom one situations must exist. is accountable and channels of communications A system of rules covering the rights and duties of eac