Ecosystem and Water Treatment PDF

***TOPIC 1- ECOSYSTEM*** **WHAT IS ECOSYSTEM?** -a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. It forms a self-sustaining unit where both biotic and abiotic (non-living) components work together. **IMPORTANCE OF ECOSYSTEM** -Ecosystems play a vital...

***TOPIC 1- ECOSYSTEM*** **WHAT IS ECOSYSTEM?** -a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. It forms a self-sustaining unit where both biotic and abiotic (non-living) components work together. **IMPORTANCE OF ECOSYSTEM** -Ecosystems play a vital role in maintaining the balance of the environment. -Provide essential services such as [air and water purification, climate regulation, and the provision of food and resources for all life forms] **3 TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM** a.) **AQUATIC (WATER)**- an aquatic ecosystem refers to a community of plants and animals that live in, on, or near water. The specific type of water---whether freshwater or saltwater---determines the types of species that inhabit these ecosystems. b.) **TESTETARIAL (LAND)**- a terrestrial ecosystem is defined as a land-based community of organisms. These ecosystems include all [land-based environments, such as tundras, taigas, forests, grasslands, and deserts]. c.) **ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEM- a**n artificial ecosystem refers to human-made environments like [tree plantations, urban landscapes, rice paddies, cropland, and managed ponds,] which may support some species diversity but often lack the natural balance found in native ecosystems. **ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM** **BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES** 1. 2.  3. 4.  **HUMAN IMPACT ON ECOSYSTEM** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. **STRATEGIES FOR PROTECTING ECOSYSTEMS** (CE's) 1. 2. ***TOPIC 2- WATER TREATMENT*** **WHAT IS WATER TREATMENT?** **-**It is the process of eliminating harmful contaminants from water so that [it can be safe for human and animal consumption. ] **PALATABLE WATER-** it is aesthetically pleasing; it considers the presence of chemicals that [do not cause a threat to human health] **POTABLE WATER-** water that is free of chemicals, micro-organisms, and other contaminants, and is therefore, [safe to drink.] **4 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY** 1. 2. 3. 4. **Water classification by source:** Although salt water is occasionally used as a drinking water supply, fresh water is the preferred source. Potable water is most conveniently classified as its source that is [groundwater or surface water.] **Treatment System** Water treatment facilities in developed countries are typically coagulation plants, softening plants, and limited treatment plants. **WATER TREATMENT PROCESS** **\*[Coagulation]-** is used to remove turbidity, color, and bacteria from drinking waters. The [goal of coagulation is to change the surface charge on the particles] so they can stick together to form larger particles that will settle by gravity.  **COLLOID STABILITY** **COLLOIDS** -- are [stable because the surface of these particles are like-charged and they repel one another.] **\*FLOC** -- the goal of coagulation is to ensure that the particles come in contact with one another, "stick together" and form settleable particles. \***[Filtration-]** is the process by which water flows slowly through a bed of granular media, usually sand, anthracite coal, or garnet. -[As the water passes through the medium, particles become trapped due to several mechanisms]: interception, flocculation, straining, and sedimentation **[Disinfection-]** is used in water treatment to kill pathogens (disease-producing microorganisms) present in water [that would cause mild to fatal illness if ingested]. Disinfection is not the same as sterilization. **-Sterilization** implies the destruction of all living organisms. Drinking water need not be sterile but simply [devoid of pathogens at levels that would cause disease.] **CHLORINATION** In the United States, chlorine has been the most commonly used disinfectant. When used properly, [chlorine is effective, and practical]. It has several advantages over other disinfectants. It is [long-lasting and, therefore, provides a residual in the distribution system]. Chlorine acts to kill begins to increase. **BREAKPOINT CHLORINATION-** the process where the point at which the chlorine level reaches a minimum value is known as the *breakpoint.* ***TOPIC 3- WASTEWATER TREATMENT*** **WHAT IS WASTEWATER?** **-**is a term that is used to describe waste material that includes industrial liquid waste and sewage waste that is [collected in towns and urban areas and treated at urban wastewater treatment plants.] **WASTEWATER TREATMENT** -A process to convert wastewater - which is water no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use - into an effluent that [can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused.] **WASTEWATER CONTAMINANTS** Suspended solids Biodegradable organics (e.g., BOD) Pathogenic bacteria Nutrients (N & P) **WHERE DOES WASTEWATER CAME FROM?** ** Residences ―**human and animal excreta and waters used for washing, bathing, and cooking. ** Commercial institution** ** Dairy and industrial establishment―**slaughterhouse waste, dairy waste, tannery wastewater, etc. **WHERE DOES WASTEWATER GO?** -By gravity flow, the waste is on its way to your local wastewater treatment plant. **WHY TREAT WASTEWATER?