NCM 119 Lecture - Nursing Leadership and Management PDF

NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT COURSE OUTLINE: MIDTERM Upward Communication Unit 4 - Organizational Communication From lower to higher levels of the organization A. Business Writing and Reporting...

NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT COURSE OUTLINE: MIDTERM Upward Communication Unit 4 - Organizational Communication From lower to higher levels of the organization A. Business Writing and Reporting (such as communication initiated by subordinates 1. Memo writing with their superiors). 2. Minutes of Meeting Types of messages: performance on the job, job B. Presentation of Reports related problems, fellow employees and their C. Preparation and Conduct of Meetings problems, subordinates perceptions of org policies D. Customer Engagement Management and practices, tasks and procedures. Unit 5 - Application of Research in Nursing Leadership Downward Communication and Management From upper to lower(such as manager to employer or superior to subordinate). Unit 6 - Filipino Management Styles Types of messages: Job instructions, job rationales, procedures and practices information, feedback, MODULE 4 and indoctrination. ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION Horizontal Communication Organization is an open system of communication Flow of messages across functional areas at a among people within a specific context for the given level of an organization (this permits people at purpose of achieving common goals through the same level to communicate directly). cooperative effort. Type of messages: facilitates problem solving, info System is an independent set of components which sharing across different work groups, tasks. relate to each other in a structured, organized manner. INFORMAL COMMUNICATION Communication attempts to share personal images The ‘grapevine’ emerges from social and personal of reality through verbal and nonverbal behavior. interests of the employees rather than formal Studying organizational communication requires requirements of the organization. looking at how communication processes contribute to the coordination of behavior in working toward organization and individual goals (Miller, 1995). Organizational communication is a system of pathways through which messages flow patterns of interaction among people who comprise the organization (who communicates with whom?) Organizational Communication is also defined as “A program that focuses on general communication processes and dynamics within organizations”. The characteristic of organizational communication System ( open and closed system) Public Context - speaker addresses an audience Input, throughout and output. of several people. Purpose may be informative, The message becomes parts of the input for persuasive, entertaining or continuation. additional communication activities. Small Group Context - comprises 3-20 people who Communication systems continuously cycle interact in face-to-face situations for the purpose of messages, ideas, and information as they interact achieving mutual goals. with the environment. Interview Contexts - generally occur between two Communication attempts to share personal images people. One person has the primary responsibility of reality through verbal and nonverbal behavior. of asking questions which the other person tries to answer. Brief Encounter Contexts -occurs two people who interact freely to share information or to reach agreement on an idea. FROM ATTY. BARCELONA’S PPT Types of communication: Formal communication Informal communication FORMAL COMMUNICATION 1 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 2 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT To support decision making To protect the interest of staff, students and other stakeholders. Help to address complaints or legal processes, including request from patients under subject access provisions of the data protection act or other requests under the freedom of information act. To support patient choice and control over treatment and services designed Around patients. To support day-to-day business which underpin the delivery of care To support evidence-based clinical practice To assist clinical and other types of audits To support sound administrative and managerial decision-making, as part of the knowledge-base for NHS services. To support improvements in clinical effectiveness through research and also to support archival functions by taking account of the historical importance of material and the needs of future research. Records-keeping procedures and processes should cover all types of patient activity where data is collected onto relevant systems and paper-held records. BENEFITS OF RECORDS MANAGEMENT Saves time by ensuring that records can be found easily and quickly. Saves space by preventing records from being kept longer than necessary. Saves money by reducing storage costs and maintenance costs. Improves efficiency by ensuring records are readily accessible. Improves compliance by keeping records in line with legal and regulatory requirements. Improves the quality of information, providing staff with access to accurate and reliable quality records security. Increases the security of confidential records Supports business continuity and risk management RECORDS MANAGEMENT Records and managed efficiently and can be easily accessed and used for as long as they are required It is the systematic and effective control of records Records and stored as cost-effectively as possible and when no longer required. (both paper and electronic) throughout their life They are disposed of in a timely efficient manner cycle from creation or receipt through to the time of Complies with all requirements concerning records and their disposal. It aims to ensure that records are records management. accurate and reliable, can be retrieved speedily and practices to ensure compliance with constitution efficiently, and are kept for no longer than Records of longer term value are identified and protected for historical and other research. necessary. PURPOSES OF RECORDS IMPORTANCE OF RECORDS MANAGEMENT Provide staff member, administrator, and other health team Records management is crucial to all organizations. members with essential data for program planning and Unless records are managed efficiently it is not evaluation. possible to conduct business, to account for what Serves as tools of communication between health workers, the family, and other development personnel. has happened in the past, or to make decisions Provide data to forecast the long-term changes for service about the future. improvement. RECORDS ARE A VITAL, CORPORATE ASSET AND ARE REQUIRED: To provide evidence of actions and decisions To support accountability and transparency To comply with legal and regulatory obligations, including employment, contract and financial law, as well as the data protection act and freedom of information act. 3 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT For authorities statistical information future reference evaluation of care in terms of quality, quantity and adequacy. help supervisor to evaluate service legal evidence of service rendered by each employee provide justification of expenditure of funds administrative control guide staff and students REQUIRED PATIENTS’ DATA THAT NEEDS TO BE DOCUMENTED ADMITTING AREA - E.R / OPD NURSES RESPONSIBILITY FOR RECORD KEEPING AND Admission date, time, and room/bed number of patients REPORTING Mode of admission, such as; ambulatory, by wheelchair, by 1. Keep under safe custody of the nurse stretcher, etc. 2. No individual sheet should be separated Vital