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BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE – SCHOOL OF NURSING Fides et Servitium unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge, & to...

BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE – SCHOOL OF NURSING Fides et Servitium unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge, & to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly NCM 100 – as possible. THEORETICAL ACCORDING TO DOROTHEA OREM FOUNDATIONS IN A helping or assisting service to NURSING - PRELIMS persons who are wholly or partly LECTURE NOTES BY : dependent- infants, children, & adults- when they, their parents & SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN guardians, or other adults responsible for their care are no longer able to give or supervise THREE MAIN TOPICS their care.  NURSING AS A According ana (American Nurses PROFESSION assoc)  NURSING AS A SCIENCE  NURSING AS AN ART The diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual & potential health problems. NURSING AS A PROFESSION, SCIENCE AND ART According to can (Canadian nurses assoc.) Definition of Nursing: The identification & treatment of It is a caring profession. A unique human responses to actual & profession, it is practiced with an potential health problems & earnest concern for the art of includes the practice of & care & the science of health. supervision of functions & services that directly or indirectly The profession involves a in collaboration with client or humanistic blend of scientific providers of health care other knowledge, & holistic nursing than nurses, have as their practice. objectives the promotion of Definition of Nursing health, prevention of illness, alleviation of suffering, restoration The art & science by which of health & optimum development people are assisted in learning to of health potential & includes all care for themselves whenever aspects of the nursing process. possible & cared for by others when they are unable to meet NURSING their own needs. Is a profession that serves the Florence Nightingale (1860). need of society, in the area of health. The practice of nursing The act of utilizing the addresses a wide range of health environment of the problems, both actual & potential, patients to assist him in his requiring of its practitioners a recovery. special body of knowledge ACCORDING TO VIRGINIA including skills to meet client HENDERSON (1960) needs & a value system that recognizes the client as The unique function of the nurse autonomous human being with is to assist the individual, sick or rights. well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or THE PHILIPPINE NURSING ACT its recovery ( or to peaceful death) that he would perform NCM 100 STUDY GUIDE BY SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE – SCHOOL OF NURSING Fides et Servitium Professional Nursing as the A profession is generally “performance for a fee, salary or distinguished from other kinds of other reward or compensation of occupation by: professional nursing services to a) its requirement of prolonged, individuals, families, communities specialized training to acquire a in various stages of development body of knowledge pertinent to toward the promotion of illness, the role to be performed; restoration of health, & alleviation of suffering through: b) an orientation of the individual toward service, either to a Professional Nursing as the community or team organization. “performance for a fee, salary or other reward or compensation of THE 4 GREAT PERIODS IN professional nursing services to NURSING individuals, families, communities INTUITIVE in various stages of development toward the promotion of illness, APPRENTICE restoration of health, & alleviation of suffering through: communities EDUCATED & the like settings: CONTEMPORARY Undertaking consultation services & INTUITIVE PERIOD engaging in such other activities that require the use of knowledge & THE UNTAUGHT AND THE decision-making skill of a registered INSTINCTIVE nurse. It dated from prehistoric times; 1. Utilization of the nursing process. was practiced among primitive tribes and lasted through the 2. Establishment of connection with Christian era. It was performed community resources & out of feeling of compassion for coordination of the heath team. others, out of desires to help and 3. Motivation of individuals, families, out of a wish to “do good”. & communities & coordination of services with other members of the health team. 4. Participation in teaching, guidance & supervision of students in nursing education programs as well as administering of nursing services in varied settings such as homes, hospitals, 5. Undertaking nursing & health manpower development training & research & soliciting finances, Nursing was “untaught” and therefore, in cooperation with the instinctive. It was performed of appropriate government & private compassion for others, out of the agencies.” wish to help others. CONCEPTS OF PROFESSION Nursing was a function that belonged to women. It was viewed as a natural nurturing job Is a calling, an occupation that for women. She is expected to requires special knowledge, skill take good care of the children, & preparation. the sick and the aged. NCM 100 STUDY GUIDE BY SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE – SCHOOL OF NURSING Fides et Servitium No caregiving training is evident. Near East: It was based on experience and A. Babylonia observation.  