Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Introduction (1).pdf

Hypotheses - tentative suggestions that a specific relationship exist between two concepts Knowledge...

Hypotheses - tentative suggestions that a specific relationship exist between two concepts Knowledge - awareness of reality acquired through insight, learning or investigation THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING Laws - proposition about the relationship Definition of Terms between concepts in a theory that has been repeatedly validated Theory - Supposition or system of ideas proposed to Metaparadigm explain a given phenomenon - represents the worldview of a discipline - Attempt to explain relationships between - Nursing’s metaparadigm is generally concepts thought to consist of the concepts of person, - Offer ways to conceptualize central environment, health and nursing. interests of a discipline - Example: Freud’s theory of the Paradigm Unconscious - organizing framework that contains concepts, theories,assumptions, beliefs, Concepts values and principles that form the way a - Abstract ideas or mental images of discipline interprets the subject matter with phenomena or reality which it is concerned. - Often called the “building blocks” of theories - Examples: mass, energy, ego, id THEORY Paradigm - Origin: Came from a greek word "Thoeria" - A pattern of shared understanding and which means speculate. assumptions about reality and the world - Theories are set of interrelated concepts - Include notions of reality that are largely that give a systematic view of a unconscious or taken for granted phenomenon that is explanatory and - Derived from cultural beliefs predictive in nature - Examples: time, space Assumptions - statements supposed to be true without proof or demonstration Epistemology - theories of knowledge or how people come to have knowledge.  HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF NURSING 1. Period of Intuitive Nursing/Medieval Period - In this period,nursing was considered to be "untaught" and instinctive. It was considered as a function of women and there is no evident caregiving trainings. It is also in this period where primitive men believed that illness was caused by the invasion of the victim’s body of evil spirits. 2. Period of Apprentice Nursing/Middle Ages - Nursing was developed by religious orders. - It is in this period that Nursing care was performed without any formal education and by THE LIVING TREE OF NURSING people who were directed by more experienced THEORIES nurses (on the job training). History of Nursing Theory 3. Period of Educated Nursing/ Nightingale Era 19th- 20th Century The history of professional nursing began with - In this period, the development of nursing Florence Nightingale. It was Nightingale who during this period was strongly influenced by: envisioned nurses as a body of educated women a.) trends resulting from wars – Crimean, civil at a time when women were neither educated war nor employed in public service. Following her b.) arousal of social consciousness service of organizing and caring for the c.) increased educational opportunities offered wounded in Scutari, during the Crimean War, to women. her vision and establishment of a School of Nursing at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London 4. Period of Contemporary Nursing/ 20th marked the birth of modern nursing. Century Nightingale’s pioneering activities in nursing - In this period, Licensure of nurses started practice and subsequent writings describing alongside: specialization of Hospital and nursing education became a guide for diagnosis, training of Nurses in diploma establishing nursing schools in the United States program, development of baccalaureate and at the beginning of the twentieth century advance degree programs, scientific and (Kalisch & Kalisch, 2003; Nightingale, technological development as well as social 1859/1969). Nursing began with a strong changes mark this period. emphasis on practice, but throughout the century, nurses worked toward the development of nursing as a profession through successive periods recognized as historical eras (Alligood, 2006a).  sides. Nurses also need to be up to date on new HISTORICAL ERAS policies, practices, and procedures. Moreover, they need to know how to manipulate new CURRICULUM ERA diagnostic equipment and machines. Nursing education shifted from hospital based - On the other hand, the art of nursing is diploma programs into college and universities. more than a great deal of science. It is more than just knowing; it is doing. It bridges RESEARCH EMPHASIS ERA information from nurses to patients in a skillful This era implies that research was a path to new way. It is the application of all the science knowledge. It is in this era where research known to nursing to give the utmost care the became part of the curricula of developing patient needs. graduate programs. GRADUATE EDUCATION ERA THE PHILIPPINES NURSING ACT OF In this era, master's program in nursing emerged 2002 R.A. 9173 in order to meet the need for nurses with specialized education training. Nursing theory AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A MORE and Conceptual Models were included as RESPONSIVE NURSING PROFESSION, courses. REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7164, OTHERWISE THEORY ERA KNOWN AS “THE PHILIPPINE NURSING It is the era as the outgrowth of research era. ACT OF 1991” AND FOR OTHER Research produced without theory produced PURPOSES isolated information while research produced with theory produced nursing science. It is hereby declared the policy of the State to assume responsibility for the protection and improvement of the nursing profession by instituting measures that will result in relevant NURSING ETYMOLOGY nursing education, humane working conditions, better career prospects and a dignified existence NURSING for our nurses. - the word came from a latin word "nutrix" The State hereby guarantees the delivery of meaning, to nourish. quality basic health services through an adequate nursing personnel system throughout IS NURSING PROFESSION AN ART OR the country. SCIENCE? - Nursing profession was both an art and science. TYPES OF NURSING THEORY - The science of nursing is easily noticeable and it is very critical for each one to know. If 1. SPECULATIVE you are a nurse, you must know the - yet to be tested through research and found patient-based nursing care plan (NCP). You to be consistently true in answering questions, must also know the disease mechanisms of all solving problems, and exploring phenomenon. diseases, medications, and management from all 2. ESTABLISHED - Accumulation of facts, principles, and laws ACCORDING TO PHILOSOPHY that have been repeatedly tested through research over time and found to be consistently 1. "NEEDS" THEORIES valid and reliable. - are based on helping individuals to fulfill their physical and mental needs ACCORDING TO SCOPE 2. "INTERACTION" THEORIES 1. GRAND THEORY - As described by Peplau, these theories - broadest in scope revolve around the relationships nurses - represents the most abstract level of from with patients. development - addresses the broad phenomena of concern 3. "OUTCOME" THEORIES within the discipline - portray the nurse as the changing force 2. MIDDLE-RANGE THEORY 4. "HUMANISTIC" THEORIES - addresses more concrete and more narrowly - emphasizes a person's capacity for self defined phenomena actualization - intended to answer questions about nursing phenomena yet they did not cover the full range PURPOSE OF NURSING THEORY 3. MICRO-RANGE THEORY 1. Education - concrete and narrow in scope. It explains a 2. Research specific phenomenon of concern about a 3. Clinical practice discipline 4. Conceptual models ACCORDING TO FUNCTION SIGNIFICANCE OF NURSING THEORY 1. DESCRIPTIVE 1. DISCIPLINE - to identify properties and workings of a - discipline is dependent upon theory discipline 2. EXPLANATORY 2. PROFESSION - to examine how properties relate and thus affect the discipline TWO TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE 3. PREDICTIVE - to calculate relationships between 1. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE properties and how they occur - aims to stimulate thinking and broaden understanding of the science and practice of 4. PRESCRIPTIVE the nursing discipline - to identify under which conditions relationships occur 2. PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE - on the other hand is referred to as the art of nursing. References: https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/fundam entals-in-nursing-notes/theoretical-foundation-n ursing-overview/ https://www.scribd.com/doc/100884442/Theore tical-Foundations-of-Nursing-Practice https://nursingcrib.com/nursing-notes-reviewer/ historical-evolution-of-nursing/ http://blog.diversitynursing.com/blog/bid/18310 2/Is-the-Nursing-Profession-an-Art-or-Science https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2002/10/21/r epublic-act-no-9173/ https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/MaeAguilar/ nursing-theories-24734303