Nanotechnology PDF

# Nanotechnology The image on the first page shows the atomic level with different atoms in different colors. The second page is titled "Nano & Technology" and defines the nanometer and technology: - A nanometer is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a meter $(10^{-9})...

# Nanotechnology The image on the first page shows the atomic level with different atoms in different colors. The second page is titled "Nano & Technology" and defines the nanometer and technology: - A nanometer is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a meter $(10^{-9})$. - Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, and techniques in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. The image on page 3 shows a carbon nanotube and a fullerene molecule. This is a diagram that explains what nanotechnology is: - **Nanotechnology** is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic scale. - **Nanotechnology** refers to the constructing and engineering of functional systems at the microlevel or we can say at the atomic level. - A **nanometer** is one-billionth of a meter, roughly the width of three or four atoms. The average human hair is about 25,000 nanometers wide. A picture of Richard P. Feynman is on page 4, the caption says: "History" - The first ever concept was presented in 1959 by the famous professor of physics **Dr. Richard P. Feynman**. - The invention of the **scanning tunneling microscope** in 1981 and the discovery of **fullerene (C60)** in 1985 lead to the emergence of nanotechnology. - The term "Nano-technology" had been coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974. Page 5 contains the schematic of the scanning tunneling microscope and describes its role in the development of nanotechnology: - The early 2000s also saw the beginnings of commercial applications of nanotechnology. However, these were limited to bulk application of nanomaterials. - **Silver nano platform** for using silver-nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent. - **Nanoparticle-based transparent sunscreens** and **carbon nanotubes** for stain-resistant textiles. Page 6 contains a size comparison of macro, micro, and nano. It shows: - **MACRO:** - A person is roughly 2 billion nm tall. - An apple is almost 80 million nm. - An ant is roughly 5 million nm. - **MICRO:** - The diameter of a human hair is 75,000 nm. - Everything that an eye can see is 10,000 nm. - DNA is 2 nm. - E. coli bacteria is 2,000 nm. - **NANO:** - A buckyball is 1 nm. - The diameter of a carbon nanotube is 1.3 nm. Page 7 shows colorful diagrams and depicts a timeline of nanotechnology. - **~2000:** **1st: Passive nanostructures:** - *Dispersed and contact nanostructures.* Ex: aerosols, colloids - *Products incorporating nanostructures.* Ex: coatings; nanoparticle reinforced composites; nanostructured metals, polymers, ceramics - **- 2005:** **2nd: Active nanostructures:** - *Bio-active, health effects.* Ex: targeted drugs, biodevices - *Physico-chemical active.* Ex: 3D transistors, amplifiers, actuators, adaptive structures - **- 2010:** **3rd: Systems of nanosystems:** - *Ex: guided assembling*; 3D networking and new hierarchical architectures, robotics, evolutionary - **- 2015-2020**: **4th: Molecular nanosystems:** - *Ex: molecular devices by design*; atomic design, emerging functions, The image on page 8 shows the atomic force microscope diagram. - **Tools & Technology:** - There are several important modern developments: - The **atomic force microscope (AFM)**. - The **Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)** are scanning probes that launched nanotechnology. - **Nanolithography** techniques such as: - **Optical lithography** - **X-ray lithography** - **Dip pen nanolithography** - **Electron beam lithography (inkjet printer)** The image on page 9 shows a carbon nanotube schematic. - **Carbon Nanotube:** - Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. They have length-to-diameter ratio of upto 132,000,000:1. - Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family. Their name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon called graphene. - **Properties:** - *Highest strength to weight ratio*, helps in creating lightweight spacecrafts. - *Easily penetrate membranes*, such as cell walls. Helps in cancer treatment. - *Electrical resistance* changes significantly when other molecules attach themselves to the carbon atoms. Helps in developing *sensors* that can detect chemical vapours. Page 10 shows a diagram showing the carbon nanotube schematic. - **Application:** - **Easton-Bell Sports, Inc.,** using CNT in making bicycle components. - **Zyvex Technologies** using CNT for manufacturing of lightweight boats. - Replacing transistors from the silicon chips as they are small and emit less heat. - In electric cables and wires. - In solar cells. - In fabrics. The image on page 11 shows a nanorod with a schematic. - **Nanorods (quantum