** 1. Causes a demand for dissolved oxygen (lower DO levels of streams) 2. Adds nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) to cause excessive growth 3. Increases suspended solids or sediments in streams (turbidity increase) **OBJECTIVES OF WWT** 1. Reduce organic content i.e., BOD 2. Removal/reduction of nutrients i.e., N,P 3. Removal/inactivation of pathogenic microbes **LEVELS OF TREATMENT** 1. \- typical materials that are [removed during primary treatment] include: *-fats, oils, and greases* *-sand, gravels and rocks* *-larger settle-able solids including human waste* *-floating materials* **Methods used in primary treatment** **-***Bar screens* *-Grinding* *-Grit Chamber* *-Sedimentation Tank- primary Settling tank* *-Chlorination of effluent*  **Sedimentation Tank- Primary Settling tank** *-Remove grease, oil* *-Fecal solid settle, floating material rise to the surface* *-Produce a homologous liquid for later biological treatment* *-Fecal sludge are pumped to sludge treatment plant* 2. -biological treatment -activated sludge -trickling filter -oxidation ponds **ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS** *-Primary wastewater mixed with bacteria-rich (activated) sludge and air or oxygen is pumped into the mixture* *-Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria may exist* *-Promotes bacterial growth and decomposition of organic matter* *-BOD removal is approximately 85%* *[-Microbial removal by activated sludge]* *80-99% removal of bacteria* *90-99% removal of viruses* **5 PHYSICAL COMPONENTS** 1. **2. Aeration source-** ensure that adequate oxygen is fed into the tank provided pure oxygen or compressed air **3. Secondary clarifiers-** activated-sludge solids separate from the surrounding wastewater **4. Activated sludge outflow line**-pump activated sludge back to the aeration tank **5. Effluent outflow line-** discharged effluent into bay or tertiary treatment plant  **TRICKLING FILTERS** *-Trickling filters are beds made of coke (carbonized coal), limestone chips or specially fabricated plastic media* *-[Optimize their thickness by insect or worm grazing]* *-The primary wastewater is sprayed over the filter and microbes decompose organic material aerobically.* *[-Low pathogen removal]* *- Bacteria, 20-90%* *- Viruses, 50-90%* *- Giardia cysts, 70-90%* **STABILIZATION OR OXIDATION PONDS** *-Oxidation ponds are a few meters deep, and up to a hectare in size.* *-They are [low cost with retention times of 1 to 4 weeks.]* *-Odor and mosquitoes can be a problem* *-[Pathogen removal: ]* *- Bacteria, 90-99%* *- Virus, 90-99%* *- Protozoa, 67-99%* *-Mechanisms include the long detention time, high pH (10-10.5) generated by photosynthesis, predation, sunlight, temperature* **Stabilization ponds** are the preferred wastewater treatment process in developing countries due to low cost, low maintenance. This is balanced by larger land requirement. **When the treatment is done...** -Effluent back to stream after a final carbon filtration and chlorination/de-chlorination *-Sludge* -- very nutrient rich applied directly to land as fertilizer incinerated (good fuel after drying) composted  **WASTEWATER TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES** 1. 2. 3. ***TOPIC 4- NOISE POLLUTION*** **WHAT IS NOISE POLLUTION?** Sound that is unwanted or disrupts one's quality of life is called as noise. When there is lot of noise in the environment, it is termed as *[noise pollution. ]* Sound becomes [undesirable when it disturbs the normal activities such as working, sleeping, and during conversations. ] It is an underrated environmental problem World Health Organization stated that *["Noise must be recognized as a major threat to human well-being"]* **HEALTH EFFECTS** According to the USEPA, there are direct links between noise and health. Also, noise pollution adversely affects the lives of millions of people. Noise pollution can damage physiological and psychological health. High blood pressure, stress related illness, sleep disruption, hearing loss, and productivity loss are the problems related to noise pollution. It can also cause memory loss, severe depression, and panic attacks. **SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION** Transportation systems are the main source of noise pollution in urban areas. C[onstruction of buildings, highways, and streets cause a lot of noise, due to the usage of air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks, and pavement breakers. ] Industrial noise also adds to the already unfavorable state of noise pollution. [Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, fans, and vacuum cleaners add to the existing noise pollution.] **SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE POLLUTION** Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating sources is an effective solution for noise pollution. Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can effectively reduce the noise pollution. Buildings can be designed with suitable noise absorbing material for the walls, windows, and ceilings. [Workers should be provided with equipments such as ear plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection.] Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the machinery and servicing should be done to minimize noise generation. Soundproof doors and windows can be installed to block unwanted noise from outside. [Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of play loudspeakers in crowded areas and public places.] [Factories and industries should be located far from the residential areas.] Community development or urban management should be done with long-term planning, along with an aim to reduce noise pollution. Social awareness programs should be taken up to educate the public about the causes and effects of noise pollution. ***TOPIC 5- RA 9512 or the NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND EDUCATION OF 2008*** **WHAT IS RA 9512?