signs: blood pressure (bp) level of consciousness; 3. No accessible to patients and visitors pulse rate (pr); 4. Strangers is not permitted to read records Respiratory rate (rr); temperature; ht and wt 5. Records are not handed over to the legal advisors without Admission notes, the latest version of which is focus written permission of the administration. charting 6. Handle carefully, not destroyed The observed disposition of valuables endorsed for safe 7. Identifies bio-data of the patients such as name, age, keeping admission number, diagnosis, etc. The admitting physicians 8. Never sent outside the hospital without the written Written orders and prescription of physicians administrative permission. medications given: date, time, dosage, route specimen (s) obtained: NURSING ADMINISTRATOR’S RESPONSIBILITY TO type of specimen(s) RECORDS time it was obtained Protection from loss time it was submitted to the laboratory with Safeguarding its contents signature who submitted and received the specimen. This Completeness will prevent loss or misplacement of specimen. Responsibility for nurse notes status of px during transfer to other patient areas Legal value of nurses notes In-patient areas Admission record Time of doctor’s visit and all subsequent visits of the Scientific value of the nurse notes physician Record of order carried out Written orders of all physicians Specimen(s) obtained: Type of specimen(s) Time it was obtained Time it was sent to the laboratory Reactions, attitude, moods and status of the patient Pertinent subjective observation: Complaints of pain Discomfort or other attitudes State of depression, worry, agitation, reaction to hospitalization or Illness. Objective observation General appearance/changes on: Respiration Drainage IMPORTANCE OF RECORDS IN HOSPITAL Condition of the skin For the individual and family Edema, etc. serve the history of the client Attitude/observation for any signs of: Assist in the continuity of care Depression Evidence to support if legal issues arise Worry Assess health needs, research and teaching Agitation For the doctor Reaction towards hospitalization or serve the guide for diagnoses, treatment, follow up and Illness evaluation Vital signs - time checked and description of indicate progress and continuity of care pulse rate self-evaluation of medical practice respiratory rate protect doctor in legal issues cardiac rate used for teaching and research temperature For the nurses blood pressure Document nursing service rendered level of consciousness Planning and evaluation of service for future improvement body weight and height taken on admission Guide for professional growth therapy and time instituted Communication tool between nurse and other staff involved medications in the care. prescribed diet and appetite of the patient including Indicate plan for future 4 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT allergies or idiosyncrasies. questionable procedure. The nonjudgmental nature Transfer as to date, time and mode to and from any unit or of an incident report is very important because in department most cases the incident report will be discovered in nursing care rendered: litigation. - nursing procedures Reports are prepared accounts of important activities of the nursing service within a period. - comfort measures Reports are either oral, taped or written exchanges - health teaching of info between nurses/members of the health team. - evaluation of care These include: Completion of the day’s charting at midnight as to time, ○ change-of shift reports - a system of date, and calendar hospital date. communication aimed at transferring Use of black/blue ink for AM and PM shifts, red for night essential info. And holistic care for shift accidents, such as falling from bed, shall be reported to patients. The purpose is to provide the immediate supervisor and recorded, indicating the time continuity of patient care for 24 hrs: and condition of the patient. ○ oral report - a pre-conference made prior to nursing rounds, done in the nursing REPORTS conference room or nurses station. REPORTS are verbal or written informational work Essential information about the patient in a particular matter made with an intention to relay conditions or health problem, effects of events, situations in a presentable manner for nursing and medical measures to be decision making. It can be compiled daily, weekly, reported to the incoming shift. monthly, quarterly and annually. ○ Bedside rounds - these are made at the Report summarizes the services of the nurses patient’s bedside. The patient care plan is and/or the agency. These are based on records and discussed. The nurse can perform registers and so it is relevant to the nurses to assessments, evaluate the patient’s maintain records regarding their daily case and progress and determine the interventions service load and activities. Thus the data can be that best meet his/her needs. obtained continuously and for a long period. Telephone report/orders It is a document that presents information in an Information given thru telephone should be organized format for a specific audience and accurately transcribed by the receiving nurse in A written purpose. Although summaries of reports may be form especially if this pertains to medications delivered orally, complete reports are almost always Legal risks in telephone orders. These may be in the form of written documents. understood or misinterpreted by the receiving nurse only in an extreme emergency and when no other MANDATORY REPORTS physician is available. Bi-annual reports Should A nurse receive telephone orders. consumption report The nurse should note the date and time when the inventory report order was made, when he/ she wrote the order, name of the Daily 24hrs report physician making the order, then sign his/her name including Sentinel events designation. incident reports Transfer reports others Before a patient is transferred to another agency, proper coordination must first be made to ensure TYPES OF REPORTS that the agency has the proper services and memoranda facilities needed by the patient. A transfer report Minutes accompanies the patient. Inter-agency referral form should be properly and completely filled up by the Laboratory reports physician. Book reports Patients may be transferred from one unit to progress report another as their condition or case warrants it. The Justification reports receiving unit is usually notified in advance about the transfer so that the unit or bed which the patient Compliance reports will occupy, including special equipment if needed, Annual reports will be prepared. Policies and procedures Reports INCIDENT REPORTS Reports are prepared accounts of important The nursing service personnel should fill up incident activities of the Nursing Service within a particular reports when a problem in nursing care delivery has period. It may be oral, taped, or written exchanges occurred. These reports are meant to be of information between the nurses/ members of the non-judgmental, factual reports of the problem and health team: its consequences. The nurse should understand ○ Change-of-shift reports are a system of that filling up an incident report is not tantamount to communication aimed at transferring blaming a fellow employee for no problem. More essential information and holistic care for importantly, it should be made clear that filling up an incident report is not an admission of negligence. the clients. Incident reports are simply records of all events that Purpose: Provide continuity for patient are not part of routine medical care. The nursing care for 24 hours. service should promulgate lists of events