dots):** - Nanorods are one morphology of nanoscale objects. - Dimensions range from 1-100 nm. - They may be synthesized from metals or semiconducting materials. - A combination of *ligands* act as shape control agents and bond to different facets of the *nanorod* with different strengths. This allows different faces of the nanorod to grow at different rates, producing an elongated object. - **USES:** - In display technologies because the reflectivity of the rods can be changed by changing their orientation with an applied electric field. - In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). - In cancer therapeutics. The image on page 12 shows a nanobot. - **Nanobots:** - Close to the scale of $10^{-9}$. - Largely in R&D phase. - Nanobots of 1.5 nanometers across are capable of counting specific molecules in a chemical sample. - Since nanorobots are microscopic in size, it is necessary for very large numbers of them to work together to perform microscopic and macroscopic tasks. - Capable of replication using environmental resources. - **Application:** - Detection of toxic components in the environment. - In drug delivery. - Biomedical instrumentation. Page 13 shows a diagram of a molecule in a self-assembly process. - **Approaches in nanotechnology:** - **1. Bottom up:** - In the bottom-up approach, different materials and devices are constructed from molecular components of their own. They chemically assemble themselves by recognizing the molecules of their breed. - Examples of molecular self-assembly are **Watson crick base pairing** and **nano-lithography**. Page 14 shows a diagram with a silicon wafer. - **2. Top down:** - In the top-down approach, nano objects and materials are created by larger entities without bouncing its atomic reactions. The top-down approach is practiced less as compared to the bottom-up approach. - **Solid-state techniques** can also be used to create devices known as **nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS)** or **microelctromechanical systems (MEMS).** Page 15 discusses materials used in nanotechnology. - **Materials used:** - **Zinc oxide:** - Dirt repellent, hydrophobic, cosmetics & stain resistant. - **Silver ion:** - Healing property - **Aluminum silicate:** - Scratch resistance - **Gold ion:** - Chip fabrication, drug delivery. Page 16 shows a diagram of nanotechnology applications. - **Application of Nanotechnology** - It lists various applications, including: - Nanobio-technology - Medicine & Drugs - Energy - Nano Devices - Optical Engineering - Defence & Security - Bio Engineering - Cosmetics - Nano Fabrics Page 17 shows a diagram of nanorobots in human blood. - **Nanotechnology in Drugs (Cancer):** - Provide new options for drug delivery and drug therapies. - Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right location in the body and release drug doses on a predetermined schedule for optimal treatment. - Attach the drug to a nano-sized carrier. - They become localized at the disease site, i.e., cancer tumor. - Then they release medicine that kills the tumor. - Current treatment is through radiotherapy or chemotherapy. - Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries. Page 18 shows a diagram of water drops on a shirt, a bulletproof vest, and a stain-resistant shirt. - **Nanotechnology in Fabrics:** - The properties of familiar materials are being changed by manufacturers who are adding nano-sized components to conventional materials to improve performance. - For example, some clothing manufacturers are making water and stain repellent clothing using nano-sized whiskers in the fabric that cause water to bead up on the surface. - In manufacturing bulletproof jackets. - Making spill & dirt resistant, antimicrobial, antibacterial fabrics. Page 19 shows a image of a mobile phone and a schematic of a nanowire grass. - **Nanotechnology in Mobile:** - **Morph,** a nanotechnology concept device developed by Nokia Research Center (NRC) and the University of Cambridge (UK). - The Morph will be super hydrophobic making it extremely dirt repellent. - It will be able to charge itself from available light sources using photovoltaic nanowire grass covering its surface. - Nanoscale electronics also allow stretching. Nokia envisions that a nanoscale mesh of fibers will allow our mobile devices to be bent, stretched and folded into any number of conceivable shapes. Page 20 shows a schematic of a flexible screen made with nanowires. - **Nanotechnology in Electronics:** - Electrodes made from nanowires enable flat panel displays to be flexible as well as thinner than current flat panel displays. - Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips. - The transistors are made of nanowires, that are assembled on glass or thin films of flexible plastic. - E-paper, displays on sunglasses and map on car windshields. Page 21 shows a schematic of a computer chip. - **Nanotechnology in Computers:** - The silicon transistors