** \- It is an act to promote environmental awareness through environmental education. This law was signed and approved on the 8th of December 2008, during the term of the former President Gloria Arroyo. **SECTION 1. Title.** **-**This act shall be known as the "National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008" **SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy** **-** The State aims to protect and enhance the right to a healthy environment, aligning with nature's balance. It recognizes the crucial role of the youth and education in fostering patriotism, accelerating social progress, and advancing human development. To support sustained national development, the State will raise awareness about the significance of natural resources in economic growth and the importance of environmental conservation. **SECTION 3. Scope of Environmental Education** -The DepEd, CHED, TESDA,DSWD, in coordination with the DENR, DOST, and other relevant agencies, [shall integrate environmental education] in its school curricula at all levels, whether public or private, including in barangay daycare, preschool, non-formal, technical vocational, professional level, indigenous learning and out-of-school youth courses or programs. [*-*It shall cover both theoretical and practicum modules comprising activities, projects, programs including], but not limited to, *tree planting; waste minimization, segregation, recycling and composting; freshwater and marine conservation; forest management and conservation; relevant livelihood opportunities and economic benefits and other such programs and undertakings to aid the implementation of the different environmental protection law.* **SECTION 4. Environmental Education and Activities as Part of National Service Training Program** \- The *[CHED and the TESDA]* shall include environmental education and awareness programs and activities in the National Service Training Program under Republic Act No. 9163, as part of the [Civic Welfare Training Service] component required for all baccalaureate degree courses and vocational courses with a curriculum of [at least two (2) years]. **SECTION 5. Declaration of Environmental Awareness Month.** Pursuant to the policy set forth in this Act, the month of **[November]** of every year shall be known as the *[\"Environmental Awareness Month]*\" throughout the Philippines. **SECTION 6.Interagency and Multi-sectoral Effort** Key agencies, including ***[DepEd, CHED, TESDA, DENR, DOST]***, and others, will work together to lead environmental education and awareness efforts. The DENR will [ *provide updates and strategic advice on environmental issues, while these agencies will ensure that students receive this information*]*.* The DOST *[will focus on creating programs that offer students high-quality, science-based environmental information to support the development of eco-friendly solutions.]* **SECTION 7. Capacity-Building** The DepEd, CHED and TESDA, in coordination with the DENR and other relevant agencies, [shall undertake capacity-building programs nationwide such as trainings, seminars, workshops on environmental education, development and production of environmental education materials, and teacher-education courses and related livelihood programs.] ***TOPIC 6- PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1586 or the ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) SYSTEM*** **US NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT (1969)** \- [required all Federal agencies] "to include in every recommendation or report on legislative proposals & other major Federal Actions significantly affecting the quality of human environment" [an environmental impact statement (EIS). ] -the methodology used to prepare an EIS came to be [*known as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).* ]  **LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK** **PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1151** **The Philippine Environmental Policy (1977)** **-**aimed to protect the right of the people to a healthy environment through the requirement of an environmental impact assessments statements. **SALIENT POINTS** **Section 1. *POLICY*** \- It is hereby declared the policy of the State to attain and maintain a rational and orderly balance between socio-economic growth and environmental protection. **Section 2. *ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SYSTEM*** ***-*** There is hereby established an Environmental Impact Statement System founded and based on the environmental impact statement required, under section4 of presidential Decree No. 1151 **Section 3. *DETERMINATION OF LEAD AGENCY*** ***-***[The Minister of Human Settlements or his designated representative is hereby authorized to name the lead agencies referred to in Section 4 of Presidential Decree No. 1151] which shall have jurisdiction to undertake the preparation of the necessary environmental impact statement on declared environmentally critical projects and areas. **Section 4. *PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL AREAS AND PROJECTS*** ***-*** No person, partnership or corporation shall undertake or operate any such declared environmentally critical project or area without first securing an Environmental Compliance Certificate issued by the President or his duly authorized representative. **Section 5. *ENVIRONMENTALLY NON-CRITICAL PROJECTS*** ***-***All other projects, undertakings and areas [not declared by the president as environmentally critical shall be considered as non-critical and shall not be required to submit environmental impact statement.] **Section 6. *SECRETARIAT*** ***-***The National Environmental Protection Council is hereby authorized to constitute the necessary secretariat which will [administer the Environmental Impact Statement System and undertake the processing and evaluation