Mungbean.docx

Mungbean ======== - Botanical name: *Vigna radiata* - Family: Fabaceae - Chromosome number: 2n=2x=22 - Synonym: Moong - In north India, its mainly grown as Kharif crop, but in south India, it is grown all around the year. Economic Importance =================== - Excellent sou...

Mungbean ======== - Botanical name: *Vigna radiata* - Family: Fabaceae - Chromosome number: 2n=2x=22 - Synonym: Moong - In north India, its mainly grown as Kharif crop, but in south India, it is grown all around the year. Economic Importance =================== - Excellent source of high-quality protein (25%). - Valuable feed for livestock. - Sprouted seeds are very good source of Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), Riboflavin (Vitamin B~2~), and Thiamine (Vitamin B~1~). - Fixes 30-40 kg N/ha. - Green manure crop. - Short duration & photo insensitive varieties. - Ideal for Rice-wheat rotation (which remain vacant for 60-70 days). - After the harvest of potato, mustard, and sugarcane in the last week of March, the 90-110 days period could be cultivated by summer green gram. Nutritive value =============== - Protein is rich in Lysin, but poor in S containing amino acids (Methionine and Cysteine). - Rich in calcium, iron, potassium and vitamins (thiamine & niacin). - High digestibility (79%) and least producer of flatulence (The accumulation of gas in the alimentary canal). - Toxic substances such as tannin & trypsin inhibitors are minimal. Constituent Content Constituent Content -------------------- --------- ------------------- --------- Total carbohydrate 62.60% Ash 3.32% Crude protein 23.86% Lysin (mg/g) 436 Fat 1.15% Methionine (mg/g) 75 Crude fibre 5.27% Cysteine (mg/g) 55 Origin ====== According to Vavilov (1926) India and Central Asia.\ Closest related species ***Vigna radiata* var. *sublobata*** found in a wild state in India and Indonesia. It's believed to be the **progenitor of green gram.** Distribution ============ - Major countries are India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia. - **Rajasthan has the largest area and production**, but Andhra Pradesh has the highest productivity. States of India Area (lakh ha) Production (Million tonnes) Productivity (kg/ha) ----------------- ----------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------- Rajasthan 8.93 4.60 515 Maharashtra 3.15 0.84 266 Andhra Pradesh 1.71 1.41 824 Karnataka 2.63 0.53 202 Odisha 2.95 1.05 355 Bihar 1.67 1.00 596 Total 3.02 million ha 1.50 Mt 474 Botanical Description ===================== - Small herbaceous annual with a twining habit (grows by climbing, twisting, or coiling around nearby structures or other plants for support). - Plant grows up to 45-60 cm height but depends upon the variety raised. - Stems are ridged and succulent having 6-9 branches. - Central stem is more or less erect, while side branches are semi- erect. - Leaves are trifoliate, ovate, entire \[The leaf margins (edges) are smooth, without any serrations\] and arranged in alternate and opposite position on the stem. - Both the stems and leaves are covered with short hair, generally shorter than those of black gram. - Flowers are in axillary raceme in clusters of 10-20 in number. - Self-pollinated and develop into 6-10 cm long hairy pods, which are round, slender and used to bear about 7-11 seeds. - Seeds are small and nearly globular. - Colour of seed is usually green, but yellow brown or purple brown seeds also occur. - The hilum (scar or mark on a seed where it was attached to the plant\'s pod) is white, more or less flat. - Germination of green gram is epigeal. Classification ============== Characters Greengram Golden gram ----------------- -------------- ----------------------------------------- Seed colour Bright green Yellow, shining Seed production Prolific Shy producer Shattering Very low High Uses As dal As hay, silage, pasture, and cover crop Soils ===== - Can be raised on a wide array of soils ranging from red laterite, black cotton and sandy soils. - In general, a **well-drained loamy to sandy loams** are ideal. - Acidic and saline soils are not suitable. - Performs best in soils with **6.5-7.5 pH**. Land preparation ================ - Requires **fine seedbed** preparation. - Involves **2-3 cross ploughings or harrowing** followed by **planking.