Muscular System PDF

(A) A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flexion (e.g., pectoralis Muscular System major). (B) A muscle that crosses on the posterio...

(A) A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flexion (e.g., pectoralis Muscular System major). (B) A muscle that crosses on the posterior Interactions of Skeletal. side of a joint produces extension (e.g., triceps). Muscles in the Body (C) A muscle that crosses on the lateral side Muscle can only pull as they contract, of a joint produces adduction. not push. L A muscle that crosses on the median side of Prime Mover: Muscle with the major a joint produces adduction (e.g., teres major). responsibility for a certain movement, also called the "Agonist" (e.g., biceps). Blood (Hematological Antagonist: Muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover (e.g., triceps). System) Synergist: Muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement or reduces Blood-Forming Organs undesirable movement (e.g., brachialis). 1. Red bone marrow - RBC, 60-70% of Fixator: Specialized synergist that WBC holds a bone still or stabilizes the 2. Lymphatic organs: origin of a prime mover. ○ Thymus - T cells ○ Spleen - Graveyard of RBCs, Note: WBC (monomac) Prime mover/agonist - "Flex" Red pulp - Crushes Antagonist - "Extend" RBC Synergist - Supports prime mover, can White pulp - Destroys be a part. WBC 3. Reticuloendothelial cells ○ Liver - Clotting factors  ○ Spleen 1. Plasma (55%): 4. Other organs: ○ 91% water ("fluid") ○ Lymph nodes - Produce T ○ 7% protein (e.g., albumins, cells globulins, fibrin, fibrinogen) ○ Peyer's patch - Located on the ○ 2% others (hormones, waste, small & large intestine (↓ nutrients) affected by typhoid fever) ○ Straw-colored fluid 2. Formed Elements (45%): Blood Characteristics ○ Erythrocytes "RBC" - Normal value: 4-6 million/mm³ Viscous = increases heat production ○ Leukocytes "WBC" - Normal Blood = higher temperature value: 5,000-10,000/mm³ Functions of Blood ○ Thrombocytes "Platelets" - Normal value: 1. Distribution: 150,000-450,000/mm³ ○ Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones, and body heat. Physical Characteristics and 2. Regulation: Volume ○ Maintaining appropriate body temperature Sticky, opaque fluid ○ Maintaining normal pH in body Heavier and thicker than water tissues Color range: ○ Maintaining adequate fluid ○ Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet volume in the circulatory red system ○ Oxygen-poor blood is dull, 3. Protection: purple ○ Preventing blood loss Metallic, salty taste ○ Preventing infection Blood pH is slightly alkaline, between 7.35 & 7.45; temperature at 38°C or Components of Blood 100.4°F  Blood volume: About 5-6 L or about 6 would result in "Manas" or edema quarts of blood are found in healthy (Lack of Albumin = Edema). adults Fibrin/Fibrinogen Blood makes up 8% of body weight The clotting protein Plasma Proteins Globulins Most abundant solutes in plasma Most are made by the liver Alpha Globulin Include: Beta Globulin ○ Clotting proteins - Help to BOTH TRANSPORT stem blood loss when a blood HORMONES AND FATS vessel is injured (e.g., Gamma Globulin - Antibodies fibrinogen) (Immunoglobulin: IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD, ○ Antibodies - Help protect the IgM) body from pathogens ○ IgG - Most abundant, chronic inflammation, transplacental Albumins ○ IgA - Found on secretion, tears, saliva, sweat, milk Maintain osmotic/oncotic pressure ○ IgM - Most largest + first The fluid pulling force responder Blood Albumin (GVS/IVF) ○ IgE - Allergic reaction ○ IgD - Unknown The gap between the cell is the interstitial fluid (ESF/ISP) Plasma Maintain your fluid portion of blood vessel Blood composition, plasma, and cells exchange substances with the blood Note: Liver makes more proteins when Without the albumins, the blood would levels drop go directly to the interstitial fluid, then  Respiratory and urinary systems restore blood pH to normal when blood becomes too acidic or alkaline Plasma helps distribute body heat Blood Gas Analysis (ABG) pH (blood) PaCO2 - Carbon dioxide ○ If your lungs are damaged, your PaCO2 will increase HCO3- (kidney) ○ If kidney is damaged, it will decrease your HCO3