of environmental impact statement]. **Section 7. *MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE*** ***-***The Ministry of Human Settlements is hereby authorized to provide management and financial support to government offices and instrumentalities placed under its supervision pursuant to this Decree financed from its existing appropriation or from budgetary augmentation as the Minister of Human Settlements may deem necessary. **Section 8. *RULES AND REGULATIONS*** ***-***The National Environmental Protection Council shall [issue the necessary rules and regulations to implement this decree]. For this purpose, the National Pollution Control Commission may be availed of as [ one of its implementing arms.] **Section 9. *PENALTY FOR VIOLATION*** -Any person, corporation or partnership found violating Section 4 of this Decree, or the terms and conditions in the issuance of the Environmental Compliance Certificate shall be punished by the suspension or cancellation of his/its certificate or and/or a fine in an amount not to exceed Fifty Thousand Pesos (P50,000.00) for every violation thereof, at the discretion of the National Environmental Protection Council. **Section 10. *ENVIRONMENTSL REVOLVING FUND*** -[Proceeds from the penalties] prescribed in the preceding Section 9 and other penalties imposed by the National Pollution Control Commission as authorized in P.D. 984, shall be automatically appropriated into an Environmental Revolving Fund hereby created as an exemption to P.D. 711 and P.D. 1234. The fund shall be used exclusively for the operation of the National Environmental Protection Council and the National Pollution Control Commission in the implementation of this Decree. **RELATED MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS:** **-Presidential Decree No. 984** [Providing for the revision of RA No. 3931, commonly known as the Pollution Control Law, and for other purposes.] -**Presidential Proclamation 2146** [Proclaiming certain areas and types of projects as environmentally critical and within the scope] of the Environmental Impact Statement System established under P.D No. 1586. **-Executive Order No. 192** Providing for the reorganization of the [Department of Environment, Energy and Natural Resources], **renaming** it as the *[Department of Environment and Natural Resources]*, and for other purposes. **ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT** **What is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)?** A *systematic process that examines the environmental consequences of an activity* to: *a.) bio-physical environment* and *b.) socio-economic environment* and designing appropriate environmental management measures to mitigate negative consequences & enhance the positive ones. **ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) CERTIFICATIONS** **- Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)** [Refers to the document issued by the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources, and Energy (MENRE), thru Environmental Management Services Director], that allows a proposed project planning, which is acquisition of approvals for other government agencies and LGU's. after which, the project can start implementation. -**Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC)** The equivalent of an ECC for projects that are not expected to have significant impact on the environment*.* These projects are [considered to be not covered by the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System]. **SCOPE AND PENALTIES FOR VIOLATION** **Classification of Violations to ECC Conditions** ***Minor Offense*** Administrative conditions violation which will not have direct significant impact, e.g.: \- non-submission or delay in submission of reports/requirement \- transfer of ownership without informing DENR-EMB **Environmental Compliance Monitoring** ***Penalty for Violations*** ***-***Not to exceed P50,000.00 for every violation -Violation of Section 4 of PD 1586 -Violation of Conditions of the ECC -Violation of standards, rules & regulations ***TOPIC 7- RA 9275 or the PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004*** **Overview** As early as 1996, monitoring of the country's rivers showed that only 51% of the classified rivers still met the standards for their most beneficial use. The [rest were already polluted from domestic, industrial, and agricultural sources.] A recent World Bank report pointed out that Metro Manila was second to the *lowest in sewer connections* among major cities in Asia and less than 7% compared to 20% for Katmandu, Nepal and 30% for Dhaka, Bangladesh. *Thirty-one percent (31%) of all illnesses in the country are attributed to polluted waters.* Clearly, to ensure access to clean water for all Filipinos, it was imperative that government put together a comprehensive strategy to protect water quality. **What is R.A. 9275?** RA 9275 or the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 [aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources.] It provides a comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders. **RA 9275 was signed by Pres. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 22, 2004, and it took effect on May 6, 2004.** **How will discharges of wastewater be controlled?** All owners or operators of facilities that discharge wastewater are required to get a permit to discharge from DENR or the Laguna Lake Development Authority. [Existing industries without any permit are given 12 months from the effectivity of the implementing rules and regulations promulgated pursuant to this act to secure a permit to discharge.] **How will domestic wastewater be addressed?