** - **Land levelling** is must for **quick drainage**. - For spring and summer mung bean, a pre-sowing irrigation is needed. - In kharif rice fallows, it is raised without tillage (utera system). Climatic requirements ===================== - Green gram is cultivated all the year round in peninsular India. - In non-kharif seasons, irrigation is necessary. - Annual rainfall of **500-750 mm**. - Can be grown to an altitude of **2,000-meter mean sea level.** - Waterlogging is very harmful, that's why land levelling or planking should be done. - Temperature beyond 40°C is harmful to the crop, while **30-35°C is the optimum.** - It is a short-day plant requiring **12-13 hours** of photoperiod for flowering. - Photoperiod above this delays reproductive phase. Seed rate and Spacing ===================== Kharif ------ - Spacing: **30-45cm** (R)× **5.0-7.5cm** (P) - Seed rate: **15-20** kg/ha. Rabi ---- - Spacing: **25cm** (R)×**5.0cm** (P) - Seed rate: **25-30** kg/ha. Seed treatment ============== Rhizobium, Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) and fungicides treatments with 3g Captan/ thiram, 2g Bavistin per kg of seeds etc. to control diseases. Inoculation: In the summer. Sucking pest control: Seed treatment with Imidacloprid 70 WS \@7g/kg seed. Time of Sowing ============== Kharif: ------- **June to July, but 20 July to 10 August**. Both early and late planting has adverse effects. Early sown crops suffer due to rains at maturity whereas late sown crops suffered due to poor growth and disease infestation (Rhizoctonia, Anthracnose, Cercospora leaf spot etc. and in insects *Spodoptera* spp.). Sowing after 10^th^ August reduces yield and extend the growing period. Rabi: ----- October-December (Central, southern, and eastern parts of the country) Spring/Summer: -------------- - March to April - Short duration variety maturing in 60-65 days - Adequate irrigation (4-5 irrigations are needed) - Adequate seed rate should be applied (25-30 kg/ha) - Seed inoculation (Summer soils can be less conducive to natural Rhizobium populations due to higher temperatures, lower moisture, and other environmental factors. Inoculation ensures an adequate supply of effective Rhizobium strains.) - Management against sucking pests: Sucking pest problems are more in Summer/Spring. Varieties ========= - Type I is the first variety developed through selection from Muzaffarpur (Bihar) in 1948. - Type 44 is the first variety of green gram developed through hybridization (Type 1 x Type 49) in Uttar Pradesh, in 1962. - Interspecific hybridization of green gram and black gram was attempted in 1990\'s to develop early maturing, disease resistant varieties. - Three such varieties were released in India that include Pang Mung 4 (Type 44 x UPU 2), HUM 1 (PHUM 1 x Pant U 30) and IPM 99-125 (Pant mung 2 x AMP 36). - Through mutation breeding, over a dozen greengram varieties have been developed. \'**Dhauli**\' is the **first mutant** variety of greengram released in **1979** from **Orissa Agricultural University and Technology.** Cropping System =============== +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | North and North-Western Regions\ | - Rice-wheat- green gram | | (Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar | | | Pradesh, Rajasthan, Himachal | - Pearl millet-wheat- green | | Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir) | gram | | | | | | - Maize-wheat- green gram | | | | | | - Maize-potato- green gram | +===================================+===================================+ | Eastern Region\ | - Maize-wheat- green gram | | (Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, | | | West Bengal, Orissa and Assam.) | - Rice-potato- green gram | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Central Zone\ | - Pearl millet-wheat- green | | (Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and | gram | | Maharashtra) | | | | - Sorghum-wheat- green gram | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Southern Region\ | - Rice-rice- green gram | | (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, | | | Karnataka and Kerala) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Mixed Cropping/ Intercropping ============================= Considered as a good inter or mixed crop for the Kharif Sugarcane, cotton, Pearl millet, sorghum, millets. Fertilizer Management ===================== - Starter dose of 10-20kg N/ha, 40-50 kg P~2~O~5~/ha, 30 kg K₂O/ha - 20kg S ha-¹ (gypsum, pyrite, SSP). - Foliar application of Urea: foliar spray in the form of 2% urea or DAP. - Micronutrients: - Application