N112 Intro to Nursing Role S2024.pdf

1/25/2024 Introduction to the Nursing Role Spring 2024 M. Guardado, MSN, RN 1 Review your instructional Objectives N112 Syllabus Examine Examine the relevance of nursing history to the present state of the nursing profession Examine Examine the impact of socioeconomic influences on the role of the n...

1/25/2024 Introduction to the Nursing Role Spring 2024 M. Guardado, MSN, RN 1 Review your instructional Objectives N112 Syllabus Examine Examine the relevance of nursing history to the present state of the nursing profession Examine Examine the impact of socioeconomic influences on the role of the nurse Determine why theories and Determine models are important to the profession of nursing Illustrate Illustrate professional behaviors that define nursing 2 Theory of Animism Ancient Greek Development of Nursing Early Christianity 19th -21st century 4 1 1/25/2024 Theory of Animism 5 Temples became center of medical care Illness caused by sin and god’s displeasure (disease) Ancient Greeks/Hebrews Ten Commandments and Mosaic Health Code addressed human relationships, mental health and disease control Nurses cared for people in the home and community. Nurses practiced as nurse-midwives 6 Nurses had formal and clearly defined role Deaconesses made first organized visits to sick people Early Christianity Male members of the religious order provided nursing care and buried the dead Hospitals were built that required a lot of nurses Nursing had developed purpose, direction and leadership 7 2 1/25/2024 19th-20th Centuries Florence Nightingale and the Civil War (19th century) Illuminated need for educated nurses Hospitals saw profit in having their own schools of nursing WWII (20th century) and 21st century Large number of women worked outside the home: independence & assertiveness Emphasis on education Greater need for nurses Explosion in medicine and technology Broader role of nurses Nursing schools developed in universities and colleges: degrees in nursing for women, men and minorities 8 21st century and the Future Covid-19 pandemic (2020-the year of the nurse and nurse midwife Front-lines of the battle to save lives Not enough or adequate PPEs Free hotel rooms, free food, nightly cheers Superheroes, appreciated and in the front pages of the media Mass exodus leading to shortage 9 10 3 1/25/2024 Future Curriculum changes to accommodate for current trend and broadened role of nurses. Emphasis on the four (4) spheres of care: 1.Disease prevention 2.Chronic disease care 3.Regenerative or restorative care 4.Hospice/ Palliative/Supportive care International Counsel of Nurses, World Health Organization (WHO), and Nursing Now Campaign to Achieve Universal Health Coverage Focus On Ensuring that nurses and midwives are involved in policy making Encourage greater investment in the nursing workforce Recruiting more nurses into leadership positions Conducting research that helps determine where nurses can have the greatest impact Sharing of best nursing practices 11 People Who Influenced Development of Nursing 12 Florence Nightingale (1860) 13 4 1/25/2024 Contributions to Modern Nursing of Florence Nightingale Recognized that nutrition is important to health Instituted occupational and recreational therapy for sick people Stressed the need for continuing education for nurses Maintained accurate records, recognized as the beginnings of nursing research Implemented sanitation practicesReduced mortality from 42% to 2% 14 Identified personal needs of patient and role of nurse in meeting them Established standards for hospital management Florence Nightingale’s Contributions to Modern Nursing Established nursing education and nursing as a respected occupation for women Recognized the two components of nursing: health and illness Established nursing education Believed that nursing is separate and distinct from medicine 15 Harriet Tubman (1862) Provided care and safety to slaves on the underground railroad (civil war). Joined the Union Army In 1862, Tubman traveled to Beaufort, South Carolina, to be a nurse and teacher. And in 1865, she was appointed matron of a hospital at Fort Monroe in Virginia, where she cared for sick and wounded black soldiers 16 5 1/25/2024 Mary Mahoney (1879) First African-American professional registered nurse. Worked to provide good service to all patients, in 1908 she co-founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses to help other nurses of color get into the profession. 