whose ○ Oral report – pre-conference made prior to occurrence requires the filing of an incident report. nursing rounds The staff must also be free to file a report even if ○ Nursing rounds – made at the patient’s the event does not appear on the list of mandatory bedside; patient care plan is discussed reports. This allows the incident reports to be used IMPORTANT POINTS TO CONSIDER IN MAKING as a way of formally asking a question about a REPORTS 5 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT Reports, whether written or oral, must be record of their actions and decisions, promoting up-to-date,clear, and concise accountability and transparency. channels of communication should be properly 5. Professional Responsibility observed reports should be accomplished in forms adapted 6. Reimbursement by the hospital DO’S AND DON'TS IN NURSING DOCUMENTATION Reports should be factual and may include recommendation for action verbal reports made in DO’s an emergency situation should be confirmed in DO read what other providers have written before writing and duly signed by the person making the providing care and before charting. report. DO time and date all entries. DO use a flow sheet/checklist. Keep information on NURSING DOCUMENTATION flow sheet/checklist current. Do a chart as you make Nurses are required to make and keep records of observations. their practice. As self-regulated professionals, DO describe patients’ behavior. nurses are accountable for ensuring that their DO use direct patient quotes when appropriate. documentation (whether using a paper-based or DO be factual and complete. Record exactly what electronic system) is accurate and meets the happens to the patient and the care given. standard for documentation, and the standard of DO draw a single line through an error. Mark this entry practice. as “Mistaken” and sign your name. Documentation establishes accountability, promotes DO use the next available line to chart. quality nursing care, facilitates communication DO document the patient’s current status and response among nurses and other healthcare providers, and to medical care and treatments. conveys the contribution of nursing to health care. DO write legibly. DO use standard chart forms. These standards explain the regulatory and DO use only approved abbreviations. legislative requirements for nursing documentation. To help nurses understand and apply the standards DON'Ts to their individual practice. DON’T begin charting until you check the name and Nursing documentation is the record of nursing care identifying number on the patient’s chart on each page. that is planned and delivered to individual clients by DON’T chart procedure or chart in advance. qualified nurses or other caregivers under the DON’T clutter notes with repetitive or frequently direction of a qualified nurse. It contains information changing data already charted on the flow in accordance with the steps of the nursing process. sheet/checklist. Nursing documentation is the principal clinical DON’T label a patient or show bias. information source to meet legal and professional DON’T try to cover up a mistake or accident by requirements, and one of the most significant inaccuracy or omission. components in nursing care. DON’T “white out” or erase an error. DON’T throw away notes with an error on them. PURPOSES OF DOCUMENTATION DON’T squeeze in a missed entry or “leave space” for someone else who forgot to chart. DON’T write in the 1. Communication: Documentation serves as a margin. means of communication among healthcare DON’T use meaningless words and phrases, such as providers. It allows nurses to convey important “good day” or “no complaints”. information about a patient's condition, treatment, DON’T use a notebook, paper or pencil. and progress to other members of the healthcare team, such as physicians, therapists, and pharmacists. This ensures that everyone involved in a patient's care is on the same page. 2. Research and Education: Documentation contributes to medical research and education. De-identified patient data, with proper consent, can be used for research purposes to advance medical knowledge. Additionally, healthcare students and professionals can learn from documented cases and experiences to improve their skills and DISCHARGE OF PATIENT o All patients for discharge must have a written knowledge. physician’s order. 3. Legal protection: detailed documentation can o Release patients with written discharge clearance protect nurses and other healthcare providers in o signed by the nurse. legal disputes or malpractice claims. It serves as o Indicate the accurate date, time the patient is discharged, mode, condition, and companion at the evidence of the care provided, helping to nurses notes. demonstrate that appropriate standards were o The date and time of discharge should coincide with followed. that of the clinical face sheet. 4. Accountability: Documentation holds healthcare o Discharge against Medical Advice (DAMA) with written providers accountable for their actions. When order of the doctor. o DEATH nurses document their assessments, interventions, and responses to treatment, it provides a clear 6 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT INTERDISCIPLINARY, MULTI-DISCIPLINARY, COORDINATION WITH: TEAMWORK AND COLLABORATION 1. ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES – pertains to both human and material resources. INTERDISCIPLINARY -IS A GROUP OF 2. LABORATORY SERVICES – Requests for HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS FROM DIFF. FIELDS laboratory examinations. WHO WORK TOGETHER TOWARD THE SAME 3. RADIOLOGY SERVICE – X-rays GOAL. 4. PHARMACY SERVICE EXAMPLE: Trauma team (Patient after a vehicular accident) 5. DIETARY SERVICE Surgeon, ER physician, nurses, therapist, radiologist/imaging 6. MEDICAL SOCIAL SERVICE specialist 7. MEDICAL RECORDS SERVICE 8. COMMUNITY AGENCIES, OTHER MULTIDISCIPLINARY - IS A GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS FROM DIFF. DISCIPLINES OR SPECIALTIES BUT STAYS WITHIN THEIR BOUNDARIES. MODULE 5 COLLABORATION - IS THE PROCESS OF TWO OR MORE PEOPLE OR ORGANIZATIONS WORKING TOGETHER TO COMPLETE A TASK OR ACHIEVE A GOAL. COMMUNICATION IS THE TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION, OPINIONS, AND INTERACTIONS BETWEEN AND AMONG INDIVIDUALS. PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION: 1. Clear lines of communication serve as the linking process by which parts of organization are unified The Philippine Qualifications Framework describes toward goals achievement. the levels of educational qualifications, the official 2. Simple, exact, and concise messages ensure recognition of a person’s learning achievements. understanding of the message to be conveyed. It also sets the standards for qualification 3. Feedback is essential. outcomes which are the knowledge or skills gained 4. Communication thrives best in a supportive by students after undergoing a certain learning or environment which encourages positive values educational program. among its personnel. The PQF provides a standard for the recognition of 5. A manager’s communication skill is vital to the certificates and licenses that individuals may move attainment of goals of the organization. and progress through. It shows pathways and 6. Adequate and timely communication of work-related equivalences to help them make informed choices issues or changes that may affect jobs enhances in education and employment growth. compliance. As such the framework promotes mobility, encourages lifelong learning and builds the TYPES OF COMMUNICATION: workforce confidence. 