MYP 1 Revision Semester 3 PDF

Early Man and Ancient World Revision Semester 2 Dendrochronology Tree-ring dating, is based on the fact that the timbers of a tree develop a new ring of growth each year. Rings are usually narrower when the weather has been poor and wider when it has been good. Tree rings and their wid...

Early Man and Ancient World Revision Semester 2 Dendrochronology Tree-ring dating, is based on the fact that the timbers of a tree develop a new ring of growth each year. Rings are usually narrower when the weather has been poor and wider when it has been good. Tree rings and their widths form a pattern that is repeated on different trees of the same species. By comparing the pattern of rings found on an undated piece of timber with a pattern that has already been matched and dated, scientists can already work out the age of a particular piece of timber in a specific region. Radiocarbon dating Relies on the fact that all living things absorb carbon. One type is the radioactive carbon - 14. After an organism has died and no longer absorbs carbon from the atmosphere, carbon-14 gives out radiation and gradually changes to nitrogen-14. The amount of carbon-14 gives out radiation and gradually changes to nitrogen-14. The amount of carbon-14 left can be used like a clock to measure long periods of time. Thermoluminescence dating Involves scientists heating objects to very high temperatures and then measuring the light energy the objects give off. The greater the amount of light given off, the older the object is. DNA analysis 99 % of the population has a unique DNA. Scientists can identify this by testing small samples of blood, hair, teeth, , saliva, skin cells. This can be used, for example, to identify family links among Egyptian mummies, examine the migration pattern of different groups of people, and help solve the important question of where human beings originated. Experimental archaeology Experts use this to test a hypothesis about how something was created. Experts try out what they think was the process by which people created something in the past. They use only materials and techniques that were available to people at that time. For example Stonehenge and the Great Pyramid - it was important to discover how people built these great structures without modern technology.  Experts and their roles Anthropologists Study human development, including human origin, behaviour, physical, social and cultural development. cryptographers Study, create and decipher codes and writing systems Scientific experts Use the sciences (chemistry, biology) and scientific methods to provide evidence about such things as artefacts or human remains and check their authenticity. linguists Study the nature and structure of language, how it was changed over time and used in certain types of documents and in particular time periods. Palaeontologists Investigate plant and animal fossils to study the biology of past life forms to work out such things as how the Earth was evolved over time and the nature of plants and animals that have become extinct in the process. Ancient Australia Everything found about ancient Australia Is very significant to its exploration, for example, stone tools - these tools were taken to review: - The skills and knowledge of the society - How many types the society produced - The activities for which the tools were developed c. 5000 years ago people were beginning to make more specialist tools (fish hook, axes), they were used to capture fish and small animals The Dreaming stories They were passed on in the spoken form, they explained the origin and meaning of life in Australia to generations of Aboriginal people. The stories tell on ancestral beings moving across the continent creating and moulding its rivers, lakes, mountains, and all living creatures. They explain natural world and human relationships with it. This is a source of information on religious beliefs and rituals. Rock art Were found in engravings and paintings that date back to 40 000 years ago. This provides information on how long the humans have inhabited the land and a cultural practice that continued for thousands of years. For example, Kakadu National Park 5000 sites), paintings 20000 years old. The Pilbara region - paintings dating 40000 years old. The Bradshaw paintings - seen in 100000 sites, portraying boats, deer-like animals, well-proportioned humans, people wearing clothes. The Bradshaws These rock paintings are found in caves and on rock ledges in possibly as many as 100000 sites. Some depicted the following: - Boats, carrying from 4 to 29 people - Deer-like animals with 4 legs and antlers - Detailed and well-proportioned images of humans - People wearing clothing and hair ornaments: historians associate it with high status Megafauna fossils Fossils and some rock art show that large species of animals existed in ancient Australia before (diprotodon like a large hippopotamus, genyornis like a large goose). Some of them became extinct about 30000-40000 years ago. Experts debate what was the reason for this: 1) Megafauna could not adapt to the drier climate 2) Blitzkrieg (“lightning strike”) theory that humans hunted and killed megafauna 3) Fire-stick farming - humans indirectly destroyed the megafauna’s environment and food. Lake Mungo Lake Mungo is one of the 17dry lakes within the Willandra Lakes region. In the period 45000-20000 years ago, Lake Mungo was a freshwater lake. It was a area of good rainfall and it provided plentiful supplies of fish fro the people. Due to climate change there has not been water in the lake for the last 15000 years. Today it is a rich source of fossil and human remains. 