17 Sojourner Truth (1864) Provided care to soldiers during the Civil War A former slave, became an outspoken advocate for abolition, temperance, and civil and women’s rights. Her civil war work earned her an invitation to meet President Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Advocated for nurse education/training 18 Dorothea Dix (1836) Served as a superintendent of Female Nurses of the Army during the Civil War, recruited nurses and fought to reform treatment for mental illness. Founded the first Public Mental Health Hospital in America Became the superintendent of Union Army Nurses 19 6 1/25/2024 Clara Barton (1882) Known as the "angel of the battlefield" during the civil war tending wounds and feeding the injured Union soldiers and assigned special duties by President Lincoln. Helped the International Red Cross during the Franco-Prussian war. Established the Red Cross in the US. 20 Linda Richards(1874) First professionally trained nurse in the US. She established nursing training programs in the United States and Japan, and created the first system for keeping individual medical records for hospitalized patients Introduced MD orders & nurse’s notes 21 Walt Whitman (1865) Became a nurse to care for his brother and other soldiers wounded in the Civil War Wrote about his experience as a nurse 22 7 1/25/2024 Lillian Wald (1914) She was an American nurse, humanitarian and author. She was known for contributions to human rights and was the founder of American Community Nursing. Founder of Public Health Nursing. 23 Margaret Sanger(1942) Originally a nurse for the underprivileged in New York’s lower east side, the realization that unplanned pregnancies were worse in these conditions convinced her to leave the nursing field to promote the use of birth control. As a result, she worked diligently to form the World Population Conference in 1927 and the Planned Parenthood Federation in 1942. Founder of Planned Parenthood 24 Mary Adelaide Nutting (1910) John Hopkins Hospital Training School in 1889, first nursing program in major university. Nutting enrolled in the first class of the new training program. Nutting started the program at the age of 31 years old. First nursing program in a higher education university Introduced clinicals along with a formal curriculum First nursing professor in a major university 25 8 1/25/2024 Lavinia Dock Nurse leader Women’s right activist Instrumental in the constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote Historian- believed nursing would not be accepted as a profession if until its history is soundly documented 26 Mary Breckenridge (1924) Established one of the first midwifery schools in the US Driving force behind healthcare in the rural communities 27 Organizations that Contributed to the Development of Nursing as a Profession International Counsel of Nursing National Nursing Organizations ANA NLN AANC AAN NSNA 28 9 1/25/2024 International Counsel of Nurses (ICN) Established in 1899 Originally first international organization of professional women Represents over 28 million nurses worldwide through over 130 national nurse association 29 National Nursing Organizations American Nurses Association (ANA)- Mission is to advance the profession of nursing to improv health for all National League of Nurses (NLN)- Largest professional testing service American Association of Colleges or Nursing(AACN)-Quality education. Promotes BSN as entry level education American Academy of Nursing (AAN)-Generates, synthesizes and disseminates nursing knowledge. Champion for reduction of provider burnout National Student Nurses Association(NSNA)- Allows nursing students to advocate for themselves and the patients, voice their concerns on political and social issues. 30 What Influences Changes in Nursing Education Changing demographics Technological explosion Globalization of the world’s economies Educated consumer, alternative therapies, genomic and palliative care Shift to population-based care and the complexity of the patients Cost of healthcare and challenges of managed care Impact of health policy and regulations Growing need for interdisciplinary education for collaborative care Nursing shortage Advances in nursing science and research 31 10 1/25/2024 Nursing Education Teach knowledge & skill Enable practice in a hospital setting Current curriculum: Emphasize critical thinking & application Enable practice in hospital & community settings National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX-RN) Mutual recognition & compact states 32 Professional Nursing Roles Caregiver Communicator Teacher/educator Counselor Leader Researcher Advocate Collaborator 34 What is Nursing? Nutrix: to nourish First referenced as a profession in the year 3rd century. A nurse: “A person who nourishes, fosters, protects and who is prepared to take care of the sick, injured, older, and dying people” -Fundamentals pg. 13 35 11 1/25/2024 “Nursing encompasses autonomous Nursing… and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well in all settings. Nursing includes promotion of health, prevention of illness and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of safe environment and education are also key nursing roles.” -International Counsel of Nurses (ICN) 36 Nursing… “The science of nursing is the knowledge base for the care that is given, and the art of nursing is the skilled application of that knowledge to help others achieve maximum health and quality of life.” Fundamentals of Nursing (9th ed.)pg.5 37 Nursing’s Broad Aims Promote health Prevent illness Restore health Facilitate coping with disability or death 38 12 1/25/2024 Nurse’s Role in Health Promotion and Illness Prevention Primary: directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury Secondary: focus on screening for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found Tertiary: begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning 39 Promote Health Identifying, analyzing, and maximizing each patient’s individual strengths as components of preventing illness, restoring health, and facilitating coping with disability or death 40 Prevent Illness Educational programs such as prenatal care, smoking-cessation, and stress-reduction Community programs and resources encouraging healthy lifestyles Literature, TV, radio, or internet information on healthy diet, exercise, and good health habits Health assessments in institutions, clinics, and community- identify areas of strength and risks for illness 41 13 1/25/2024 Restore Health Educational programs such as prenatal care, smoking-cessation, and stress-reduction Community programs and resources encouraging healthy lifestyles Providing direct care to the person who is ill Collaborating in care management Planning, teaching, and carrying out rehabilitation Working in mental health and chemical-dependency programs 42 Facilitate Coping With Disability or Death Maximizing person’s strengths and potentials Patient reaching Referral to community support systems Providing end-of-care Palliative care programs Hospice care programs 43 Nurse’s Role in Health Care Social Foster diversity, inclusion, and equity by: Protecting and promoting inclusive strategies in practice settings Policy Advocacy 44 14 1/25/2024 Defining Traits of the Nursing Profession Well-defined body of specific and unique knowledge Strong service orientation Recognized authority by a professional group Code of Ethics Professional organization that sets standards Ongoing research Autonomy and self-regulation 45 Conceptual and Theoretical Models of Nursing Concepts (ideas)- abstract are abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality Theory- composed of a group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality Conceptual framework/model-A group of concepts that follow and understandable pattern 46 Nursing Theory Developed to describe nursing. Serves the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing care practice Testing knowledge through research Provides a means of: Expanding nursing’s knowledge Meet the patient’s healthcare needs in the ever-changing society 47 15 1/25/2024 Interdisciplinary Base for Nursing Theories General Systems Theory Used for universal applications Describes how to break whole things into parts and then learn how the parts work together in “systems. Adaptation Theory The adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions. A continuous process of interaction and response. Human adaptation: Internal (self), social (others) and physical (biochemical reactions Developmental Theory Growth and development of humans is orderly and predictable , beginning with conception and ending with death. Common Concepts in Nursing Theories 48 Person Environmen t Health Nursing 49 Nursing Theory in Clinical Practice Provide autonomy Guide thinking, being and doing nursing Demonstrate that nursing care makes a difference and is valuable Viewed as experts due to having a specific and unique body of knowledge Trust and respect Guide nursing process of Assessing Planning Implementing Evaluating 50 16 1/25/2024 Nursing Theorist & Theories Florence Nightingale (1860): Environmental theory Dorothea Orem (1971): Self-Care Deficit Theory Betty Neuman (1972): Neuman Systems Model Madeleine Leininger (1978): Transcultural Nursing Theory Jean Watson (1979: Theory of Human Caring Patricia Benner & Judith Wrubel (1989): From Novice to Expert Theory Katherine Kolcaba (2003): Comfort Theory 51 Ethics vs Values Ethics Values A systematic study of principles or right and wrong conduct, virtue and vice, good and evil as they relate to conduct and human flourishing. Ability to be ethical begins in childhood and develops gradually Beliefs about the worth of something, about what matters, that act as a standard to guide one’s behavior Person’s values influence beliefs about human needs, health, and illness 52 Professional Behaviors of the Nurse Altruism Autonomy Integrity Human Dignity Social Justice 53 17 1/25/2024 54 55 Examine the Relevance of Nursing History to the Present State of The Nursing Profession 56 18 1/25/2024 Nursing Image (A Discussion) Myths/ perceptions about nursing Contemporary nursing images Positive Negative 57 Nurse Job Description (1887) Daily sweep and mop the floors of your ward. Dust the patient’s furniture and windowsills. Maintain an even temperature in your ward by bringing in a scuttle of coal for the day’s business. Each nurse on day duty will report every day at 7 a.m. and leave at 8 p.m., except on the Sabbath, on which day she will be off from 12 noon to 2 p.m. The nurse who performs her labors and serves her patients and doctors faithfully and without fault for a period of 5 years will be given an increase by the hospital administration of 5 cents per day. 58 References Taylor, C., Lynn, P., Bartlett, J. L. (2019). Fundamentals of nursing: The art and science of person-centered nursing care (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Nurses Change Lives Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTMuh6AF3A0 67 19