1. Verbal With the PQF, job mismatch can be reduced and 2. Written productivity increased. 3. Non-verbal It provides employers with specific training - Personal appearance, intonation of voice, standards and qualifications that are aligned to facial expression, industry requirements. - Posture and gait, touch. The PQF provides employers immediate LINES OF COMMUNICATION: information on what a worker can be expected to 1. DOWNWARD – from superior to subordinate. This know and do, and are further assured that includes policies, rules and regulations, qualifications are consistent and are based on memoranda, handbooks, interviews, job standards. descriptions, and performance appraisal. The Philippine Qualifications Framework can help 2. UPWARD – from subordinates and goes upward. form unity as it harmonizes education and training 3. HORIZONTAL OR LATERAL – flows between qualifications in the country by establishing and peers, personnel, or departments on the same institutionalizing qualification standards. level. Endorsements, journal meetings, It provides the government with common standards, conferences, referrals bet. Departments or services. taxonomy, and typology of qualifications as bases 4. OUTWARD – flows from caregivers to the patients, for granting approvals to stakeholders. their families, relatives, visitors, and the community. COORDINATION - UNITES PERSONNEL AND CAREER PLAN AND DEVELOPMENT SERVICES TOWARD A COMMON OBJECTIVE. SYNCHRONIZATION OF ACTIVITIES AMONG TRANSITIONING FROM STUDENT TO THE VARIOUS SERVICES AND DEPARTMENTS PROFESSIONAL NURSE ENHANCES COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS - Today and in the years to come nurses have unique RESULTING IN EFFICIENT, SMOOTH AND opportunities to influence health care globally. HARMONIOUS FLOW OF WORK. - The Institute of Medicine (2011) report The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health suggested that the envisioned future of healthcare is one that makes quality care accessible to the 7 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT diverse populations of the United States, clinical care and the organization of intentionally promotes wellness and disease clinical care systems prevention, reliably improves health outcomes, and - These hallmarks are present in health-care provides compassionate care across the life span. systems, hospitals, organizations, or practice - Entry-level nurses are educated using a core set of environments that: nursing competencies to promote patient safety and - Maintain clinical advancement programs quality care. based on education, certification, and - However, retention of new nurse graduates is a advanced preparation. For example: major issue for the profession that has grave Financial rewards are available for consequences for nurse safety, patient safety, and clinical advancement and education. quality of nursing care. - Demonstrate professional development - The current job market is promising for new nurse support for nurses. For example: graduates. According to the American Nurses Professional continuing education Association (ANA, 2014a), the percentage of job opportunities are available and offers at the time of graduation for nurses with a supported. baccalaureate degree in nursing (BSN) is 59% - These hallmarks are present in health-care compared with other college graduates (29.3%). systems, hospitals, organizations, or practice - A total of 1.13 million new registered nurses (RNs) environments that: will be needed by 2022 to fill new jobs and to - Create collaborative relationships among replace retiring nurses (ANA, 2014a). members of the health-care provider team. - Philippines: Country now faces shortage of For example: Professional nurses, 350,000 nurses as of March 2023 physicians, and other health-care - The healthcare system of the Philippines faces a professionals practice collaboratively shortage of about 127,000 nurses, impeding the and participate in standing optimal provision of healthcare services (Lalu, organizational committees, bioethics 2023) committees, the governing structure, - Nonetheless, the leader of a local nursing and the institutional review processes. organization estimated that about 200,000 to - Use technological advances in clinical care 250,000 nurses have left the profession and are and information systems. For example: not working as nurses in the country (Jackson, Appropriate equipment, supplies, and 2021) technology are available to optimize the - Finding the right position at an organization where efficient delivery of quality nursing education is valued and advanced education is care. supported and promoted is essential to long-term success and job satisfaction as a nurse. PREPARING A STRATEGIC CAREER PLAN - The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN, 2015) identified hallmarks or characteristics Besides considering where they want to work for of the practice setting that best support professional their first nursing position, new nurse graduates nursing practice. should be preparing a strategic career plan before - These hallmarks are present in health-care graduating from nursing school. systems, hospitals, organizations, or practice A strategic career plan is the roadmap to a nurse’s environments that: success. a. Manifest a philosophy of clinical care The initial step in strategic career planning in emphasizing quality, safety, nursing is developing specific, measurable, interdisciplinary collaboration, continuity of achievable, realistic, and timely, or SMART, goals. care, and professional accountability. For Using the SMART technique to outline a plan for the example: The organization has a future can be valuable to new nurse graduates as philosophy and mission statement that they begin career planning and development. reflect these criteria. Once goals are established, nurses should identify b. Recognize contributions of nurses’ specific action steps necessary to meet each goal knowledge and expertise to clinical care and set a timeline for completing each step. quality and patient outcomes. For Before implementing the action steps, nurses need example: The organization to take inventory of available resources and differentiates the practice roles of consider who and what will help implement nurses based on educational each step. preparation, certification, and advanced The last step is identifying the indicators of success. preparation. This step requires nurses to determine the - These hallmarks are present in health-care indicators that will help evaluate whether or not the systems, hospitals, organizations, or practice goals were met (Donner & Wheeler, 2001). environments that: Career plans are dynamic and should be reviewed - Promote executive level nursing and revised as personal and professional leadership. For example: The nurse circumstances change. executive has the authority and Career planning is important for nurses at all levels accountability for all nursing or patient because it can be useful to evaluate a nurse’s care delivery, financial resources, and present work situation and shape his or her future in personnel. the nursing profession. - Empower nurses’ participation in clinical decision making and organization of JOB HUNTING clinical care systems. For example: Nurses have a demonstrated leadership role in performance improvement of Job hunting, job seeking, or job searching is the act of looking for employment, due to unemployment, 8 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT underemployment, discontent with a current An effective cover letter is addressed to a specific position, or a desire for a better position. person and includes the following: The immediate goal of job seeking is