1969 - body of a woman was found (26000-24000 years old), 1974 - body of a man. Body was well preserved, that is why it indicates that ancient burial ritual existed. Conserving the past It means conserving our heritage - the events, traditions, influences, people, places and world experiences that have shaped us. Losing heritage might mean losing an understanding of culture. Our heritage represents where we have come from and what we want to pass to future generations. Sites under threat Teotihuacan (Mexico), Akrotiri (Greece), Pompeii (Italy) have become archaeological digs and major tourist attractions. All contain remains of the past civilizations and face conservation threats due to: - Construction of modern buildings on the side - Lack of funding - Neglect, erosion,increased tourism - Poor excavation techniques - Natural disasters - Pollution - Poor maintenance Methods of conservation - Identifying its important features, objects and sites - Enforcing laws on heritage - Funding careful archaeological excavation - Promoting museum displays - Encourage use of scientific techniques that aid conservation - Establishing organizations that aid conserving historical remains The World Heritage Committee UNESCO, through its world Heritage Committee, works to establish methods for protecting the world’s cultural and natural heritage. The Committee meets each year to decide: 1) Which properties to add to the World Heritage List 2) Which members will receive financial help 3) Which countries would need to manage their sites more effectively 4) Which properties should be added or deleted from the list Human migration to the world We need to understand changes in the world’s climate. For most of the last 400000 years the average temperature was lower than today. Glaciers covered much of Europe and North America. In the southern hemisphere glaciers covered New Zealand and Australia. The sea level was approximately 150 m lower than today as water was trapped as ice. Land bridges joined most of continents creating routes for global migration. The species Homo Sapiens, menaing ‘wise men’, emerged in Eastern Africa about 250000 years ago. This marked the beginning of human history on our Earth.From there, people set off to their long and dangerous migrations which took them to every corner of the Earth. Hunter-forager life Hunter-forager life was centered around daily search for food. Hunter-forager communities traded with each other, travelled long distances, expressed themselves through art, developed distinctive cultural traditions. Humans had to be inventive to cope with harsh climate during the last ice age. Hunter-forager people were constantly on the move living near lakes where plants or animals could be located, thus they could not have many possessions. As the great sheets of ice moved to the north at the end of the last ice age, forests began to grown again. After people started to use boats for fishing, they domesticated some animals. They started to cultivate rather than gather food, tools for food processing appeared. Australia’s ancient record Our understanding of traditional Aboriginal hunter-forager society comes from two sources: - The stories and beliefs the Aboriginal people have from the past (the Dreaming) - The archaeological evidence The role of art in the ancient world Hunter-foragers lived in the nature and expressed their beliefs through art. Art had a range of purposes: - To develop a sense of control over the environment - To create a type of magic to help to hunt or protect from evil - To decorate and object and express value - To help with practical tasks such as counting, calendar The Bronze Age The use of metal deposits was scattered and limited. People were making decorations from copper, after they learned how to heat it and turn into liquid. The process (smelting) allowed them to pour it into different shoes and make tools. But it was too soft to make strong tools. By blending one metal with another, alloy was made which was tougher and more durable. The frist alloy combined tin with copper to make bronze. Bronze was easier to mould than copper, it could be easily sharpened to make a blade. It spread from Europe to Asia. The Iron Age By 1000 BCE, bronze tools were gradually replaced by iron, a very common metal that was easily smelted at high temperatures. The Celtic people were the first to use iron technology, they were making superior weaponry and tools. Metalworking brought change: - Trade increased as raw materials were imported - Conflicts increased as people wanted to protect their raw materials - Specialist centres of metal working appeared, that developed prosperous towns and cities. Evidence of cities and states Farming, metalwork and trade brought another greta change in human history. Small villages began to grow into cities. To successfully live and work together people needed: - A system of government to establish laws and provide protection - Scribes and officials to keep records - Specialised workers to enable a wide range of tasks to be carried out Systems of writing Writing and records started to appear in 3000 BCE in organised states. In Mesopotamia - these were pictograms (picture words represented objects). Sumerian