King Hammurabi – codified Primitive men believed that Babylonian Laws illness was caused by the invasion of the victim’s body of  Code of Hammurabi – evil spirits. They believed that the medical regulations medicine man, Shaman or witch established. Discouraged doctor had the power to heal by experimentation, designed using white magic, hypnosis, doctors for each diseases, charms, dances, incantation, and patients were given purgatives, massage, fire, water the choice between the and herbs as a mean of driving use of charms and illness from the victim. medicine or surgery and cure of his disease. Trephining – drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone without anesthesia was a last resort to drive evil spirits from the body of the afflicted. Reference to nursing was mother role because pre-historic man was a nomad who had to search for food and shelter.  Philosophy then was self- preservation  Cause of illness was invasion of victim’s body by an evil spirit  Trephine is drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone to remove the evil spirit without the benefit of anesthesia  Shaman or witch doctor – had the power to heal by using white magic, but he also had the ability to inflict greater harm through black magic. Ancient Civilization:  Nurse’s role: instinctive – directed The evolution dated back to 400 BC to towards comforting, practicing primitive societies in which mother nurse midwifery and being wet nurse to worked with the priest. a child without training or In 200 BC , the use of wet nurses is direction. recorded in Babylonia. During this time, beliefs about the cause of disease were embedded in superstitions & magic, caused by angry spirit(demons) Treatment : exorcism, drugs obtained from plants, fruits, animals. B. Egypt: Herodotus Time: 485 – 425 B.C., neurosurgery was advanced. NCM 100 STUDY GUIDE BY SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE – SCHOOL OF NURSING Fides et Servitium  Imhotep – Chief physician and  Diagnosis was made on advisor to Pharaoh, contributions the basis of the “Pulse in architecture, care of the sick Theory” and formulated wise proverbs.  Yang and Yin Theory –  Greeks believed in life after death established some scientific basis for disease  Developed the ability to make clinical observation  Yang (Male principle) – positive, active, fiery and  Healthiest of all countries full of life because of Hygiene principles  Yin (Female Principle) –  Exhibited careful planning to negative, cold, weak, dark, meet certain community needs an lifeless and avert public health problems.  Art of Embalming – for human anatomy but since done on dead, they learn nothing in physiology. B. India:  C. Hebrew:  Built hospitals, practiced  Leviticus: Laws controlling the asepsis spread of communicable  Proficient in medicine and diseases surgery  Judaic Covenant with God  First reference to nurses directing the ritual of circumcision taking care of the sick of the male child on the 8th day.  Writings of Sushurutu –  Mosaic Code – “Physical purity is found a list of functions equivalent to moral purity” and qualifications of the  Reference to nurses are nurses midwives and wet nurses  Medical practice declined  Music Therapy: David played the with the fall of Buddhism harp for King Saul when  Diet was according to depressed patient’s condition  Aaron – The High Priest as C. Greece: physician of the people  Nursing was the task of  Moses – father of sanitation untrained slave. Far East  Caduceus – insignia of the A. China: medical profession, associated with  Belief in spirits and Aesculapius “father of demons Medicine” in Greek Myth  Practice of ancestor  Hippocrates – Father of worship prohibiting Medicine dissection of human body  Practices that brought  Materia Medica about cure were rest, (Pharmacology) – 52 wholesome food, volumes of Chinese physiotherapy fresh air, Medicine sunshine  Huae To – exponent of Greek medicine acupuncture Two kinds of refuges for the sick:  Emperor Shen Nung – father of Chinese Medicine NCM 100 STUDY GUIDE BY SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE – SCHOOL OF NURSING Fides et Servitium 1. Secular- directed by physicians. Care was done by crusaders, Which corresponds roughly to our prisoners, religious orders spas or health resorts of today. Nursing care was performed 2. Religious institutions-governed by without any formal education and priests. Prietesses attended to by people who were directed by patients who were housed in the more experienced nurses (on the temple. job training). This kind of nursing was developed by religious They were known for their practice of orders of the Christian Church. gods & goddesses. Nursing went down to the lowest Apollo- of health; Aesculapius –god of level healing Wrath/anger of Hygeia- goddess of health. Protestantism confiscated D. Rome( early Christian church & properties of hospitals and hospital) schools connected with Roman Catholicism.  