usually to ○ The reason the nurse is applying for a obtain a job interview with an employer which may specific position. lead to getting hired. ○ A brief statement of the nurse’s The job hunter or seeker typically first looks for job qualifications for the position, including vacancies or employment opportunities. strengths and experiences related to the position. Common methods of job hunting are: ○ A statement expressing appreciation to the prospective employer for consideration Finding a job through a friend or an extended business network, personal network JOB INTERVIEW Through social media platforms, some of which have inbuilt job platforms and searches The interview process can be stressful for all Using an employment website nurses. To lessen anxiety, nurses should prepare Job listing search engines for the interview by learning about the organization Looking through the classifieds in newspapers ahead of time. Common methods of job hunting are Seeking out the following information can be very helpful in preparing for the interview and lessening anxiety: Using a private or public employment agency or recruiter - The organization’s mission, vision, and philosophy Looking on a company's web site for open jobs, - Accreditation status and Magnet status typically in its applicant tracking system - Length of orientation or residency program Going to a job or careers fair - Nurse-to-patient ratio and professional practice Using professional guidance such as outplacement model services that give training in writing a résumé, - Whether the nursing service uses a shared applying for jobs and how to be successful at an governance model. interview. - The nurse should plan to arrive at the interview a Visiting an organization to find out whether it is few minutes early. recruiting staff or will be doing so in the near future. - It is a good idea to ask for clear directions to the facility, specific building, and office where the DEVELOPING A RESUME / PORTFOLIO DEVELOPMEN interview will take place. - If the interview is in an area the nurse is not familiar A resume is a record of a nurse’s education, with, visiting the site a few days before, identifying employment history, accomplishments, and the building, and checking out the parking can be achievements. helpful. A well-designed and well-thought-out resume can Professional dress is a must, as is comfort. This is help a new nurse graduate gain an advantage over not the time to be tugging on a jacket that does not others. fit properly or limping because of blisters from new As a new graduate, a nurse should develop a shoes. resume that includes any work experience in health Remember, the interview is a two-way process. The care, volunteer experiences, and special employer is determining whether the applicant is accomplishments during education such as awards qualified to meet the needs of the unit, and the and honors received, scholarly assignments, applicant is deciding whether the position meets his memberships in student organizations, and any or her personal and professional needs. leadership positions held. Keep in mind that every activity does not belong on the resume. In fact, most nurse leaders and MODULE 6 managers spend approximately 30 seconds reviewing the typical resume (Hood, 2014). The use of these values in nursing practice Therefore, a resume must present a concise picture increased the quality of patients' care, nurses’ of the nurse’s strengths, accomplishments, and occupational satisfaction, their retention in nursing experiences. and commitment to the organization. Using headings guides the nurse leader and Professional values are a source to promote nurses’ manager in finding specific information. The resume ethical competencies in clinical settings and dealing should be written and revised to showcase specific with ethical concerns in the present era. experiences and accomplishments that match the position for which a nurse is applying. Ethics and professional values enlighten the nurses in providing quality of care to their clients. COVER LETTER NURSING VALUES A cover letter is a document typically sent alongside a resume when applying for a job. Nursing values are the principles and standards that It introduces the applicant to the employer, nurses follow to ensure they're doing ethical, quality highlights key qualifications, and explains how the work. candidate’s skills and experiences make them a Many nurses and nursing organizations share suitable fit for the position. values with a commitment to respecting their It serves a personalized way to make a strong case patients and providing excellent comfort, support for why the applicant is the right choice for the job. and treatment through every area of healthcare. 9 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT Nurses who share these values with their thinking and helping create treatments and healthcare team may work together more effectively strategies that help patients to care for their patients. - As a field of science, healthcare is always changing, and the nurses who work directly with patients often SOME VALUES IMPORTANT TO THE NURSING have a deep understanding which aspects of PROFESSION healthcare can change to provide better treatment options and techniques. Human dignity - To practice ingenuity, it is a good idea to continually study medical advancements. - One of the most important values of nursing is to Compassion respect the dignity of their patients. - Compassion is an important value to nursing - This means treating patients with kindness and because being compassionate helps patients feel thoughtfulness as you provide care, and respected running their medical care. remembering to consider their emotions about the - You can show compassion in a variety of ways, like situation as you talk with them, care for them and listening to patients' concerns, quickly addressing educate them about their health. those concerns and speaking kindly as you - Valuing human dignity also means acknowledging administer treatments and ask questions. the rights of each patient to choose healthcare - For many nurses, this is one of the key components services and maintain privacy. to providing quality care. Integrity Trustworthiness - In nursing, integrity is vital to connecting with - Establishing trust helps nurses better understand patients and providing ethical, quality care. Integrity the needs of those in their care and increase the refers to making honest, moral decisions. chances that a patient cooperates with treatments. - Nurses should practice integrity in their workplace - Patients who trust their healthcare providers also to meet their health facilities standards for care and have less stress and may recover better from their aid the recovery of their patients. illnesses or injuries. - Patients may have more confidence in nurses who - To show your trustworthiness, be interested in how perform their duties with integrity, which makes your patient's care is affecting them, answer their patients more comfortable and willing to receive questions honestly and tell them important and necessary treatment for their illnesses or injuries. accurate information as soon as you can. Altruism Accountability - Altruism for nurses means being considerate of the - Accountability is another value important in nursing well-being of your patients and colleagues. - Being accountable means acknowledging your actions and learning from mistakes, which is - You can show this nursing value by advocating for especially important for your growth in the nursing fair treatment of your patient, encouraging fellow profession because each action you take affects nurses to