Nanobiotechnology: Principle, Features & Applications PDF

The 2020 Innovations Dialogue: Life Sciences, International Security and Disarmament Nanobiotechnology Applications for Delivery, 21th August 2020 Nanobiotechnology : Principle, Features & Applications Xian-En Zhang 张先恩 Institute of Biophysics, Chinese...

The 2020 Innovations Dialogue: Life Sciences, International Security and Disarmament Nanobiotechnology Applications for Delivery, 21th August 2020 Nanobiotechnology : Principle, Features & Applications Xian-En Zhang 张先恩 Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Early inspiration – There’s a plenty of room at the bottom Feynman‘ speech at Caltech in 1959 Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?”. To achieve that goal, it is necessary to reduce the size of the writing tool by 25 000 times. Atoms on a small scale behave like nothing on a large scale, for they satisfy the laws of quantum mechanics. … we can expect to do different things. … we have new kinds of forces and new kinds of possibilities, new kinds of effects. The problems of manufacture and reproduction of materials will be quite different. Biological cells “can be exceedingly small … but … they do all kinds of marvelous Richard Phillips Feynman，1918-1988 things", “which does what we want” to do. Nobel Laureate & Father of Nanotechnology Ref: https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition Nanoworld 1-100 nm Micro scale Meso physics Macro scale Nucleus Cosmos 10-15 10-9 10-6 10-3 1 >109 micro Scale, meter macro XE Zhang, CAS-IBP  larger-scale Nanotechnology Physics Surface effects - chemical activity Small size effect - optical, electrical, magnetic and mechanical properties Quantum size effect and tunnel effect Marvelous properties Nano materials Active chemical reactions Nano catalysts Antimicrobial effect Super hydrophilic and super hydrophobic Nano devices Extinction effect Applications Nanoelectronics Rigidity and ductility of ceramics Higher strength and lighter weight Nanomachines Increased control of light spectrum Nanomedicine Greater chemical reactivity Changed conductivity Nanobiotechnology XE Zhang, CAS-IBP Cell – natural nano factory and its distinct features A cell is a perfect nano factory, full of biological nanomachines. It is a masterpiece of nature design. Self assembly - All bio- nanomachines are formed by self-assembly, which is not only driven by chemical forces, but also assisted by bio- chaperones, and subjected to the timing control. High specificity - Enzyme molecular machines and antibodies, their recognition specificity to target molecules is far beyond the that of host-guest chemistry. High efficiency - The turnover number of biological nanomachines (e.g. enzymes) is about 103, which is much higher than that of chemical catalysts and mimetic enzyme. High fidelity – E.g. DNA, its fidelity determines the stability of genome. There are at least three defense lines to prevent errors during replication. Through this molecular mechanism, the probability of a newly synthesized DNA containing a wrong base is mere 10-8-10-10. Chemical energy driven - comes from food and is stored in form of ATP that becomes the universal "energy currency" for all kind of life systems. Self regulation – A cell has a self-regulation mechanism to control information flow, material flow and energy flow. Any mistake would mislead the cellular process and cause problems. XE Zhang, CAS-IBP XE Zhang, CAS-IBP  Biosensors Nano probes Biological motor Biological machines High sensitive Cell/body imaging Driven module of nanomachines, High precision, high fidelity sensitivity, in vivo with super sensitivity core components of micro-robots and high efficiency detection, field use Biochips Organ-on-chip High throughput Prediction of the response Nano drugs screening/detection Improved targeting and of human body to drugs or effectiveness different external stimuli 10000 DNA storage 9000 Nano+biosens* Nanodrug*+nanomedicine Application of 1 cubic mm can store 704 TB of data, equivalent to 8000 nano+biomaterial* Nanobiotechnology the capacity of hundreds XE Zhang, Data sours: Web of Science 7000 Clarivate Analytics of hard disks Number of papers 6000 Nano biofuels 5000 Hing energy density Nano bioeffects 4000 Toxicology of nanomaterials 3000 Nano bioelectronics 2000 Molecular motor, molecular Nanopore sequencing pump, molecular nano brake, Direct, real-time analysis of 1000 electronic biological devices, Nano biomaterials long DNA or RNA fragments 0 etc. Biocompatible medical and functional materials 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 XE Zhang, CAS-IBP Summary As a highly interdisciplinary discpline, nanobiotechnology has extensive influence on, e.g. promoting the interdisciplinary development of life science with chemistry, physics, material and information science and mechanical engineering, and solve many basic scientific problems. enhancing industrial capacity and create new opportunities for economic growth advancing technologies in medicine, environmental protection and agriculture to contribute to human well-being Due to the above reasons, developed economies have adopted nanobiotechnology as the important part of their nanotechnology research plans, and China does the same. Conclusion Emerging frontier technologies are often double-edged swords. The whole world should reach a consensus to promote the development and peaceful use of nanobiotechnology under the framework of ethics and international rules. XE Zhang, CAS-IBP