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Questions and Answers

What type of muscle action is produced by a muscle crossing on the anterior side of a joint?

Flexion (correct)

Extension

Rotation

Adduction

Which type of muscle opposes or reverses the action of a prime mover?

Fixator

Antagonist (correct)

Synergist

Agonist

Which function does a synergist muscle perform?

Produces the opposite movement

Aids a prime mover (correct)

Prevents movement at a joint

Is the main muscle responsible for a movement

What is the primary responsibility of a prime mover, also known as an agonist?

To perform a specific movement (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following roles does a fixator perform during muscle contraction?

Holds a bone still (C) Signup and view all the answers

What movement is produced by a muscle crossing on the posterior side of a joint?

Extension (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is an example of an antagonist?

Triceps (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle action results from a muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint?

Adduction (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood consists of formed elements?

45% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal value range for leukocytes in blood?

5,000-10,000/mm³ (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is responsible for preventing infection?

Leukocytes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate volume of blood in a healthy adult?

5-6 L (D) Signup and view all the answers

What color is oxygen-rich blood typically described as?

Scarlet red (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body produces T cells?

Lymph nodes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal blood pH range in a healthy individual?

7.35 - 7.45 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of a lack of albumin in the blood?

Edema (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of albumins in the blood?

Maintain osmotic/oncotic pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which plasma protein is known for its role as antibodies?

Gamma Globulin (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most abundant antibody found in the blood?

IgG (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to bicarbonate (HCO3) levels when the kidneys are damaged?

They decrease (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood helps to stem blood loss when a vessel is injured?

Fibrinogen (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluid pulling force in the blood primarily maintained by?

Albumins (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the respiratory and urinary systems in blood regulation?

They restore blood pH to normal (D) Signup and view all the answers

When blood levels of plasma proteins drop, which organ increases its production of these proteins?

Liver (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Muscle Interactions

Muscles can only pull, not push.
Prime movers (agonists) are responsible for a specific movement, flexing a joint in this case.
Antagonists oppose prime movers, extending joints in the example.
Synergists aid prime movers, supporting and optimizing movement.
Fixators stabilize a joint, ensuring the prime mover functions effectively.

Blood-Forming Organs

Red bone marrow produces red blood cells (RBCs) and 60-70% of white blood cells (WBCs).
Lymphatic organs include the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer’s patches.
The thymus is responsible for the production of T cells.
The spleen filters and removes old RBCs and stores WBCs, especially monocytes. Its red pulp breaks down RBCs, while the white pulp destroys WBCs.
Reticuloendothelial cells in the liver produce clotting factors while those in the spleen act as phagocytes.
Other organs aiding in blood formation include lymph nodes (producing T cells) and Peyer’s patches, located in the small and large intestines.

### Blood Characteristics

Blood is a viscous and opaque fluid, heavier than water.
Blood is slightly alkaline (pH 7.35-7.45) and has a temperature of 38°C (100.4°F).
The color of blood ranges from a scarlet red for oxygen-rich blood to a dull, purple for oxygen-poor blood.
Normal blood volume in an adult is 5-6 liters, representing 8% of body weight.

Components of Blood

Blood is composed of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements.
Plasma is a straw-colored fluid, mainly water (91%), proteins (7%), and other substances (2%).
Formed elements include erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets).
Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and preventing fluid leakage from blood vessels.
Globulins transport hormones and fats, with gamma globulins being antibodies responsible for immune responses.
Fibrinogen is a clotting protein that forms fibrin to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.
The liver is responsible for producing most plasma proteins, with production increasing when levels drop.

Functions of Blood

Blood distributes nutrients, wastes, hormones, and body heat.
It helps regulate body temperature, maintaining a healthy pH in body tissues, and ensuring adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system.
Blood protects the body by stopping blood loss (via clotting) and preventing infections (via antibodies).

### Blood Gas Analysis (ABG)

ABG measures the concentration of gases and pH in the blood.
It is useful for assessing respiratory and metabolic functions.
PaCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) reflects lung function. An increased PaCO2 suggests impaired lung function.
HCO3- (bicarbonate) reflects kidney function. A decreased HCO3- suggests impaired kidney function.

### Blood, Plasma, and Cells

Plasma delivers nutrients and other substances to cells, while cells release waste products into the plasma.
The liver plays a crucial role in regulating the balance of substances in the blood.
Plasma helps maintain a constant pH in blood by buffering acids and bases.
Plasma contributes to the distribution of body heat.
Lack of albumin can result in edema (swelling).