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Questions and Answers
What type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion in the human body?
What type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion in the human body?
Which type of muscle is characterized by involuntary control?
Which type of muscle is characterized by involuntary control?
Which of the following terms refers to the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body?
Which of the following terms refers to the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body?
Which statement about bone loss is true?
Which statement about bone loss is true?
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What is the primary function of intervertebral discs?
What is the primary function of intervertebral discs?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a ball and socket joint?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a ball and socket joint?
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Which condition results from decreased bone density and can lead to a shorter vertebral column?
Which condition results from decreased bone density and can lead to a shorter vertebral column?
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What is the role of the synovial membrane in joints?
What is the role of the synovial membrane in joints?
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Which motion is NOT associated with the ball and socket joint of the hip?
Which motion is NOT associated with the ball and socket joint of the hip?
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What is a key characteristic of hinge joints?
What is a key characteristic of hinge joints?
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Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with joint issues?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with joint issues?
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What does the acronym 'ROM' stand for in relation to joint evaluation?
What does the acronym 'ROM' stand for in relation to joint evaluation?
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In inspection of joint health, which sign indicates possible inflammation?
In inspection of joint health, which sign indicates possible inflammation?
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What is the primary function of menisci in the knee joint?
What is the primary function of menisci in the knee joint?
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What is the recommended approach when working with a patient's joint range of motion?
What is the recommended approach when working with a patient's joint range of motion?
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Which of the following is NOT a joint articulation mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a joint articulation mentioned?
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What joint movement is primarily associated with the radiocarpal joint?
What joint movement is primarily associated with the radiocarpal joint?
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Which structural feature contributes to the stability of the ball and socket joint of the hip?
Which structural feature contributes to the stability of the ball and socket joint of the hip?
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What is the primary role of the suprapatellar pouch in the knee joint?
What is the primary role of the suprapatellar pouch in the knee joint?
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Which of the following symptoms does NOT typically accompany arthritis?
Which of the following symptoms does NOT typically accompany arthritis?
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Which joint is primarily responsible for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements?
Which joint is primarily responsible for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements?
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When inspecting a patient's joints, what is a common indicator of inflammation?
When inspecting a patient's joints, what is a common indicator of inflammation?
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What precaution should be taken when assessing a patient's range of motion?
What precaution should be taken when assessing a patient's range of motion?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the largest joint in the body?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the largest joint in the body?
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What is a common symptom associated with joint pain without accompanying systemic symptoms?
What is a common symptom associated with joint pain without accompanying systemic symptoms?
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What observation should be noted while inspecting a patient's gait?
What observation should be noted while inspecting a patient's gait?
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What type of joint allows for gliding movements, such as side-to-side motion?
What type of joint allows for gliding movements, such as side-to-side motion?
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Which muscle type is responsible for the movement of internal organs and is not under voluntary control?
Which muscle type is responsible for the movement of internal organs and is not under voluntary control?
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Which condition involves the significant loss of bone mass and density, particularly in the vertebrae?
Which condition involves the significant loss of bone mass and density, particularly in the vertebrae?
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What is the primary function of intervertebral discs in the spine?
What is the primary function of intervertebral discs in the spine?
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What is a key characteristic of fibrous joints?
What is a key characteristic of fibrous joints?
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Which of the following movements decreases the angle between two body parts?
Which of the following movements decreases the angle between two body parts?
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What defines a synovial joint?
What defines a synovial joint?
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Which anatomical structure is primarily responsible for the voluntary control of muscle attached to the bones?
Which anatomical structure is primarily responsible for the voluntary control of muscle attached to the bones?
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Which of the following statements best describes the term 'kyphosis'?
Which of the following statements best describes the term 'kyphosis'?
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Which type of muscle contraction is primarily associated with the heart?
Which type of muscle contraction is primarily associated with the heart?
