Mughals PDF

# Mughals ## Babur (1526 - 1530) - He was a founder of the Mughal Empire. - He was related to Timur from his father's side and Chengiz Khan from his mother. ### Conquests - At the eve of Babur, India had 5 Muslim and 2 Hindu Rulers. - 17 Sultans of Delhi, Gujrat, Malwa, Bengal and Deccan. - 27...

# Mughals ## Babur (1526 - 1530) - He was a founder of the Mughal Empire. - He was related to Timur from his father's side and Chengiz Khan from his mother. ### Conquests - At the eve of Babur, India had 5 Muslim and 2 Hindu Rulers. - 17 Sultans of Delhi, Gujrat, Malwa, Bengal and Deccan. - 27 Rana Sangha of Mewar - 3) Vijaynagar Empire. - Occupied Punjab by defeating Daulat Khan Lodi - Then Ibrahim Lodi in the 1st Battle of Panipat on April 21, 1526 and captured Delhi and Agra. - Defeated Rana Sangha in 1527. - Captured Bihar in the Battle of Gogra from Muhammad Lodi in 1529 - Ranthambore fell in 1529. - These victories consolidated his power in India. - Born in 1483, Babur died in 1530. - Buried in Kabul. ## Humayun (1530 - 56) - Eldest and only surviving son. Took the throne in 1530. - Between 1530-1540 he fought multiple times against Sher Shah Suri. - Battle of Kannauj 1540 he lost and became exile for 15 years, gathering support and army. - 1545 Sher Shah died and was succeeded by a weaker ruler. - 1555-1556 in the Battle of Saxhind he defeated and occupied Delhi and Agra. - He defeated Sکندر سوری (Skandar Suri). - He was not a religious fanatic and was more busy in geography and Muslim theology. - He was brave and persistent soldier but not a good general. - He was kind and generous. - Loved painting and poetry. - In 1556 he died from falling from a staircase of his library due to opium addiction. - He was one of the most unlucky rulers among all Muslim rulers. ## Akbar (1556 - 1605) - Bairam Khan coronated Akbar on 14th February 1556 at Gurdaspur. - Hemu prime minister of Afghan Mohammad Shah Adil of Bengal captured Delhi and Agra after the death of Humayun. - In the Battle of Panipat 1556, Hemu on the verge of victory, an arrow pierced his eyes, his army fled and Akbar won luckily. - Akbar then conquered northern India and captured Deccan by August 1600. ### Rajput Policy - Akbar married Rajput princess. - Rajput served Mughal for 4 generations. - Akbar offered them higher post in administration. - Rajput were treated equally, free from religious fanaticism. - He didn't not engage in policy of destroying temples and images. - He was religiously tolerant, he abolished Jaziya and gave lands for building temples. - This cooperation gave security and permanance to Mughal rule, but also brought unprecedented economic prosperity and cultural renaissance. - He created Hindu - Muslim cultural synthesis which is a priceless legacy of the Mughal rule. - New concept "Din-i-Ilahi" or Devine faith. It believes in one God which contained all the good points of all religion. - He formally established *mansabdari system*. - Standardised measurement of land. - 30th October 1605 Akbar died from an attack of dysentery. ## Jahangir (1605 - 1627) - Salim was born in 1569 AD to Rajput wife Jodha Bai. - Akbar made him great warrior and expert in all languages and subject - Salim was addicted to women and wine. - His son Khusrau revolted later defeated & imprisoned & some of his supporter beheaded. - Guru Arjan 5th Guru maintained good relation with East India Compamy (English) (Portuguese). - English established factories in Surat, Bombay, Calcutta, Agra and Ahmedabad. - Nur Jahan his favourite wife was a ambitious and power hungry woman. - She was the richest woman in world at that time. ## Shah Jahan (1627 - 1658) - Born 1592 from Rajput princes Jagat Gosain of Raja Udai Singh of Marwar. - Khuram was a Mansabdar of 18000 zat and 5000 swar, which was granted by Jahangir on his successful campaign of Deccan and Rana Amar Singh of Mewar. - After death of Jahangir war of succession in which he executed his two brother Shehryar & his two sons and prince Khussen & two sons of Jahangir's brother. - Shah Jahan killed almost 36 claimants to throne. - He married Mumtaz Mahal with whom he had 8 sons and 6 daughters between 1613 and 1631, whom he had 8 sons and 6 daughters between 1613 and 1631. - She died during child birth in 1631. Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal. - Shah Jahan was a womanizer. - He had 15 wives and 8000 women slaves in his harem. - Every Subedar & Nobles used to hide their wives and daughters so that Shah Jahan could not see them. - He annexed South / Deccan which was under the control of Shia ruler, with help of his son Aurangzeb. - His expenditure from Mughal treasury on his luxuries depleted the wealth. - Aurangzeb imprisoned in Agra, red fort where he was nursed by his elder daughter Jahanara. - He died in 1666 as 80 year old man and buried in Taj Mahal. ## Aurangzeb (1659 - 1707) - Born on 3rd November 1618. - He was well skilled in military tactics and mapping. - He was religious and had no interest in poetry, painting, and music. - He lived a industrious, disciplined and simple life and was not a womanizer like his forefathers. - He wore simple dresses and ate simple food. - His extremist religious policy against Shia muter and Hindu suller made them political enemies of Mughals. - He reinstated Jaziya and stop the new construction of temples and repairs of old temples. - Banned Hindu festivals, destroyed temples like Kashi Vishwanath of Banaras, Mathura and Somnath & temple alone destroyed in Mewan. - He also destroyed the mosques of Shia's - In 1665, he ordered that Muslims were pay half custom duties than Hindus and Hindu rent collector should replaced with Hindus as well as governors of provinces. - He spent last 25 years, he spent in Deccan trying to conquer Marathes Bijapur and Golconda. - Aurangzeb succeeded not because he was tolerant and more but he was efficient and military skilled in political and military tactics of the state. - At the end clever ruler become as ascetic Saint spending long hours in prayers, fasting and copying Quran. - He never lost his control of power until death, he died on 3rd March 1707 near Ahmedabad and buried in Aurangabad in open air grave. - He said not spend money in funeral and gave all his money to charity. ## Later Weaker Mughal Rulers - Bahadur Shah I - Jahandar Shaw - Muhammad Shah - Ahmad Shah - Alamgir II - Shah Alam II - Akbar II - Bahadur Shah II - (1837-57) - Pensioner of Britishers. ## Images - A painting of Babur in Kabul. - A picture of the Humayun Tomb. - A painting of Jahangir. - A picture of the Jahangir Tomb, Lahore. - A picture of the Anarkali Tomb, Lahore. - A picture of the Nur Jahan Tomb, Lahore. - A painting of a Shah Jahan, with his son. - A picture of the Akbar Tomb in Agra. - A map of the Mughal Empire from 1526-1707. ## Diagrams - A diagram of the religious assembly *Ibadat Khana*, in Fatehpur Sikri.