of Zn, Bo, Mo, and Fe under deficit conditions. Water Management ================ - **Branching and pod development** are the critical stages for irrigation. - Rainy season does not require irrigation. - Rabi and summer mung may be grown with adequate irrigation facilities. Weed management =============== - Mung bean being a dwarf statured crop suffers to great extent. - The problem of weeds is more severe in kharif as compared to rabi and summer. - One hand weeding after 20-25 days of sowing followed by another after about 20 days may be sufficient. - Weed can also be controlled with the use of herbicides i.e. 1. pre-emergence application of 2-4 kg. aid. TOK-E-25 2. Fluchloralin or pendimethalin both at 1.0 kg/ha 3. Fluchloralin at 1.0 Kg + one hand weeding 4. Pendimethalin at 1.0 Kg/ha + one hand weeding 5. Pursuit at 1.0 Kg/ha Harvesting and threshing ======================== - Crop should be harvested at physiological maturity. - Uniform shedding of leaves, brown colour of pods with hard seed inside indicates its maturity. - Crop has **non-synchronous maturity**. - Pods after drying are threshed and seeds are separated by winnowing. Yield ===== - 12-15 q/ha (Kharif) - 8-10 q/ha. (Summer/Rabi) Diseases ======== Yellow Mosaic Disease --------------------- ### Symptoms: - Disease is caused by the Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) - Transmitted by the **whitefly (*Bemisia tabaci*).** - Leaves show yellow mosaic spots initially, which eventually leads to complete yellowing. - Flowering and pods development is affected in the infected plants. - Early infection often leads to death of plants. ### Control Measures: - Diseased plants should be rogued. - To prevent whitefly (*Bemisia* spp.) infestation spray with triazophos 40 EC @ 2.0 ml/l or malathion 50 EC @ 2.0 ml/l or oxydemeton methyl 25 EC @ 2.0 ml/l at 10-15 days intervals. - Grow tolerant/resistant varieties like Narendra Mung1, Pant Mung 3, PDM 139 (Samrat), PDM 11, MUM 2, ML 337, IPM 02-14, ΜΗ 421, SML 832 etc. Leaf Curl --------- ### Symptoms: - Symptoms are visible 3 to 4 weeks of sowing. - **Enlargement** of leaves followed by their **crinkling.** - Later the leaves become **thicker and leathery**. - Affected plants, **do not die till the harvest**. ### Control Measures: - The virus is seed-borne, occurs through infected seeds. - **White fly (*Bemisia tabaci*)** helps in the secondary spread. - Treat the seeds with imidacloprid 70 WS@ 5ml/kg (for protection against the white fly as well as other sucking pests). - Foliar spray of (dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.7ml/ha). - Rogue out the infected plants and Field sanitation. - Use resistant varieties like D-3-9, K 12, ML 26, RI 59, T-44. Anthracnose (fungus *Colletotrichum* spp.) ------------------------------------------ ### Symptoms: - leaves and pods are more vulnerable. - Characteristic symptoms of this disease are **circular brown sunken spots with dark centres and bright red orange margins** on leaves and pods. - Infection just after germination causes seedling blight. ### Control Measures: - Seed-borne infection. - Hot water seed treatment at 58 °C for 15 minutes. - Seed treatment with carbendazim 50 WP @ 2g/kg of seed. - Spray the crop with carbendazim \@2g/ litre of water. Cercospora leaf spot -------------------- ### Symptoms: - Important fungal disease of Mungbean - Leaf spots are circular and irregular in shape with brown to greyish-white centres and reddish-brown to dark brown margins. - Such spots are also visible, or pods are the affected pods become blackened. ### Control Measures: - Field sanitation, crop rotation, destruction of infected crop debris - Resistant varieties as per recommendation - Treat the seeds with thiram or Captan \@2.5g/kg of seed - Spray with carbendazim 50 WP \@1.0 g/litre or, mancozeb 75 WP @ 2.0 g/litre or, hexaconazole (contaf 5% EC) @ 1 ml/ litre of water. INSECT-PEST Management ====================== White fly --------- ### Nature of damage: - The infested plants show downward cupping of the leaves - Insect secretes honey dew on leaves results blackening of leaves, drastically reducing photosynthetic rate and drying of leaves. - Whitefly is a vector of yellow mosaic virus (MYMV). ### Control Measures: - Treat the seeds with imidacloprid 70 WS@ 5ml/kg of seed - Foliar spray of Triazophos 40 EC @ 2.0 ml/1 - Grow cotton as a trap crop one-month earlier - Grow maize, sorghum or pearl millet