Japanese Grammar Notes PDF

## Japanese Grammar Notes - は and です - は is added at the end of a noun (istm). - です is added at the end of a verb. です is the affirmative form of the past tense. - ではありません is the negative form of the past tense. - ですか means "question". - てし= past tens...

## Japanese Grammar Notes - は and です - は is added at the end of a noun (istm). - です is added at the end of a verb. です is the affirmative form of the past tense. - ではありません is the negative form of the past tense. - ですか means "question". - てし= past tense - "da" is a conjunction - ~の - is an adjectival ending. - it is used in compound words. - when used immediately following a country name, it marks the name's origin - Japanese Sign Words - They are divided into two categories: "Direct marking" and "Contextual marking". - | Category | Word | Example | - | ----- | ---- | -------- | - | Adjective | これ | この | ここ/こちら | こんな/こう | - | Pronoun | それ | その | そこ/そちら | そんな/そう | - | Adverb | あれ | あの | あそこ/あちら | どんな/ああ | - ~か、~か - Used when asking about alternatives. - お~ - Used before a word when being polite. - そうです, そうですか - Used to answer yes/no questions affirmatively. - はい, そうです。(affirmative) - ふじしえ, ちがいます。(negative) - そうですか is used to mean "I see" or "I understand". - どこ、どちら - Both mean "where". - どちら is more polite. - Days of the Week - | Day | Japanese | - | ---- | -------- | - | Monday | げつようび | - | Tuesday | かょうび | - | Wednesday | すいようび | - | Thursday | もくようび | - | Friday | きんようび | - | Saturday | どようび | - | Sunday | にちょうび | - ~から and ~まで - から marks the beginning of a time period or a process. - まで marks the end of a time period or a process. - ~と~ - Connects two nouns. "and" - Time - ~じ〜ふん indicates the hour and minute. - はん - 30 minutes - いちじ - 1 o'clock - にじ - 2 o'clock - さんじ - 3 o'clock - よんじ - 4 o'clock - ごじ - 5 o'clock - ろくじ - 6 o'clock - しちじ - 7 o'clock - はちじ - 8 o'clock - くじ - 9 o'clock - じゅうじ - 10 o'clock - Verb + へ - "へ" is a directional marker. - きょうとへいきます - I am going to Kyoto. - Question words - Used to form questions related to a concept. - だれ - who - どこ - where - なに - what - Ulaşım Aracı - Indicates the mode of transportation. - でんしゃでいきます - I am going by train. - あるいて - means "walking" - Insan or Hayvan + と + Verb - Indicates doing something together. - かぞくとにほんへきました - I came to Japan with my family. - ひとりで - means "alone" - Time-Related Questions - いつ - when - なんじ - what time - なんようび - what day of the week - なんがつなんにち - what date - いつ "に" is not used. - ~よ - Indicates sharing information with the other person. - It is used at the end of a sentence. - そうですね - Means "I agree" or "You are right". - It is used when you agree with something you've just heard. - It is used when you are agreeing with something you already knew. - ~を+Transitive Verb - Used to indicate the object of a transitive verb. - ~します - Means "to do" - ~か - Indicates a choice between two or more options. - なにをしますか - Used to ask "what are you doing?" - なん and なに - Both mean "What?" - "なん" usually comes before words that start with a vowel sound. - "なに" usually comes before words that start with a consonant sound. - ~んですか - Asks for clarification about a word or phrase that was already stated. - Used to show that you don't understand something. - ~で - Means "by means of". - It can also mean "at". - ~は~が + 好きです - Used to indicate that you like something. - ~は~が + きらいです - Used to indicate that you dislike something. - ~が + じょうずです - Used to indicate that someone is good at doing something. - ~が + にがてです - Used to indicate that someone is not good at doing something. - ~が + わかる - Used to indicate that you understand something. - 〜がほしいです - Used to indicate that you want something. - 〜がたいです - Indicates that you want to do something. - Adverbs of Frequency - ぜんぜん - never - あまり - not very much - すこし - a little - だいたい - mostly - よく - often - ~から - Used to explain a reason or cause. - どうして - Used to ask why or for what reason. - ~に~があります - Used to state that something exists in a certain place. - Used with inanimate objects. - ~に~がいます - Used to state that someone or something is present in a certain place. - Used with living things. - ~だけ - Means "only" or "just". - It indicates that something is limited to a particular thing. - ~より - Means "than" - It is used to compare two things. - ~と〜とどちらが ~ですか - Used to ask which of two things is better or more preferable. - ~がほしいです - Indicates wanting something. - 〜がたいです - Indicates wanting to do something. - ~にいきます/きます/かえります - Used to indicate going to a place. - Verb Stem + てください - Used to make a polite request or suggestion. - Verb Stem + ませんか - Used to make a polite suggestion or offer. - Verb Stem + ましょう - Used to offer to do something. - Verb Stem + ました - Used to indicate that an action was completed in the past. - Verb Stem + じます - Used to indicate that an action is happening now or habitually. - Verb Stem + ている - Used to indicate that an action is ongoing. - Verb Stem + ています - Used to indicate that an action is habitual or ongoing. - Verb Stem + たい - Used to express a desire to do something. - Verb Stem + ない - Used to express that you can’t, don’t or won’t do something.