culture developed writing called cuneiform to keep taxation records. Hyeroglyphic script was developed by Egyptians, Minoans invented the first horizontal script known as Linear A and Linear B, Maya people developed script which was carved onto a pillar, metal and pottery, Chinese - hteir own language carved onto animal bones. The North Semiic alphabet is a mixture of all systems, Phoenicians developed it, the Greeks added vowels, then it spread to Rome and the Latin alphabet appeared. Ancient Egypt The Nile River It is the most important feature of the Egyptian landscape. It is one of the longest rivers in the world and flows 6500 km from its source in the mountains of Ethiopia to its delta at the Mediterranean Sea. The river made it possible for people to settle, develop a society and survive in Egypt’s hot, dry climate. It provided food and water, rich soils for growing crops; a home for different birds, plants and animal life; also possibility to enjoy leisure activities. The Nile flood In ancient times, the Nile River flooded every year. This flood resulted from the torrential rains that came in late spring to the mountains of Ethiopia in east Africa. When thw Nile river flooded, the river rose as much as 10 m in some areas. The people who lived in the Nile valley took refuge in the mud huts on the “tortoise backs” - mounds of dirts that have built up from centuries of these floods. The floodwaters left behind thick layers of mud that created fertile farming land for planting grain. The Egyptians used mud mixed with straw (for strengthening) to create bricks for their houses. The flood and seasons The repetition of flood event each year allowed people to know when it was possible to plant. People created distinctive seasons. Akhet (July - October) - the flood season Peret (November - February) - the seed time Shemu (March - June) - the harvest time The pharaoh and the law 5000 years ago - a king of Upper Egypt united Lower and Upper Egypt. Overtime, Egypt’s kings bbegan to wear a double crown: red (Lower Egypt) and white (Upper Egypt). From New Kingdom times, people started to call the ruler “pharaoh” meaning ‘great house’. Pharaoh He was viewed by people as a god, their protector and their leader. They expected him to make sure that: -The Nile flooded as required -People had enough food to eat -The gods looked kindly at them -Egypt’s army could defend them against any enemies -Truth (Ma’at) was in the heart of Egyptian life Ma’at - justice, truth, order, balance The pharaoh had to make sure that Egypt’s laws were guided by Ma’at and expressed the goodness of gods. They believed in afterlife (life after death). Both men and women could: - Purchase and sell land - Make contracts - Participate in court - divorce Pharaoh’s wives They began marrying in their childhood and had many wives (sisters, half-sisters…). Why? - It encouraged the loyalty - It kept property and wealth - It kept the blood “pure” - I was what the gods did Roles in society To rule effectively, the pharaoh needed the support and efforts of otherkey people: - A vizier: to act as chief judge and to take overall charge of all the government’s work throughout Egypt; - Nomarchs - to take on the responsibility in each of Egypt’s main regions or nomes; - Officials to maintain law and order, record pharaoh’s decisions and collect taxes - Scribes (very important job) - a person who trained for up to 5 years in the language and writing skills essential for recording government decisions, keeping tax records, writing official letters and preparing inscriptions. Wealthy people’s houses Ordinary people’s houses Farming Artists and sculptors Egyptian artists worked to a formula to create images o f ahuman figure. It created a recognisable style. - Working from a square grid with specific number of squares - Showing the most important people as larger than anyone else - Showing bodies with the eyes, and upper body facing the front - Showing the head, arms and lower body side on - Usually showing the left leg in front of the right. Gods and goddesses The ancient Egyptians saw signs of gods all around them. They believed that: - There were hundreds of gods and goddesses who controlled every aspect of their daily lives, as well as the world of the afterlife - The gods created them and their world out of nothingness and would return it to nothingness - The gods could take animal form, human form and combination of both. Embalming and mummification The Egyptians believed in properly preparing a body so that it could live on in a similar way in the afterlife: - Prepare the body so that Ba recognizes it; - Ka (the person’s life energy) would have food and drink for the next life; - Arrange some possession to accompany the body. - The whole process - 70 days. Judgement Book of the Dead - papyrus scrolls containing more than 200 spells. These were good wishes to help the deceased person to survive the journey to the afterlife. The Three Pyramids and the Great Sphinx at Giza Building techniques Ancient Egyptians could create: - Huge pyramids and statues without modern tools; - Thick inwardly sloping walls to make building more stable; - Sculpted decorations on walls; - Column in the design of particular plant. Later buildings demonstrate skills of: - The architects and mathematicians; - The stonemasons; - The workers of hard labour; - The craftspeople who decorated the product. Rameses II - New capital city - The memorial temple - The