Illness was a sign of weakness Nurses fled their lives; soon there was shortage  Sick was left to care of of people to care for the slaves sick  Evidence of specialization Hundreds of Hospitals  Translation of Greek closed; there was no medical terms to Latin provision for the sick, no one to care for the sick  Celsius – his concept of cardinal signs of Nursing became the work inflammation: redness, of the least desirable of swelling, heat, pain women – prostitutes, alcoholics, prisoners  Christianity – value life and equality Pastor Theodore Fliedner and his wife, Frederika established the a. Phoebe – Kaiserswerth Institute for the first visiting training of Deaconesses (the 1st nurse formal training school for nurses) b. Fabiola – her in Germany. home was This was where Florence the first Nightingale received her 3- hospital in month course of study in the Christian nursing. World A. Crusades: (began before 1100- 1300 APPRENTICE PERIOD – THE ERA OF CRUSADES AND ORDERS on-the-job training, without formal education. It extends from the founding of religious nursing orders in the 6th century, through the Crusades which means bean in the 11th century, to 1836. APPRENTICE PERIOD NCM 100 STUDY GUIDE BY SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE – SCHOOL OF NURSING Fides et Servitium Military religious orders founded during  Augustinian Sisters the Crusades. Established hospitals and  Third Order of St. Francis staffed them with men who served as  Order of St. Vincent de Paul  Ladies of Charity  Benedictines Order nuns prayed with and took care of patient; younger ones washed soiled linens D. Regular Orders: These religious orders gave rise to nursing saints: nurses. 1. St. Catherine of Siena – Original Lady with a Lamp B. Military Orders (Knight 2. St. Hildegarde – prescribed Hospitaliers) cures and was supposed to have performed miracles  Knights of St. John – established organization of 3. St. Elizabeth of Hungary – rank and the principles of ”Patroness of Nurses” complete and unquestioned Care of the sick were performed mainly devotion of duty by volunteers who devoted themselves  Teutonic Knights – German to nursing. equivalent of St. John EDUCATED PERIOD  Knight of St. Lazarus – for June 1860 when Nightingale lepers School of Nursing opened in  Alexian Brothers – one of the London. Forma education for largest school of nursing nurses. under religious auspices The development of nursing during this operated exclusively for men period was strongly influenced by: 1. trends resulting from wars – Crimean, civil war 2. arousal of social consciousness 3. Increased educational opportunities offered to women. EDUCATED PERIOD – THE FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ERA Florence Nightingale was asked by Sir Sidney Herbert of the British War Department to recruit female nurses to provide care for in the US. the sick and injured in the Crimean War. In 1860, The Nightingale Training C. Secular Orders – the work of these School of Nurses opened at St. nurses was complicated by religious Thomas Hospital in London. taboos and the social restrictions of their cultures and education NCM 100 STUDY GUIDE BY SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE – SCHOOL OF NURSING Fides et Servitium The school served as a Advanced Practice Roles: model for other training Expansion of roles such as Nurse schools. Its graduates Practitioners (NPs), Clinical Nurse traveled to other countries Specialists (CNSs), Nurse Anesthetists to manage hospitals and (CRNAs), and Nurse Midwives (CNMs) institute nurse-training to provide a broader range of services programs. and address complex patient needs. Nightingale focus vision of Interprofessional Collaboration: nursing Nightingale system Increased collaboration among was more on developing healthcare professionals including the profession within doctors, pharmacists, social workers, hospitals. Nurses should and others to improve patient outcomes be taught in hospitals and deliver comprehensive care. associated with medical Health Promotion and Disease schools and that the Prevention: Greater emphasis on curriculum should include preventive care, wellness programs, and both theory and practice. public health initiatives to reduce the It was the 1st school of incidence of chronic diseases and nursing that provided both promote overall health. theory-based knowledge Cultural Competence: Recognition and clinical skill building. of the importance of understanding and Nursing evolved as an art and respecting cultural differences in science healthcare to provide equitable and effective care to diverse populations. Formal nursing education and nursing service begun Nursing Education: Ongoing development of nursing education CONTEMPORARY PERIOD IN programs to include advanced skills, NURSING critical thinking, and leadership training to prepare nurses for evolving roles in healthcare. The Contemporary Period in Nursing refers to the current era of nursing Quality Improvement: Continuous practice, which is characterized by rapid efforts to enhance the