take breaks while you step in and patients. answering questions from patients' families as best - A good goal for nurses is to admit your mistakes to as you can. supervisors as soon as you realize them, which - An important part of altruism is to not expect allows you to correct them and continue to give your something in return for your care, which means patients the quality care they deserve. providing care outside of your typical duties or Curiosity without need for acknowledgement. - The nurse values curiosity because it encourages Social justice nurses to keep learning and improve the skills - The value of social justice means understanding needed to succeed. and upholding moral and legal healthcare standards - Personal and professional curiosity can help you for every patient. determine your nursing goals, how you measure - This involves distributing all services and treatments success and what areas of nursing you have a equally amongst patients who need them. strong interest in. - Practice social justice by actively listening to the - In addition, a sense of curiosity allows you to needs of individual patients and providing them with investigate concerns about treatment and ask treatments and accommodations necessary for their questions on the job to learn more about the roles recovery. of your colleagues. - This way, they feel more comfortable and trust in Autonomy your team's abilities. - Medical autonomy refers to a patient's right to Diversity accept or refuse healthcare services like treatments - Valuing diversity helps nurses stay open-minded and procedures. and treat patients regardless of their identity or - This is an ethical nursing value that aims to respect ideals. and not influence a patient's healthcare choices, - When you value diversity, you can ensure your which may make patients feel more at ease and treatment of a patient meets moral and ethical encourage them to seek other healthcare services standards, makes the patient comfortable and helps when they need them. them recover from their condition. - Nurses may show your respect to autonomy by - diversity in the nursing community may also refer to educating patients on their options without bias and a healthcare facility's commitment to hiring supporting their decisions. employees with various backgrounds and identities Precision and treating them all with respect. Precision is an important value for nurses because Ingenuity precise, accurate care best fulfills the needs of - Nurses typically follow directions and rules as a patients and creates a safe environment for medical nurse, ingenuity is a value that encourages critical procedures and recovery. 10 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT As a nurse, try to strive for precision in all aspects They are enabling and satellites, computers, of your role, including understanding a specific teletext, viewdata, cassettes, cable, and videodisks patient's treatment plan, providing families and all fit the same emerging pattern. patients with accurate information and sanitizing all They provide ways for individuals to step out of the rooms and instruments to avoid germs and bacteria. mass audiences and take an active role in the This can help you maintain the standards of your process by which information is transmitted. facility and improve the health of your patients. The new technologies are de-massified so that a Empathy special message can be exchanged with each - This nursing value empathy, helps nurses see a individual in a large audience. situation from their patient's perspective. They are the opposite of mass media and shift - This allows nurses to understand more deeply how control to the user. a patient might feel and what they might need from Many are asynchronous and can send or receive a their medical team, and this can help you administer message at a time convenient for individuals successful treatment plans. This can be used to without being in communication at the same time. address a patient's concerns from their point of This overcomes time as a variable affecting view, which is helpful when educating them about communication. suggested procedures and understanding how to A video, data and voice delivery system reduces put them at ease. travel costs. Professionalism When the material is retrieved and saved to a video - For nurses, professionalism is the standard by tape or disc, the material can be used at anytime or which they measure their performance and anyplace. reputation. As more interactive technologies emerge, the value - The specific aspects of your performance and of being an independent learner will increase. reputation may include your ability to care for Research shows that learning from new patients successfully, your attitude toward technologies is as effective as traditional methods. colleagues and patients and your ability to work as Large groups are cost-effective and everyone gets a team with other nurses and doctors. the same information. - Maintaining a standard of professionalism ensures that you understand the importance of your job and WHY USE A TELECONFERENCE? strive to perform those duties well. Loyalty Videoconferencing increases efficiency and results - A nurse may value loyalty to their job and their in a more profitable use of limited resources. It is a patients. very personal medium for human issues where - This may mean nurses dedicate themselves to face-to-face communications are necessary. finishing a patient's treatment, performing all the When you can see and hear the person you are duties of the nurse's job as best as they can and talking to on a television monitor, they respond as continuing to learn about relevant medical though you were in the same room together. It is an advancements. effective alternative to travel which can easily add - Nurses can also show value of loyalty by up to weeks of non-productive time each year. advocating for patients who need help and trying to With videoconferencing, you never have to leave resolve every one of their concerns. the office. Documents are available, and experts can be on hand. CORE VALUES “According to Philippine Nurses A crisis that might take on major proportions if you Association” are out of town, can be handled because you're on the job. 1. Love of God and Country Videoconferencing maximizes efficiency because it 2. Caring provides a way to meet with several groups in 3. Quality and Excellence different locations, at the same time. 4. Integrity 5. Collaboration Move Information - Not People TELECONFERENCING Electronic delivery is more efficient than physically moving people to a site, whether it is a faculty It is meeting through a telecommunications member or administrator. medium. It is a generic term for linking people between two Use of Teleconference or more locations by electronics. Save Time: Content presented by one or many There are six types of teleconferencing: sources is received in many places simultaneously - audio, audio graphic, computer, video, business and instantly. Travel is reduced resulting in more television (BTV) and distance education. productive time. Communication is improved and The methods used differ in the technology, but meetings are more efficient. It adds a competitive common factors contribute to the shared definition edge that face-to-face meetings do not. of teleconferencing. Lower Costs: Costs (travel, meals, lodging) are reduced by keeping employees in the office, Interactive Technologies speeding up product development cycles, improving performance through frequent meetings with timely The new systems have varying degrees of information. interactivity - the capability to talk back to the user. Accessible: Through any origination site in the world. Larger Audiences: More people can attend. 