temple complex - Many existing buildings Military skills Rameses II ruled Egypt during the time when it controlled areas beyond its borders and he had to fight enemies. After the war of 17 years, Rameses II came to an agreement with Hattusilis III. This was the first peace agreement in history. Rameses’ significance - Expanded Egypt’s territory - Brought prosperity - Gave certainty of law - Ensured a long period of peace Also a negative feature: - Burdened his country with building projects Trade Much of contact with other nations came through trade to SInai and Lebanon, and the places along the Red Sea. The Egyptians traded extra wheat, barley and flax, rope and papyrus. In return, they brought honey and cedar oil for embalming; copper, silver, ivory. Hatshepsut - to encourage trade with other areas in Africa. Ancient Rome: Roman origins Lived in the huts of the Palatine Hill, the neighbours in the north and west were the Etruscans. The Roman Republic 5th century BCE - Rome is ruled by Etruscan Kings. 509 BCE - the Romans defeated the Etruscans and overthrew the King of Rome. The beginning of the Roman Republic ‘res publicae’ - ‘a thing of the people’. Taking control over Italy - 509-270 BCE - Initial military superiority - Giving citizenship rights to conquered people Mountain ranges The Alps - in the north, protect from cold Winds, make climate milder. The Apennines - running to the south-east direction, like a backbone of Italy. The Tiber River The ancestors of the Romans moved Lowlands, this area was flooded, but they learned how to drain and then pave. It became the Roman Forum (the centre of Roman life). Sewers and aqueducts As the population increased, disposal of human waste became a problem: - Sewer to dispose of the waste - Regular supply of water to flush it out The main sewer - the Cloaca Maxima Social structure Social structure Based origin Based on wealth There was a division between patricians and The wealthiest were the senatorial class. The plebeians. The patricians could trace their wealth was based on land, and they were origins back to nobility and were quite wealthy. forbidden to be involved in commerce. The rest were plebeians, a few could get rich, There were also equites (the richest people in while other were landless labourers. Rome). Their fortune was made through trade and collecting taxes (and taking a share for themselves). Proletariat - those with no land at all. They relied on selling their labour. Republican government officials The Senate The senate was a group of 300 men whose role was to advise the magistrates. They had a strong influence on the way Rome was governed: - One could become a senator after holding a high position as a magistrate, so senators were all people with experience of administration; - Ponce becoming a senator, this position lasted for life, the person did not worry of being re-elected - During the period of Roman expansion, the consuls were often leading armies that were fighting a long way from Rome. This meant the senate could make more decisions. The end of the Roman Republic The end of the Roman Republic The Roman Republic came to an end due to a combination of internal political instability, social unrest, and the rise of powerful military leaders. As Rome expanded its territory, there was more discontent between the wealthy and the low class. The Republic's political structure, designed for a smaller city-state, struggled to manage the vast empire, and corruption became obvious. Civil wars started to emerge. Julius Caesar gained personal loyalty from his troops and used this military power to challenge the. Caesar's rise to dictatorship, followed by his assassination, marked the end to the Republic. After, there was a rise of Augustus and the establishment of the Roman Empire. Caesar Was descended from two noble families, social status became stronger when he married a consul’s daughter. From 19-26 he was on military campaigns, at 29 - he was a military tribune, 31 years - a quaestor in Spain. He began to climb a ladder (cursus honorum), later organised magnificent games from people and put himself in debt. Later makes a deal with Crassus and Pompey as he wanted to use money to pay off his debt,to become a consul, to have 5-year military command in Gaul and to have wealth, power and prestige. Dictatorship of Caesar While commanding in Gaul, he becomes a military leader who has loyal soldiers, he is also a great writer and he glorifies himself in the accounts of the battle. He is gaining power and popularity. His friends in Rome arrange for him to become a dictator. Caesar has further plans for Rome: - To introduce a scheme to prevent flood of the Tiber River - To introduce a calendar - To provide homes for soldiers - Increase the senate number to 900 - To include many supporters in the senate Caesar’s assassination Many senators felt that Caesar was becoming too powerful and was governing as if he was a king. The concerns were that the senate was full of his supporters, his period of dictatorship would be extended, he had coins minted with his face on it. 16 March 44 BCE a group of senators assassinated Caesar in the senate. When Caesar’s will was made public, it was found out that he left a generous amount of money for each Roman citizen, the crowds turned violent. It is still a question whether they killed him because he was becoming powerful or popular. The end of the Roman Republic Mark Antony Octavian Lepidus