quality of care advancements in healthcare, through systematic evaluation, technology, and evidence-based performance improvement initiatives, practices. and adherence to best practices. Evidence-Based Practice: Legislation and Policy: Influence of Emphasis on integrating the best healthcare policies and regulations on available research evidence with clinical nursing practice, including scope of expertise and patient values to make practice laws, reimbursement issues, decisions about patient care. and advocacy for nursing-related legislation. Technology Integration: Use of advanced technologies such as Mental Health Awareness: electronic health records (EHRs), Increased focus on mental health care, telemedicine, and medical devices to addressing both patient and nurse well- enhance patient care and streamline being, and integrating mental health nursing processes. services into general healthcare settings. Patient-Centered Care: Focus on individualized care that respects and Nursing as a Profession responds to the preferences, needs, and  A Caring Vocation: Nursing is all values of patients, promoting a about providing compassionate collaborative approach between patients care and support to people in and healthcare providers. need, whether they’re facing a NCM 100 STUDY GUIDE BY SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE – SCHOOL OF NURSING Fides et Servitium routine check-up or a serious patient needs and make quick, health issue. informed decisions.  Education Path: To become a  Whole-Person Care: Nurses nurse, you go through rigorous take a holistic approach, training, including earning a considering not just the physical nursing degree and passing symptoms but also the emotional licensing exams to ensure you’re and social aspects of a patient’s well-prepared for patient care. well-being.  Ethical Commitment: Nurses  Teamwork: Nursing often follow a code of ethics that guides involves working with other their practice, ensuring they healthcare professionals to always put the patient’s best provide comprehensive care and interests first and maintain address a wide range of patient integrity in their work. needs.  Lifelong Learning: The medical Structure of Nursing Theory field is always evolving, so nurses  Concepts: are committed to ongoing education to stay updated with o Definition: Basic building the latest practices and blocks of nursing theory, innovations in healthcare. representing key ideas or phenomena related to  Specialization: Nurses can nursing practice. choose to specialize in areas like pediatrics, oncology, or o Examples: Concepts such emergency care, tailoring their as health, illness, patient, careers to their interests and the environment, and care are needs of their patients. fundamental to understanding and  Patient Advocacy: Nurses often applying nursing theories. stand up for their patients’ needs, helping to ensure they receive the  Definitions: best possible care and supporting o Purpose: Clarify and them through challenging times. specify the meaning of Nursing as a Discipline concepts within the theory.  A Field of Study: Nursing is o Role: Provide a clear more than just hands-on care; it’s understanding of what a well-rounded field of study that each concept entails and involves understanding complex how it relates to nursing health issues and finding effective practice. ways to address them.  Assumptions:  Guiding Theories: The field is o Definition: Underlying built on various theories and beliefs or principles that models that help guide how nurses approach patient care and the theory is based on. solve problems. o Purpose: Serve as  Research-Driven: Nurses foundational premises that engage in research to discover guide the development new methods and improve and application of the existing practices, making sure theory. that patient care is based on the  Propositions: best available evidence. o Definition: Statements or  Hands-On Skills: Beyond theory, hypotheses that describe nursing involves practical skills relationships between and critical thinking to manage concepts. NCM 100 STUDY GUIDE BY SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE – SCHOOL OF NURSING Fides et Servitium o Purpose: Explain how Metaparadigm in Nursing concepts interact with one  Person: another and predict outcomes in various o Definition: The individual, nursing scenarios. family, or community receiving care.  Theoretical Framework: o Scope: Encompasses the o Definition: The patient’s physical, overarching structure that emotional, social, and organizes and integrates spiritual dimensions. concepts, definitions, assumptions, and o Focus: Understanding the propositions. person’s needs, experiences, values, and o Purpose: Provide a preferences to provide coherent structure for holistic and individualized understanding how care. different elements of the theory fit together.  