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Study Notes
Short Bones
- Carpal bones are short bones
Long Bones
- Femur is a long bone
Flat Bones
- Sternum is a flat bone
Irregular Bones
- Vertebrae are irregular bones
Muscles
- Make up 40-50% of body weight
- Muscle contractions cause movement
- Skeletal muscles are voluntary
- Smooth muscles are involuntary
- Cardiac muscle is also known as the myocardium
Movement
- Voluntary muscle contractions move joints
- Tendons attach muscles to bones
- Joint movement types:
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Circumduction
- Pronation
- Supination
- Inversion
- Eversion
- Rotation
- Protraction
- Retraction
- Elevation
- Depression
Joints/Articulation
- Joints are where two or more bones meet
- Nonsynovial joints are either fibrous or cartilaginous:
- Fibrous joints are immovable
- Cartilaginous joints are slightly movable
Synovial Joints
- Freely movable
- Bones covered by cartilage
- Bones are separated by the joint capsule
- Joint capsule encloses the synovial cavity
- Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid for lubrication during movement
- Examples:
- Shoulder
- Knee
Aging and Joints/Bones/Muscles
- General mobility and endurance decrease
- Bones resorb faster than they build, leading to decreased bone density (osteoporosis)
- Most pronounced in vertebrae and long bones
- Vertebral column shortens:
- Decreased bone density
- Intervertebral disc shortening
- Can lose up to 3 inches in height by age 90
- Kyphosis, or increased convexity, occurs in the thoracic spine
- Bony prominences become more apparent due to loss of subcutaneous fat.
TMJ
- TMJ is the articulation of the mandible and temporal bone
- It is located anterior to the tragus of the ear
- Allows for flexion/extension, gliding (protrusion and retraction) and gliding (side-to-side)
Vertebrae
- 33 connecting bones make up the vertebral column:
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 3-4 coccygeal
Intervertebral Discs
- Act as cushions for the spine
- Shock absorbers
- Help with movement
- Allow for flexion, lateral flexion, Extension, hyperextension, and rotation
Shoulder
- A ball and socket joint that allows for flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and external and internal rotation
- Articulates the humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
- Surrounded by four muscles and tendons collectively known as the rotator cuff
- Subacromial bursa is located here
Elbow
- Articulation of the humerus, radius, and ulna
- A hinge joint that allows for flexion, extension, pronation and supination
Wrist/Hand
- Wrist flexion, extension and side-to-side deviation occur at the radiocarpal joint
- Finger flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, and adduction are possible
Hip
- Articulation of the acetabulum and the head of the femur
- Ball and socket joint
- Very stable joint due to surrounding muscles, strong fibrous articular capsule, and the insertion of the femoral head into the acetabulum
- Allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external and internal rotation
Knee
- Articulation of the femur, tibia, and patella
- Largest joint in the body
- Hinge joint that allows for flexion and extension
- Contains a suprapatellar pouch, medial menisci, lateral menisci, ligaments, and bursae
Ankle/Foot
- Ankle articulation consists of the tibia, fibula, and talus
- Hinge joint that allows for flexion and extension (dorsiflexion and plantarflexion)
- Medial and lateral malleoli are located here
Common concerning symptoms
- Low back pain
- Neck pain
- TMJ pain
- Joint pain
- Without accompanying symptoms
- With fever, chills, rash, anorexia, weight loss, and weakness
- With accompanying symptoms of other body systems
Physical Exam
- History of trauma, injury, surgery
- Pain
- Compare bilaterally
- Deformity
- Redness
- Heat
Patient History Questions
- Nutrition
- Sunlight exposure
- Change in mobility
- Wellness behaviors
- Occupational hazards:
- Nursing
- Secretarial
- Warehouse work
- Construction
- Exercise
- Weight gain or loss
- Medications
Performing a Physical Exam
- Mimic joint movements to help patients understand what you are asking them to do
- Do not push joint range of motion past normal limitations
- Stop movement if the patient complains of pain
- Allow rest periods when necessary
- Inspection
- Starts as the patient walks towards you
- Gait
- Joint symmetry
- Alignment
- Bony deformities
Assessment
- Combine inspection, palpation, range of motion, and muscle strength for all joints
- TMJ
- Shoulders
- Elbows
- Wrists, hands, fingers
- Hips
- Knees
- Ankles, feet
- Spine
Palpation of Joints/Bones/Muscles
- Inspect and palpate the joint and surrounding tissues for the following:
- Skin changes
- Swelling
- Warmth
- Tenderness
- Redness
- Nodules
- Muscle atrophy
- Crepitus
- Inadequate range of motion
- Pain with range of motion
Factors that Increase Risk for Joint/Bone/Muscle Issues
- Arthritis
- Obesity
- Osteoporosis
Short Bones
- Carpal
Long Bones
- Femur
Flat Bones
- Sternum
Irregular Bones
- Vertebrae
Muscles