** The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), in coordination with local government units will prepare a national program on sewage and septage management of this act. A priority list will likewise be prepared which will be the basis for the allotment of funds on an annual basis by the national government for the construction and rehabilitation of required facilities. On the other hand, [LGUs are to provide the land including road right of the way for the construction of sewage and/or septage treatment facilities and raise funds for the operations and maintenance of said facilities] **Sources of Water Pollution** Industrial waste Sewage and wastewater Mining activities Marine dumping Accidental oil leakage Burning of fossil fuels Chemical fertilizers and pesticides Leakage from sewer lines Global warming Radioactive waste Urban development Leakage from landfills Animal waste Underground storage leakage **Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)** The primary agency responsible for the implementation of the Clean Water Act. DENR formulate and apply standards for the transport and disposal of effluent, sewage and septage offsite. **Philippine Coast Guard** Philippine Coast Guard enforces water quality standards in marine water, specifically from the offshore sources. **Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)** DPWH provisions sewerage and sanitation facilities and the efficient safe collection, treatment and disposal of sewage. **Department of Agriculture (DA)** DA develop guidelines for reuse of wastewater for irrigation purposes or as soil conditioner or fertilizer. **Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)** BFAR prevents and controls water pollution for the development, management and conservation of the fisheries and aquatic resources. **Department of Health (DOH)** DOH promulgates, revises and enforces drinking water quality standards. **Department of Science and Technology (DOST)** DOST prepare programs for the evaluation verification, development and public dissemination of pollution prevention and cleaner production of technologies. **DepEd, CHED and PIA** These agencies are responsible for preparation and implementation of a comprehensive program pursuant to the objectives of Clean Water Act. **Some Prohibited Acts** a. [Discharging or depositing any water pollutant to the water body,] or such which will impede natural flow in the water body b. [Discharging, injecting or allowing to enter the soil, anything that would pollute groundwater] c. [Operating facilities that discharge regulated water pollutants without the valid required permits] d. [Disposal of potentially infectious medical waste into sea by vessels] e. [Unauthorized transport or dumping into waters of sewage sludge or solid waste] **Fines, damages and penalties** Upon the recommendation of the Philippine Accreditation Bureau (PAB), any person who commits any of the prohibited acts such as discharging untreated wastewater into any water body will be fined for every day of violation, the amount of not less than ten thousand pesos (P10,000) but not more than two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000). [Failure to undertake clean-up operations], willfully, shall be punished by imprisonment of not less than two (2) years and not more than four (4) years and a fine not less than fifty thousand pesos (P50,000) and not more than one hundred thousand pesos (P100,000) per day of violation. [Failure or refusal which results in serious injury or loss of life or lead to irreversible water contamination of surface, ground, coastal and marine water] shall be punished with imprisonment of not less than six (6) years and one day and not more than twelve (12) years, and a fine of five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000) per day for each day the omission or contamination continues. [In cases of gross violation], a fine of not less than five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000) but not more than three million pesos (P3,000,000) will be imposed for each day of violation. Criminal charges may also be filed. ***TOPIC 8- RA 8749 or the PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999*** **RA 8749** **-**This act shall be known as the *"Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999"* *- An act providing for a comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes* *-Approved on June 23, 1999* **Declaration of Principles** -The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. **-** The State shall promote and protect the global environment to attain sustainable development while recognizing the primary responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental problems. \- The State recognizes that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is primarily are-based. \- The State also recognizes the principle that "polluters must pay". \- The State recognizes that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and should, therefore, be the concern of all. **RECOGNITION OF RIGHTS OF CITIZENS** a.) The right to breath clean air; b.) The right to utilize and enjoy all natural resources according to the principles of sustainable development; c.) The right to participate in the formulation, planning, implementation and monitoring of environmental policies and programs and in the decision-making process; d.) The right to participate in the decision-making process concerning development policies, plans and programs project or activities that may have adverse impact on the environment and public health ; e.) The right to be informed of the nature and extent of the potential hazard of any activity, undertaking or project and to be served timely notice of any significant rise in the level of pollution and he accidental or deliberate release into the atmosphere of harmful or