Untitled Quiz

Muscle Interactions

• Muscles can only pull, not push.
• Prime movers (agonists) are responsible for a specific movement, flexing a joint in this case.
• Antagonists oppose prime movers, extending joints in the example.
• Synergists aid prime movers, supporting and optimizing movement.
• Fixators stabilize a joint, ensuring the prime mover functions effectively.

Blood-Forming Organs

• Red bone marrow produces red blood cells (RBCs) and 60-70% of white blood cells (WBCs).
• Lymphatic organs include the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer’s patches.
• The thymus is responsible for the production of T cells.
• The spleen filters and removes old RBCs and stores WBCs, especially monocytes. Its red pulp breaks down RBCs, while the white pulp destroys WBCs.
• Reticuloendothelial cells in the liver produce clotting factors while those in the spleen act as phagocytes.
• Other organs aiding in blood formation include lymph nodes (producing T cells) and Peyer’s patches, located in the small and large intestines.

### Blood Characteristics

• Blood is a viscous and opaque fluid, heavier than water.
• Blood is slightly alkaline (pH 7.35-7.45) and has a temperature of 38°C (100.4°F).
• The color of blood ranges from a scarlet red for oxygen-rich blood to a dull, purple for oxygen-poor blood.
• Normal blood volume in an adult is 5-6 liters, representing 8% of body weight.

Components of Blood

• Blood is composed of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements.
• Plasma is a straw-colored fluid, mainly water (91%), proteins (7%), and other substances (2%).
• Formed elements include erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets).
• Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and preventing fluid leakage from blood vessels.
• Globulins transport hormones and fats, with gamma globulins being antibodies responsible for immune responses.
• Fibrinogen is a clotting protein that forms fibrin to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.
• The liver is responsible for producing most plasma proteins, with production increasing when levels drop.

Functions of Blood

• Blood distributes nutrients, wastes, hormones, and body heat.
• It helps regulate body temperature, maintaining a healthy pH in body tissues, and ensuring adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system.
• Blood protects the body by stopping blood loss (via clotting) and preventing infections (via antibodies).

### Blood Gas Analysis (ABG)

• ABG measures the concentration of gases and pH in the blood.
• It is useful for assessing respiratory and metabolic functions.
• PaCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) reflects lung function. An increased PaCO2 suggests impaired lung function.
• HCO3- (bicarbonate) reflects kidney function. A decreased HCO3- suggests impaired kidney function.

### Blood, Plasma, and Cells

• Plasma delivers nutrients and other substances to cells, while cells release waste products into the plasma.
• The liver plays a crucial role in regulating the balance of substances in the blood.
• Plasma helps maintain a constant pH in blood by buffering acids and bases.
• Plasma contributes to the distribution of body heat.
• Lack of albumin can result in edema (swelling).