11 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT The larger the audience, the lower the cost per tertiary hospitals are situated in non-urban areas; let person. alone that on the average, the time it takes to travel Larger Audiences: More people can attend. The to a local health facility usually takes around 39 larger the audience, the lower cost per persons. minutes. Adaptable: Useful for business, associations, Moreover, delayed access to timely, reliable, hospitals, and institutions to discuss, inform, train, accurate, and complete health information educate or present. contributes to the challenges faced by decision Flexible: With a remote receive or transmit truck, a makers. transmit or receive site can be located anywhere. This condition is further worsened by various health Security: Signals can be encrypted (scrambled) data coming from disparate systems that use when it is necessary. Encryption prevents outside differing formats, lacking harmonization, and putting viewers. additional strain on already compromised data Unity: Provides a shared sense of identity. People quality. feel more a part of the group...more often. Further, poor recording, processing and transfer of Individuals or groups at multiple locations can be data from the health center/rural health unit to the linked frequently. provincial or city health office, the regional health Timely: For time-critical information, sites can be office, and to the DOH Central Office takes more linked quickly. An audio or point-to-point than a year with data validation at various levels. teleconference can be convened in three minutes. The health sector through the leadership of the Interactive: Dynamic; requires the user's active Department of Health (DOH) has recognized the participation. It enhances personal communication. necessity of using information and communication When used well for learning, the interactivity will technologies (ICT) for health or eHealth enhance the learning and the teaching experience. As one of the enabling strategic instruments not only to address these current disparities in service EHEALTH PHILIPPINES care delivery, and timely access to information for better decision making and intervention. DELIVERABLE, 2016 AND BEYOND Also, largely, to support and facilitate the achievement of the Universal Health Care (UHC) goals of better health outcomes, sustained health financing, and responsive health system. In its broadest sense, eHealth is concerned with improving the flow of information, through electronic means, to support and facilitate the delivery of quality and responsive health services, and better management of health systems and service delivery networks. It is envisioned that, “By 2020, eHealth will enable widespread access to health care services, health information, and securely share and exchange client’s information in support to a safer, quality health care, more equitable and responsive health system for all the Filipino people by transforming the way information is used to plan, manage, deliver and monitor health services.” eHealth Philippines - eHealth Philippines (ehealth.ph) serves an SOCIAL MEDIA information gateway for eHealth initiatives on the Philippines which creates space for lifelong learning WHAT IS SOCIAL MEDIA? of health practitioners to improve the quality of life of the people. Social media refers to a variety of technologies that - The website takes on a community-based approach facilitate the sharing of ideas and information in generating and publishing information that will among their users. help its readers to appreciate, learn from, and From facebook and instagram to x platform contribute on the growing eHealth activities in the (formerly twitter) and youtube, more than 4.7 billion country as we course through in achieving All for people use social media, equal to roughly 60% of Health Towards Health for All. the world's population. National eHealth Program In early 2023, 94.8% of users accessed chat and messaging apps and websites, followed closely by Two main challenges of today’s health system are: social platforms, with 94.6% of users. a. access to health care services KEY TAKEAWAYS b. access to real time information for decision making. Social media is digital technology that allows the At present, 70% of the population living in rural sharing of ideas and information, including text and areas are still struggling with no or limited access to visuals, through virtual networks and communities. quality inpatient and outpatient care services. Social media typically features user-generated Recent health demographics studies showed that content that lends itself to engagement via likes, the segmented distribution of the health facilities shares, comments, and discussion. and healthcare providers contribute largely to this More than 4.7 billion people around the world use alarming situation as exemplified by the fact that social media. only 13% of healthcare providers and 40% of 12 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT Social media is credited with helping people build to find niche communities. At its best, it makes the community and faulted for facilitating disinformation world more interconnected. and hate speech. On the other hand, social media is also very good at Social media is also an increasingly important part spreading disinformation, creating polarization, and of many companies' marketing campaigns. even causing harmful psychological effects. The largest social media platforms worldwide are Still, according to a 2019 survey by Pew Research facebook, youtube, whatsapp, instagram, and Center, people's use of social media is correlated wechat. with having more friends and more diverse personal networks, especially within emerging economies. HOW SOCIAL MEDIA ORIGINATED AND EVOLVED? Some 80% of teenagers say social media allows them to feel more connected to their peers, Social media started out as a way for people to according to a 2022 Pew Research Center Survey interact with friends and family but soon expanded of U.S. teens ages 13 to 17. to serve many different purposes. In 2004, myspace Overall, one in three said that social media has had was the first network to reach 1 million monthly a mostly positive effect on them, while 59% said it active users. had neither a positive nor a negative effect. Social media participation exploded in the years At the same time, many teens' use, and overuse, of that followed with the entry of facebook and twitter social media has raised questions about its effect (now x platform). businesses gravitated toward on their physical and mental health by "distracting these platforms in order to reach an audience them, disrupting their sleep, and exposing them to instantly on a global scale. bullying, rumor spreading, unrealistic views of other According to global web index, 46% of internet people's lives, and peer pressure," as the mayo users worldwide get their news through social clinic notes. media. that compares to 40% of users who view Businesses, meanwhile, have found social media to news on news websites. Gen Z and Millennials be an often effective and relatively inexpensive way were most likely to view news on social sites versus to reach consumers and build an image for their other generations. brands. Social media plays a key role in many businesses' According to facebook, more than 200 million small marketing strategies, not surprising given the sheer businesses use its service for various purposes. number of hours people spend each day on social Separately, close to 90% of