hazardous substances; f.) The right of access to public records which a citizen may need to exercise his or her rights effectively under this Act. g.) The right to bring action in court or quasi-judicial bodies to enjoin all activities in violation of environmental laws and regulations, to compel the rehabilitation and cleanup of penal sanctions against violators of environmental laws. h.) The right to bring action in court for compensation of personal damages resulting from the adverse environmental and public health impact of a project or activity. **The Clean Air Act provides that the state shall:** **-** Protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature; -Promote and protect the global environment while recognizing the primary responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental problems; \- Recognize that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is primarily area-based; -Recognize that "polluters must pay" -Recognizes that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and should therefore be the concern of all **.** **DESIGNATION OF AIRSHEDS** The secretary of the DENR, upon recommendation of the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), will divide the country into different airsheds. Airsheds are to be designed based on the climate, weather, meteorology and topology, which affect the mixture and diffusion of pollutants in the air, share common interests or face similar development problems. **FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNING BOARDS** a.) Formulate policies and standards subject to national laws. b.) Coordinate its members. c.) Prepare a common action plan. d.) Submit and publish an annual Air Quality Status Report for their airshed. **Covered by the Clean Air Act:** **-**All potential sources of air pollution (mobile, point and area sources) must comply with the provisions of the law. *[\~Mobile source]s*: cars, trucks, buses, jeepneys, tricycles, ,motorcycle, and vans [*\~Point sources*:] industrial firms and smoketracks of powerplants, hotels and other establishments. *[\~Area sources]:* smoking, burning of garbage, and dust from construction, unpaved grounds, etc. -All emissions must be within the air quality standards **COMPLIANCE MANDATES FOR MOBILE SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION** Exhaust emission standards for various mobile sources that are either in-use, new, rebuilt, and imported second hand have been set. All new motor vehicles classified under the Philippine National Standards 1891 of the Bureau of Product Standards of Department of Trade and Industry, whether [locally assembled/ manufactures or imported] are to be covered by a Certificate of Conformity (COC). The COC is to be issued by the DENR to the motor vehicle manufacturer, assembler or importer In-use motor vehicles will only be allowed renewal of their registration upon proof of compliance with emission standards through actual testing by the Motor Vehicle Inspection System (MVIS) of the DOTC/LTO, and authorized private emission testing centers. Rebuilt motor vehicles or imported second hand completely built-up or pre-regulated vehicles retrofitted with secondhand engines will only be allowed registration or renewal of registration upon submission of a valid Certificate of Compliance to Emission Standards (CCES) issued by the DOTC. The CCES will only be issued if the exhaust emission standard for that specific motor vehicle is met, as verified by actual testing through the Motor Vehicle Inspection System (MVIS). **FUELS** Clean fuels are needed to achieve clean air. The CAA thus provides for: 1\. The complete phase out of leaded gasoline before the end of the year 2000 2. 3\. The lowering of aromatics in unleaded gasoline from 45% maximum to 35% maximum; and the lowering of benzene in unleaded gasoline from 4% maximum to 2% maximum. 3. **VIOLATIONS:** A fine of not more than 100,000 for every day of violation shall be charged against the owner of a stationary source, until such time that standards have been met. For gross violation, the penalty is imprisonment of not less than six years but not more than 10 years upon the discretion of the court. At the same time, the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB) could close the firm through the issuance of a Cease and Desist Order. **GROSS VIOLATION OF THE LAW OR ITS RULES WHEN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING OCCURS:** Three or more specific offenses within a period of one year Three or more offenses within three consecutive years Blatant disregard of the orders of the PAB, such as, but not limited to the breaking of seals, padlocks and other similar devices, or operating despite the existence of an order for closure, discontinuance or cessation of operation. Irreparable or grave damage to the environment as a consequence of any violation or omission of the provisions of the Act or its IRR Smoking is banned beginning May 25, 2001, in any of the following locations: The local government units are mandated to implement this provisions of the law. Penalty to violation of this provision is six months and one day to one year imprisonment, or a fine of ten thousand pesos: **WHAT CAN YOU DO TO HELP CLEAN THE AIR?** ***Vehicle owners/motorists:*** *Maintain your vehicle by changing oil regularly (every 5,000 kilometers)* * Keep the engine well tuned following the owner\'s manual* * Keep tires properly inflated* * Plan trips and observe proper driving habits* * Remove unnecessary things from the trunk. Don\'t overload and travel only at speed required by traffic regulations and road conditions.* ***Commuters:*** *Try talking to the jeep/bus/tricycle driver about the high health risks of poor vehicle maintenance and improper driving practices.