Health:  Models: o Definition: A dynamic state of well-being that o Definition: Visual or includes physical, mental, conceptual representations and social aspects, rather of the theory’s components than merely the absence and their relationships. of disease. o Purpose: Offer a o Scope: Reflects the simplified way to person’s overall quality of understand and apply the life and ability to function in theory in practice by various aspects of their illustrating key concepts life. and their interactions. o Focus: Promoting health,  Application: preventing illness, and o Definition: The practical managing chronic use of the theory to guide conditions through nursing practice, research, interventions and and education. supportive care. o Purpose: Translate  Environment: theoretical concepts into o Definition: The external actionable strategies for and internal surroundings improving patient care and that affect the person’s advancing the nursing health and well-being. profession. o Scope: Includes physical,  Evaluation: social, and cultural factors o Definition: The process of that impact the person’s assessing the health status and care. effectiveness and o Focus: Creating a relevance of the theory in supportive and safe real-world settings. environment that o Purpose: Ensure that the enhances healing and theory remains applicable well-being, while and useful in addressing considering factors like current nursing challenges socioeconomic status and and evolving healthcare living conditions. needs.  Nursing: NCM 100 STUDY GUIDE BY SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE – SCHOOL OF NURSING Fides et Servitium o Definition: The o Definition: The trunk professional practice of represents the central caring for individuals, body of nursing theories families, and communities that have significantly to promote health, prevent influenced the field. illness, and manage health o Characteristics: These conditions. theories often address o Scope: Involves broad aspects of nursing assessment, planning, practice and guide various implementation, and applications. evaluation of care based o Examples: on evidence-based practice and nursing  Dorothea Orem's theories. Self-Care Deficit Theory: Focuses o Focus: Providing on patients' ability compassionate, ethical, to perform self-care and effective care while and the nurse's role advocating for and in supporting this educating patients to ability. improve their health outcomes.  Jean Watson's Theory of Human Nursing Theory Tree Caring: Centers on  Roots (Foundational Theories): the humanistic aspects of nursing o Definition: The base of care and the the tree represents the importance of foundational theories that caring relationships. form the core of nursing knowledge.  Branches (Derived and Specialized Theories): o Examples: o Definition: The branches  Florence represent the more Nightingale's specific or specialized Environmental theories that derive from Theory: Focuses the core theories or on the importance address particular areas of of the environment nursing practice. in patient health. o Characteristics: These  Hildegard Peplau's theories often focus on Interpersonal particular patient Relations Theory: populations, settings, or Emphasizes the aspects of care. therapeutic relationship o Examples: between nurse and  Betty Neuman’s patient. Systems Model:  Virginia Focuses on the Henderson's Need patient's response Theory: Centers on to stressors and the the patient’s basic role of nursing in needs and the supporting nurse’s role in adaptation. meeting them.  Nola Pender’s  Trunk (Core Theories): Health Promotion NCM 100 STUDY GUIDE BY SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE – SCHOOL OF NURSING Fides et Servitium Model: Emphasizes  Care Plans and health promotion Interventions: and disease Developed based prevention through on theoretical behavioral change. frameworks to address specific  Leaves (Contemporary and patient needs. Emerging Theories):  Nursing Education o Definition: The leaves Curricula: represent newer and Incorporates emerging theories that theories to shape continue to develop and nursing education contribute to the evolution and training. of nursing knowledge. The Nursing Theory Tree helps visualize o Characteristics: These the development and interrelationship of theories often address nursing theories, showing how current healthcare issues, foundational ideas grow and branch into technological more specialized and contemporary advancements, and concepts that continue to shape the innovative practices. practice of nursing. o Examples:  Kathleen THE FOUR GREAT PHILOSOPHIES IN Eisenhardt's NURSING, THEIR STRUCTURE AND Theory of THEIR METAPARADIGMS Evidence-Based Practice: Focuses 1. Florence Nightingale on integrating Philosophy: research evidence into clinical practice.  