marketers say they use websites and apps. facebook for promotion. At the same time, social media is an ever-changing field, with relatively recent apps such as tiktok, THE TOP 10 SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS WORLDWIDE signal, and clubhouse joining the ranks of established social networks like facebook, youtube, These were the most widely used social media x platform, and instagram. providers as of january 2023, according to datareportal: WHAT SOCIAL MEDIA IS USED FOR TODAY - Facebook (2.96 billion users) - Tiktok (1.05 billion users) SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS ARE OFTEN DIVIDED INTO - Youtube (2.51 billion users) SIX CATEGORIES: - Facebook messenger (931 million users) Whatsapp (2 billion users) - SOCIAL NETWORKING - Douyin (715 million users) - SOCIAL BOOKMARKING - Instagram (2 billion users) - SOCIAL NEWS - Telegram (700 million users) - MEDIA SHARING - Wechat (1.31 billion users) - MICROBLOGGING - Snapchat (635 million users) - ONLINE FORUMS. These diverse platforms serve a vast range of WHAT IS SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING? purposes and user interests. Some appeal to hobbyists, others to people in their Social media marketing is the use of social work lives. networks as a sales and marketing tool. companies People use them to find others across the globe with products or services to promote can go beyond who share their political or other views. traditional advertising to build an online presence Entertainers use social media to engage with fans, and engage directly with their customers. politicians with voters, charities with donors. In particular, social media marketing has opened up Governments often turn to social media to convey opportunities for local businesses to reach out to vital information during emergencies. potential customers without spending a fortune on For businesses, social media has become a key ad placement. marketing tool. Companies use it to find and engage with THE BOTTOM LINE customers, drive sales through advertising and promotion, identify fast-moving consumer trends, For better or worse, social media has reshaped our provide customer service or support, and collect lives, capturing more than 4.7 billion users data on users, sometimes surreptitiously. worldwide and counting. From a business perspective, it has also PROS AND CONS OF SOCIAL MEDIA revolutionized commerce and seems likely to continue to do so. Social media platforms allow people to access information in real time, to connect with others, and 13 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT SOCIAL MEDIA AND NURSING: CAN USING SOCIAL Any patient information may only be disclosed to MEDIA BENEFIT NURSES? other health care team members to provide further patient care. Nurses can positively use social media to share Other instances of information sharing should only challenging or emotional experiences, but it is occur with a patient’s informed consent. critical that they not mention any identifying patient or location information to avoid negative As noted by the National Council Of State Boards Of Nursing consequences. (NCSBN), breach of trust can irrevocably damage First and foremost, according to the american relationships between patients and their caregivers, not to nurses association code of ethics, “nurses should mention negatively impacting the public view of the nursing evaluate all their postings with the understanding profession’s trustworthiness. that a patient, colleague, educational institution, or employer could potentially view those postings. Sharing Information. Nurses may want to share online content and behavior have the potential to feelings of support or a bit of their daily lives on either enhance or undermine not only the individual social media. that’s fine, as long as there is no nurse’s career but also the nursing profession.” patient information and it remains on a professional level. POSITIVE WAYS NURSES USE SOCIAL MEDIA Sharing health information of patients — regardless of Blogging. Many nurses of all specialties blog as a whether it’s in a good or bad light — is a breach of form of sharing industry insights and daily life as a confidentiality and privacy, as it publishes private information nurse. that patients may not want shared or publicly acknowledged. For example, there are currently nursing blogs Posting Unprofessional Behavior. Many nurses about correctional nursing, the evolving health care may believe that information shared privately or on environment, health care technologies, nursing school tips, their personal page is not subject to professional travel nursing, and international nursing advice, among scrutiny. others. However, evidence of unprofessional behavior, such as Twitter. Twitter offers a place for nurses to share actions reflecting unethical conduct, could negatively impact small tidbits about their profession, with nursing their professional career. accounts already existing for male nurses, health breakthroughs, problems facing the industry, the Particularly charged comments, such as those about alcohol, history of nursing, and so on. sex, drugs, or race, could lead to unprofessional behavior charges, according to american nurse today. The American Journal of Nursing and the American Nurses Association also have twitter accounts. Sharing Photographs. Similar to sharing information, sharing photographs of patients is also Facebook. A common way nurses use facebook is generally not allowed, even if the patient is not to connect with local nursing organizations through named. facebook groups. Someone on social media may happen to recognize them, This allows nursing professionals in certain areas to which would again damage the confidentiality and privacy of come together and share insights or discuss local changes, the patient. as long as everything is kept professional and confidential. Even if such photos are deleted, they can still be brought Youtube. For nurses who want to connect via video, youtube back from the server. the best course of action is not to post is an excellent platform. them at all. For example, current youtube channels feature Complaining. Another use of social media that nursing student life and tips, nursing technology, social could result in unprofessional behavior charges is media and nursing, diverse health care teams, workplace taking to an online platform to complain about communication methods, and health care safety. patients, places of employment, colleagues, job responsibilities, and the like. Professional forums. Forums run by established medical organizations can be excellent places to As anyone can report breaches to the board of nursing (bon), find information, ask questions, and learn more privacy settings on social media won’t help a nurse who about the multifaceted industry of nursing. posts private patient information or content unbecoming of a nursing professional. There are a lot of beneficial information sources and learning opportunities to be had, as long as the comments HOW TO AVOID DISCLOSING CONFIDENTIAL are kept professional and nonspecific to patient or location. INFORMATION NEGATIVE WAYS NURSES USE SOCIAL MEDIA Avoid this: Many of the ways social media and nursing don’t COMPLAIN ABOUT OR COMMENT ON ANY work well together have to do with breaking ASPECT OF THEIR PATIENTS confidentiality and patient privacy. POST PATIENT PHOTOGRAPHS RANT ABOUT PLACE OF EMPLOYMENT 14 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge NCM 119 LECTURE- NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT BLOW OFF WORK-RELATED STEAM USE DEROGATORY LANGUAGE VOICE OFFENSIVE COMMENTS 15 I Fall7xStandUp8_estAnge