as a barrier crop - Install Sticky trap - Opt. resistant varieties Aphids ------ ### Damage: - Nymphs and adults are seen in large numbers on young plants leaflets, stem and pods - Young leaves of seedlings become twisted Excretion of honey dew attracts Sooty Mold - The adults are black and shiny, up to 2 mm long and some are winged - Nymphs are covered with waxy coating that makes them grey and dull. ### Control Measures: - Spray 2% neem oil - Spray Dimethoate 30 EC (1.7 ml/lit.) or Imidacloprid 17.8 SL \@0.2 ml/litre of water - Conserve coccinellid beetles, their grubs and *Chrysoperla*. Bean Thrips ----------- ### Nature of damage: - Thrips nymphs and adults feed on stigma inside the flower, flower sheds before opening and there is elongation of terminal shoot. - Plants attain a bushy growth, and the crop looks dark-green in colour, bearing few pods with shrivelled grains. ### Control Measures: - Treat the seeds with imidacloprid 70 WS@ 5ml/kg - Spray of Thiamethoxam 25 WG 0.2 g/litre of water - Spray of Triazophos 40 EC @ 2.0 ml// Ethion 50 EC @ 2 ml/litre of water. - Opt. for resistant varieties Stem Fly (*Ophiomyia phaseoli*) ------------------------------- ### Nature of Damage: - Stem fly maggots mine the leaves or bore into the leaf petiole or tender stem - Drooping of the first two leaves and yellowing of plants. It can cause 5-20% damage in Mungbean. ### Control Measures: - Follow clean cultivation, crop rotation, growing trap crop, destroying alternative hosts like Solanum nigrum - Opt. for resistant varieties - Seed soaking either in imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 5.0 ml/kg seed in 100 ml water for one hour or thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 5.0 g/kg seed in 100 ml water - Spray Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.2ml/l or thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.3g/lit at 15 days after sowing. Tobacco Caterpillar (*Spodoptera litura*) ----------------------------------------- ### Damage: - Newly hatched tobacco caterpillar feed gregariously on the leaf surface for about 2-3 days and leave behind the whitish membranous leaf only. - The larvae make irregular holes on the leaf surface and in severe infestation, they skeletonized the leaves ### Control Measures: - Collection and destruction of egg masses and newly hatched larvae along with skeletonised leaves can reduce infestation - Spray of microbial pesticides like NPV \[500 LE/ha or *Bacillus thuringienesis* at early larval instars - Spray Novaluron 10 EC @ 0.75 ml/lit - Spray extract of custard apple as feeding deterrent against the pest Bihar Hairy Caterpillar ----------------------- ### Nature of damage: - Female moths lay eggs on plants in a field - Young caterpillars eat away all the green matter of the leaves and it can be easily recognized by perforated, dusty white coloured leaves in the field. - Grown-up caterpillars feed voraciously on leaves, soft stems and branches. - The insect totally denudes the crop within few days resulting in total failure of the crop. ### Control Measures: - Uproot the damaged plants along with the young larvae - Spray Quinalphos 25 EC @ 2.5 ml or Dichlorvos 10 EC @ 1.0 ml or Fenvalerate 20 EC @ 1.87 ml/ litre of water Spotted Pod Borer (*Maruca testulalis*) --------------------------------------- ### Nature of Damage: - The larva webs the leaves, inflorescence and feed inside the flowers, flower buds and pods Eggs are laid on or in the flowers (inserted between the petals). - Young larvae feed inside the flowers before moving to developing pods when mid-sized ### Control Measures: - Spray Bacillus thuringiensis 5 WG @ 1.0 g/litre of water - Spray of Profenofos 50 EC @ 2.0 ml/litre of water or spinosad 45 SC@ 0.2 ml/litre of water Tur Pod Bug (*Claivigralla gibbosa*) ------------------------------------ ### Nature of Damage: - Pod adults and nymphs damage leaves, flower Claivgrella gibbosa - buds, stem and pods by sucking cell sap. Major damage is done to the green pods before the maturity of the crop - The attacked pods show pale yellow patches. - The grains in the pods become shrivelled and small in size resulting in considerable yield losses. ### Control Measure: - Physical shaking of the infested plants over the vessels of oil and water or oily cloth help reduce the population - Spray Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 1.0 ml/litre water during flowering and at pod formation stage