* * Patronize mass railway transit* ***Home:*** *Use low watt bulbs or energy saving lights* * Limit the use of air conditioning units and keep the temperature a few degrees higher* * Don\'t burn garbage* * Avoid using aerosols* * Properly dispose of refrigerant, refrigeration equipment and used coolant* ***Society:*** * Report smoke belchers to LTO, MMDA and/or appropriate local government units.* * Walk or ride your bike to places* * Work with residential association to stop burning of garbage* * Spread the word about the ban of smoking in public places.* * Plant trees* ***TOPIC 10- RA 6969 or the TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT OF 1990*** THE REPUBLIC ACT 6969 ===================== POLICY ====== SCOPE ===== OBJECTIVES ========== a.) To keep an inventory of chemicals that are presently being imported, manufactured, or used; indicating, among others, their existing and possible uses, test data, names of firms manufacturing or using them, and such other information as may be considered relevant to the protection of health and the environment; b.) To monitor and regulate the importation, manufacture, processing, handling, storage, transportation, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk or injury to health or to the environment in accordance with national policies and international commitments; c.) To inform and educate the population regarding the hazards and risks attendant to the manufacture, handling, storage, transportation, processing, distribution, use and disposal of toxic chemicals and other substances and mixtures; and d.) To prevent the entry, even in transit, as well as the keeping or storage and disposal of hazardous and nuclear wastes into the country for whatever purpose. The Role of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources =============================================================== The Inter-Agency Technical Advisory Council =========================================== PROHIBITION =========== a.) Knowingly use in chemical substance or mixture which is imported, manufactured, processed or distributed in violation of this Act or implementing rules and regulations or orders; b.) Failure or refusal to submit reports, notices or on the information, access to records as required by this Act, or permit inspection of establishment where chemicals are manufactured, processed, stored or otherwise held; c.) Failure or refusal to comply with the pre-manufacture and pre-importation requirements; and d.) Cause, aid or facilitate, directly or indirectly, in the storage, importation or bringing into Philippine territory, including its maritime economic zones, even in transit, either by means of land, air or sea transportation or otherwise keeping in storage any amount of hazardous and nuclear wastes in any part of the Philippines. PENALTIES ========= ADMINISTRATIVE FINES ==================== ***TOPIC 9- THE ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT of 2000*** **SOLID WASTE-** refers to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweeping, construction debris, agricultural waste and other non-hazardous and non-toxic solid waste. **CLASSIFICATION:** 1. 2. 3. 4. **ROLE OF THE STATE** **Republic Act No. 9003** declares that the State has the responsibility to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management (SWM) program. To summarize this policy, the State has the following tasks: **INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM OF IMPLEMENTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT(SWM)** Implementing Ecological Solid Waste Management in the country shall have the following chain of institutional mechanism: NATIONAL SWM COMISSION **ROLE OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY** Under RA 9003, commercial and industrial establishments shall been encouraged, through appropriate incentives other than tax incentives: *-to initiate, participate and invest in integrated ecological SWM projects;* *-to manufacture environment-friendly products;* *-to introduce, develop and adopt innovative processes; and* *-to undertake community activities to promote and propagate effective SWM practice* **THE NATIONAL SOLID WASTE COMMISSION** Herein referred to as the **Commission**, shall oversee *the implementation of solid waste management plans and among others, shall coordinate the operation of local solid waste management boards in the provincial and city/municipal levels and to provide technical and marketing assistance to LGU for materials that are diverted from disposal facilities through the re-use, recycling, and composting other environmental friendly method.* The Commission is attached under the Office of the President and is composed of fourteen members from the government sector and three members from the private sector. The government shall be represented by the heads of the following agencies in their [ *ex-officio* capacity:] **-GOVERNMENT SECTORS** 1\) DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES **(DENR)** 2\) DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT **(DILG)** 3\) DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY **(DOST**) 4\) DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAY **(DPWH)** 5\) DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH **(DOH)** 6\) DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY **(DTI)** 7\) DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE **(DA)** 8\) METRO MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY **(MMDA)** 9\) LEAGUE OF PROVINCES 10\) LEAGUE OF CITIES 11\) LEAGUE OF MUNICIPALITIES 12\) LIGA NG MGA BARANGAY 13. TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY **(TESDA)** 14. PHILIPPINE INFORMATION AGENCY **-PRIVATE SECTORS** 1\) A [representative from Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)] whose principal purpose is to promote recycling and the protection of air and water quality. 