- 40 to 50% of your body weight
- Muscle contraction causes movement
- Voluntary control
- Attached to bones by tendons
Types of Muscle
- Skeletal: Voluntary
- Smooth: Involuntary
- Cardiac: Myocardium
Joint Movements
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Circumduction
- Pronation
- Supination
- Inversion
- Eversion
- Rotation
- Protraction
- Retraction
- Elevation
- Depression
Joints/Articulations
- Meeting of two or more bones
- Nonsynovial
- Fibrous: Immovable
- Cartilaginous: Slightly movable
Synovial Joint
- Freely movable
- Bones are covered in cartilage
- Bones are separated by a joint capsule and synovial cavity
- Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid that lubricates joint movement
- Examples: Shoulder and Knee
Aging and the Musculoskeletal System
- Overall decreased mobility and endurance
- Resorption process becomes unbalanced
- Bone loss becomes greater than new bone growth, therefore there is a decrease in bone density
- Most pronounced in the vertebrae and long bones
Changes in the Vertebral Column Due to Aging
- Vertebral column shortens
- Decreased bone density (osteoporosis)
- Intervertebral disc shortening
- Lose up to 3 inches by age 90
- Kyphosis: Increased convexity of the thoracic spine
- Bony prominences become more pronounced
- Loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue
Other Changes Due to Aging
- Loss of muscle mass
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
- Articulation of the mandible and the temporal bone
- Anterior to the tragus of the ear
- Movements include:
- Flexion/Extension
- Gliding: Protrusion and Retraction
- Gliding: Side-to-Side
Vertebrae
- 33 connecting bones
- 7 Cervical
- 12 Thoracic
- 5 Lumbar
- 5 Sacral
- 3-4 Coccygeal
Intervertebral Discs
- Act as a cushion for the spine
- Shock absorber
- Help with movement
- Movements include:
- Flexion and lateral flexion
- Extension
- Hyperextension
- Rotation
Shoulder Joint
- Ball and socket: Allows for flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, external and internal rotation
- Articulation of the humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
- Surrounded by four muscles and tendons known as the rotator cuff
- Subacromial bursa
Elbow Joint
- Articulation of the humerus, radius and ulna
- Hinge joint
- Movements include:
- Flexion
- Extension
- Pronation
- Supination
Wrist and Hand
- Wrist flexion, extension and side-to-side deviation at the radiocarpal joint
- Finger flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction
Hip Joint
- Articulation of the acetabulum and head of the femur
- Ball and socket joint
- Very stable due to:
- Muscles over the joint
- Strong fibrous articular capsule
- Head of femur deep in acetabulum
- Movements include:
- Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- External and Internal Rotation
Knee Joint
- Articulation of the femur, tibia and patella
- Largest Synovial joint
- Hinge joint
- Flexion and Extension
- Suprapatellar pouch
- Medial menisci
- Lateral menisci
- Ligaments
- Bursa
Ankle Joint
- Articulation of the tibia, fibula and talus
- Hinge joint
- Movements include:
- Flexion and Extension (Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion)
- Medial and Lateral Malleolus
Common Concerning Symptoms
- Low back pain
- Neck pain
- TMJ pain
- Joint Pain
- Without accompanying signs and symptoms
- With fever, chills, rash, anorexia, weight loss or weakness
- With accompanying signs or symptoms from other body systems
Musculoskeletal System Assessment
- History: History of trauma, injury, surgery
- Pain: Location, character, onset, duration, intensity and aggravating factors
- Compare bilaterally: Compare movements on both sides of the body
- Deformity: Any unusual or irregular shape of the joint
- Redness: Inflammation of the joint presenting as redness
- Heat: Increased temperature in the joint/muscle
Factors Affecting the Musculoskeletal System
- Nutrition
- Sunlight
- Change in Mobility
- Wellness Behaviors
- Occupational Hazards
- Nursing
- Secretarial
- Warehouse
- Construction
- Exercise
- Weight Gain or Loss
- Medications
Assessment Techniques
- Mimic movements for better understanding
- Do not over push joint ROM past normal
- Stop when the patient complains of pain
- Provide rest periods if necessary
Assessment Components
-
Inspection:
- Begins as the patient walks towards you
- Gait
- Joint Symmetry
- Alignment
- Bony Deformities
-
Palpation:
- Joint and surrounding tissues
- Look for:
- Skin changes
- Swelling
- Warmth
- Tenderness
- Redness
- Nodules
- Muscle atrophy
- Crepitus
- Inadequate ROM
- Pain with ROM
Key Conditions
-
Arthritis:
- Obesity is a risk factor
-
Osteoporosis:
- Decreased bone density
- Most pronounced in vertebrae and long bones
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Description
This quiz explores the different types of bones in the human body, including short, long, flat, and irregular bones. Additionally, it covers muscle types, their functions, and the mechanics of joint movements. Test your knowledge on the structural components and movement dynamics of human anatomy.