in your computer may be replaced by transistors based on **carbon nanotubes**. - A carbon nanotube is a molecule in the form of a hollow cylinder with a diameter of around a nanometer which consists of pure carbon. - **Nanorods** is an upcoming technology in the displays techniques due to less consumption of electricity and less heat emission. - Size of the microprocessors are reduced to a greater extent. - Researchers at North Carolina State University says that growing arrays of magnetic nanoparticles, called **nanodots**. Page 22 shows a diagram of nanowires crossed. - Hewlett Packard is developing a memory device that uses nanowires coated with titanium dioxide. - One group of these nanowires is deposited parallel to another group. - When a perpendicular nanowire is laid over a group of parallel wires, at each intersection a device called a **memristor** is formed. - A memristor can be used as a single-component memory cell in an integrated circuit. - By reducing the diameter of the nanowires, researchers believe memristor memory chips can achieve higher memory density than **flash memory chips**. - Magnetic nanowires made of an alloy of iron and nickel are being used to create dense memory devices. Page 23 discusses the advantages of using carbon nanotubes. - Chips produced by Intel before "i" series processors were between 65nm-45nm. - Later with the help of nanotechnology, 22nm chips were made, which itself is a milestone. - **Advantages of using carbon nanotubes:** - *Faster and smaller:* carbon nanotubes can be used to produce smaller and faster components. - This will also result in computers that consume *less energy*. - High speed and high capacity memory. - Allows circuits to be more accurate on the atomic level. Page 24 discusses the application of nanotechnology in different applications. - **Other uses:** - Cutting tools made of **nanocrystalline materials,** such as tungsten carbide, tantalum carbide, and titanium carbide, are more wear and erosion-resistant, and last longer than their conventional counterparts. - **Silver nanocrystals** have been embedded in bandages to kill bacteria and prevent infection. - **Nanoparticulate-based synthetic bone** is formed by manipulating calcium and phosphate at the molecular level. - **Aerogels** are the lightest known solid due to their good insulating properties. They are used in space suits and are proposed to be used in spacecraft. Page 25 discusses the future possibilities of nanotechnology. - **Possibilities for the future:** - Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture **lighter, stronger, and programmable materials** that - require less energy to produce than conventional material. - promise greater fuel efficiency in land transportation, ships, aircraft, and space vehicles. - The future of nanotechnology could very well include the use of **nanorobotics**. - These nanorobots have the potential to take on human tasks as well as tasks that humans could never complete. The rebuilding of the depleted ozone layer could potentially be able to be performed. - There would be an entire **nano surgical field** to help cure everything from natural aging to **diabetes** to **bone spurs.** - There would be almost nothing that couldn't be repaired (eventually) with the introduction of **nano surgery**. Page 26 shows a diagram of a 3D printer replicating an object. - **How Nanotechnology Works** - It shows a "Star Trek" Replicator as an example showing how it works. Page 27 lists the pitfalls of nanotechnology. - **Pitfalls of nanotechnology:** - Nano-particles can get into the body through the skin, lungs, and digestive system, thus creating free radicals that can cause **cell damage**. - Once nano-particles are in the bloodstream, they will be able to cross the blood-brain barrier. - The most dangerous Nano-application use for military purposes is the **Nano-bomb** that contain engineered self-multiplying deadly viruses that can continue to wipe out a community, country, or even a civilization. - Nanobots because of their **replicating** behavior can be a big threat for **GRAY GOO**. Page 28 is titled "Bottom Line". - **Bottom Line**: "The Next Big Thing Is Really Small". Page 29 says "THANK YOU" in a fancy font. Page 30 lists the website references used in the document. - **References:** - 1. http://science.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology3.htm - 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon nanotube - 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology - 4. http://crnano.org/whatis.htm - 5. http://www.wifinotes.com/nanotechnology/introduction-to-nanotechnology.html - 6. www.iitb.ac.in/~crnts/ ー 7. www.nafenindia.com/Final Report Nano OK.pd - 8. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100531082857.htm - 9. http://www.nanostart.de/index.php/en/nanotechnology/nanotechnology-information/610-schneller-sparsamer-robuster-nanotechnologie-in-computer-handy-a-co