2\) A [representative from the recycling industry.] 3. **THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BOARD** To be established in every province, city or municipality which is chaired by the governor, city/municipality mayor. The province, city or municipality, through its local waste management boards, shall prepare its respective *10-year solid waste management plans for the re-use, recycling and composting of wastes* generated in their respective jurisdictions. **NATIONAL ECOLOGY CENTER (NEC)** The National Ecological Center, which is under the Commission, is headed by the Director of the DENR\'s Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), in his ex-officio capacity. Regional Ecological Centers (RECS) were also established headed by EMB Regional Directors, in their ex-officio capacity. The NEC *[maintains a multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary pool of experts]* including those from academe, inventors, youth women and other concerned sectors, who shall be screened according to qualifications set by the Commission. The Ecological Center provide technical expertise, information, training and networking services for the implementation of the provisions of the Act. Specifically, their tasks are to: *A. Facilitate training and education in integrated ecological solid waste management through the following:* *B. Establish and manage a comprehensive solid waste management information database and dissemination system in collaboration with the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) on the following areas:* C. *Promote the development of a recycling market through the establishment of national recycling network that will enhance the opportunity for recycling:* *D. Act as the hub for networking of LGUs, NGOs and industry on voluntary compliance of the pertinent provision of the Ecological Solid Waste Act;* *E. Provide or facilitate expert assistance in pilot modeling of solid waste management facilities including technologies and techniques for effective solid waste management;* *F. Develop, test and disseminate model waste minimization and reduction auditing procedures for evaluating options; and* G. **SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY OF RESPONSIBILITIES, PARTNERSHIP AND PREFERRED OPTION**  **SWM SYSTEM UNDER RA 9003 (SAN CARLOS CITY)** **MANDATORY REQUIREMENT FOR HOUSEHOLDS, BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENTS AND LGU's** **1. SEGREGATION AT SOURCE** **2.SEGREGATED COLLECTION** **3. ESTABLISHMENT MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITIES** **4. RECYCLING** In addition, the DTI shall formulate and implement a coding system for packaging materials and products to facilitate waste and recycling and re-use. Furthermore, the National Ecology Center shall assist LGUs in establishing and implementing deposit or reclamation programs in coordination with the manufacturers, recyclers and generators to provide separate collection system or convenient drop-off locations for recyclable materials and particularly for separated toxic components nents of the waste stream like dry cell batteries and tires. This is to ensure that they are not incinerated or disposed of in a landfill. Toxic materials present in the waste stream should be separated at source, collected separately and further screened and sent to appropriate hazardous waste treatment and disposal plants, consistent with the provisions of R.A. No. 6969 or the Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act. **5. ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PURPOSE ENVIRONMENT COOPERATIVES OR ASSOCIATION IN EVERY LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT** **6. ESTABLISHMENT OF MANDATORY SOLID WASTE DIVERSION** **7. CREATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FUND** **8. RESEARCH ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT** In carrying out solid waste researches and studies, the Secretary of the DENR or the authorized representative may make grants or enter into contracts with government agencies, non-government organizations and private persons. **9. CONDUCT ON PUBLIC EDUCATION AND INFORMATION** A. **10. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN THE FORMAL AND NON-FORMAL SECTOR** **PROHIBITED ACTS** 1\. Section 48 of RA 9003 prohibits the following: **2. Non-environmentally acceptable products** The Commission shall, after public notice and hearing, prepare a list of non-environmentally acceptable products as defined in this Act, which shall be prohibited according to a schedule that shall be prepared by the Commission, provided that the non- environmentally acceptable products shall not be prohibited unless the Commission first finds that there are alternatives available to consumers at no more than ten percent (10%) greater cost than the disposable product. Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary, this section shall not apply to: 1.) Packaging used at hospitals, nursing homes or other medical facilities; and 2.) Any packaging which is not environmentally acceptable, but for which there is no commercially available alternatives as determined by the Commission. The Commission shall annually review and update the list of prohibited non-environmentally acceptable products. **3. Prohibition on the Use of Non-Environmentally Acceptable Packaging** **CITIZEN SUITS** **Section 52 of RA 9003** states that any citizen may file an appropriate civil, criminal or administrative action against: No suit can be filed until after the 30-day notice has been given to the alleged violator. ***TOPIC 11-***