Focus: Nightingale’s philosophy centers on the importance of the  Margaret environment in promoting health Newman’s Theory and recovery. of Health as Expanding  Key Idea: She believed that a Consciousness: clean, well-ventilated, and quiet Explores how environment is crucial for the individuals perceive patient’s health and recovery. and experience Structure: health in the context of personal growth  Environment: Nightingale and change. emphasized that the environment  Fruit (Practical Applications): (including cleanliness, fresh air, light, and noise control) o Definition: The fruit significantly affects a patient’s symbolizes the practical health outcomes. outcomes and applications  Health: Health is seen as a state of nursing theories in real- world settings. of well-being that is influenced by the environment. Disease can be o Characteristics: Reflects prevented and managed by how theories are applied in optimizing environmental clinical practice, education, conditions. and research to improve  Person: The patient is viewed as patient care and advance the nursing profession. an individual who benefits from environmental modifications that o Examples: promote healing. NCM 100 STUDY GUIDE BY SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE – SCHOOL OF NURSING Fides et Servitium  Nursing: The nurse's role is to Metaparadigms: create and maintain an  Person: An individual with a environment that supports the unique life experience and patient's recovery and well-being. inherent dignity, deserving of Metaparadigms: compassionate care.  Person: The individual patient  Health: A state of being that who needs care and is influenced encompasses the whole person by their environment. and is enhanced through caring relationships and experiences.  Health: Defined as a state of balance and well-being  Environment: The context within influenced by the environmental which caring occurs, including the factors. nurse-patient interaction and the supportive conditions created for  Environment: The external healing. conditions affecting the patient’s health, including physical, social,  Nursing: The act of providing and psychological aspects. care that is compassionate, empathetic, and supportive of the  Nursing: The practice of patient’s holistic needs. modifying the environment to improve patient outcomes and 3. Patricia Benner support recovery. Philosophy: 2. Jean Watson  Focus: Benner’s philosophy Philosophy: revolves around the development of expertise in nursing practice  Focus: Watson’s philosophy is through experience. centered around the concept of caring and the relationship  Key Idea: She introduced the between the nurse and the concept of nursing expertise as a patient. progression from novice to expert, emphasizing experiential  Key Idea: She posits that caring learning and clinical practice. is central to nursing and promotes healing and personal Structure: growth.  Novice to Expert: Benner’s Structure: framework describes how nurses develop skills and knowledge  Caring: The essence of nursing through five stages: Novice, practice; it involves forming a Advanced Beginner, Competent, caring relationship with the Proficient, and Expert. patient and addressing their emotional and psychological  Experience: Emphasizes the role needs. of clinical experience in developing expertise and  Health: Seen as a dynamic improving patient care. process of growth and development influenced by the  Health: Health is influenced by caring relationship. the quality of care provided by nurses at various stages of  Person: The patient is viewed expertise. holistically, including their emotional, spiritual, and  Nursing: The focus is on the existential needs. growth and development of nursing skills over time and the  Nursing: The practice of impact of experienced care on engaging in caring interactions patient outcomes. that foster healing and support the patient’s holistic well-being. Metaparadigms: NCM 100 STUDY GUIDE BY SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE – SCHOOL OF NURSING Fides et Servitium  Person: The patient receiving  Health: A state that involves the care, with varying needs interplay between suffering and depending on the expertise of the well-being, which nursing seeks nurse. to improve.  Health: The outcome of care  Environment: The context in provided by nurses at different which care is provided, including levels of expertise, impacting the the nurse-patient relationship and patient’s well-being. the overall atmosphere of care.  Environment: The clinical setting  Nursing: The act of providing where nurses gain experience care that is focused on alleviating and develop their skills. suffering and enhancing the quality of life for the patient.  Nursing: The process of providing care that evolves with the nurse’s expertise and experience, enhancing patient outcomes. 4. Katie Eriksson Philosophy:  Focus: Eriksson’s philosophy emphasizes the concept of caring and suffering as central to nursing.  Key Idea: She views nursing as a means to alleviate suffering and enhance the quality of life through compassionate care. Structure:  Caring: Central to Eriksson’s philosophy; involves understanding and addressing the patient’s suffering and promoting well-being.  Health: Viewed as a state of balance between suffering and well-being, with nursing playing a role in restoring and maintaining this balance.  Person: The patient is seen as a whole person experiencing suffering and in need of care to enhance their quality of life.  Nursing: The practice of addressing suffering, providing comfort, and supporting the patient’s journey towards well- being. Metaparadigms:  Person: An individual experiencing suffering and in need of compassionate care. NCM 100 STUDY GUIDE BY SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN