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‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎءﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎءﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪:‬‬ ‫‪"-1...

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎءﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎءﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪:‬‬ ‫‪"-1‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ" ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻟﻮﺑﺮﺕ ﺳﺘﺮﺍﻳﺮ )ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻲ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪"-2‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ" ﺑﻘﻠﻢ‬ ‫‪(.‬ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ) ‪TMDevlin‬‬ ‫‪"-3‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﻨﻜﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ" ﺑﻘﻠﻢ‬ ‫‪(.‬ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ) ‪DRFerrier‬ﻭ ‪PCChampe، R، A.Harvey‬‬ ‫‪DK Granner،‬ﻭ ‪ RKMurray‬ﺑﻘﻠﻢ "‪4- "Harper's Biochemistry‬‬ ‫‪(.‬ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ) ‪VW Rodwell‬ﻭ ‪PAMayes‬‬ ‫‪"-5‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ" ﺑﻘﻠﻢ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺭ‪.‬ﻫﺎﺭ‬ ‫)ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬  ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎء ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺉﻲ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﺳﺮﻳﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩﻱ‪ :‬ﻳﺒﺚ ﺭﺳﺎﺉﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺉﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻛﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﻲ‪،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ‪ -‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺜﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎء ﻫﻮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺫﻳﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻌﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎء"ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮ"‪.‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺯﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺟﺰءﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎء‬ ‫‪2‬‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‪:‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﻢﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ "ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ" ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡ‪:‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ‪،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻸﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪،1-‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞﺣﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪-1‬ﻓﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻥﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﻤﻨﺤﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻞﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻈﻞ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎً ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺪﻣﺮ‪.‬ﺇﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ "ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ" ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕﻛﺄﺩﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﺳﺎﻧﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬  ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔﺍﻹﻧﺪﻭﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺟﻮﻟﺠﻲ ﻭﺗﻌﺒﺉﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﻳﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ "‬ ‫ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ" ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰﻫﺎ‪.‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎً ﻭﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ‪:‬ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﻔﺮﺯﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻭﺭﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءﺍﺕ؛ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪ 1-‬ﺑﺄﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺔﺑﻀﻊ ﺩﻗﺎﺉﻖ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﺯﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺗﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ﻳﺆﺛﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻻﻛﺘﻴﻦ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥﻗﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻈﺮ )‪ ،(ACTH‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﺯﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯﻭﺑﺮﻳﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ)ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺫﻳﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ )‪ (ANP‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﺫﻳﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ)‪.((ANF‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎﺱ)ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻦ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻴﺴﻴﺴﺘﻮﻛﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ)‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻭﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ "ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ" ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻗﻞ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪.‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺛﺎﻥ ٍﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺮﻭﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻴﺮﻭﺯﻳﻦ "ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫" ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ﻟـ ‪ 3‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 4‬ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﻮﺩ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﻴﻜﻮﻻﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞﺍﻷﺩﺭﻳﻨﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﺇﺑﻴﻨﻔﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﻤﻀﻴﻦ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺘﻮﻓﺎﻥﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺮﻭﺗﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺗﻮﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺾﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺗﺎﻣﻴﻚﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﺍﺕﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻫﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍً‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪.‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺘﻮﺳﺘﻴﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﺍﺕﺍﻟﻜﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭﺗﻴﺰﻭﻝ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺮﻳﺠﻨﻴﻨﻮﻟﻮﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻗﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺠﻨﻴﻨﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧﺪﺭﻳﺎ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺫﻫﺎﺑﺎً ﻭﺇﻳﺎﺑﺎً ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧﺪﺭﻳﺎﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻭﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ‪.‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎً ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ‪.‬ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻋﺎً‬ ‫‪6‬‬  ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻖ‪.‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺧﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﺍء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪-‬ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﺳﺎﻧﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﺳﺎﻧﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﺟﻼﻧﺪﻳﻦﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﻮﻛﻮﺗﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﻣﺒﻮﻛﺴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺾﺍﻷﺭﺍﻛﺎﺩﻭﻧﻴﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻛﺎﺩﻭﻧﻴﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﺟﻼﻧﺪﻳﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺉﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﺘﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﺟﻼﻧﺪﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‪،‬ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺯﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﺟﻼﻧﺪﻳﻨﺎﺕﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍً‪.‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ً.‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻟﺒﻀﻊ ﺛﻮﺍﻥ ٍﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬ﺱ‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﺟﻼﻧﺪﻳﻨﺎﺕﻭﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ؟‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻴﺎً ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬  ‫‪-2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪.‬ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪.‬ﻭﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻭﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻥﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪.‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎء‪:‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻛﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻴﺎً ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩﻱ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺠﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬  ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﺟﻼﻧﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﺯﻩﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻲﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺆﺛﺮﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﻢ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻛﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﺟﻼﻧﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ؛ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻴﺮﻭﻛﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺩﻹﺩﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﻴﻞﻛﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻢﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﻮﺭﺍﻳﺒﻴﻨﻔﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻔُﺮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻂﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻫﻀﺎﺕﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﺗﺤﻔﺰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪.‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ"ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﻡﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬ﺗﺴُﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺄﺩﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬  ‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥﻓﻬﻢ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺫﺍ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻪ ﺃﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻎﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﻋﻼﺝ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺄﺩﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙﺁﻟﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥﺍﻵﻟﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪:‬ﺗﺘﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠﺐﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎً ﻭﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ‪.‬ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺤﻔﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﺇﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺍً‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ‪:‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔﻣﺤ‬ ‫ﻣﻦُﻔﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ‪،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍ‪،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ‪،‬ﺑﻨﺎء ًﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬  ‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻓﺉﺎﺕﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻞﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﻴﻜﻮﻻﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﺳﺎﻧﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ)ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء(‬ ‫‪-‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﺍﺕﻭﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ)ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ)ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻳﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ(‬ ‫‪12‬‬  ‫‪-1‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺪﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﻴﻜﻮﻻﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﺭﻳﻨﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻜﻮﺳﺎﻧﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﺟﻼﻧﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺪء ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪.‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪:‬ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻫﻮﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء‪:‬ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻫﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞﻣﺮﻳﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪:‬ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺫﻳﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺭﺳﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺗﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮﻏﺸﺎء ﻭﺍﺣﺪ؛ ﻭﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺉﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ﺃﺩﺭﻳﻨﺎﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺳﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬  ‫ﺇﻥﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂﺑﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ )ﺭﺳﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻥ(ٍ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪.‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬  ‫ﻋﻤﻞﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ‪Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎء‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎً‪،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻼﺕ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﺭﻳﻨﺎﻟﻴﻦﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﺃﺩﺭﻳﻨﺎﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﺎﺟﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻱ‪AMP‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺟﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪،‬ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻻﻛﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺭﻳﺜﺮﻭﺑﻮﻳﺘﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﺭﻳﻨﺎﻟﻴﻦﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﺍﺩﺭﻳﻨﺎﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﺇﻳﻨﻮﺯﻳﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥﺍﻷﺫﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‪GMP‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔﺑﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺗﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻻﻥ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺎﺉﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ AMP‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﻨﻮﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ )‪ (cAMP‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ‪ATP‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻢﺃﺩﻳﻨﻴﻼﺕ ﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﺎﺯ‪.‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ‪ cAMP‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍﺕ‪ cAMP‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ cAMP‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯﺃ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﺃﺇﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﺃ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎً‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻄﺎًﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑـ ‪.cAMP‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﺃ ﺑﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭﻳﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﺮﺓ‪.‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪ :‬ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﺎﺟﻮﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﺎﺟﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ)ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،G‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺑﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﺩﻳﻨﻴﻼﺕ ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻏﺸﺎﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻳﺒﺪﺃﺇﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺃﺩﻳﻨﻴﻼﺕ ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪ ATP‬ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪16‬‬  ‫‪.AMP‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ‪ cAMP‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺇﻥﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ cAMP‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺯﻭﻝ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯ ‪ A‬ﺑـ ‪ cAMP‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﺸﻄﺎً‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫"ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﺃ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻌﺪﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ‪ cAMP‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫‪ cAMPphosphodiesterase‬ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺃﺩﻳﻨﻴﻼﺕ ﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﺎﺯ‪".‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎًﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ‪ cAMP‬ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺦ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺘﻴﺮﻭﺯﻳﻦ ﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺇﻥﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪.‬ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﺯﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪17‬‬  ‫ﻓﺴﻔﺮﺓﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺮﻭﺯﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺮﻭﺯﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦﻳﻨﺸﻂ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﺴﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﺯ‪.‬ﻳﻔﺴﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪،‬ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﺮﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ،cAMP‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺮﻭﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﺗﻨﺸﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺮﻭﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛـﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻄﺔ‪.‬ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﻴﺒﺔﻭﻳﺤﻔﺰ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺜﺒﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺉﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬  ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‪.‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪:‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‪.‬ﻭﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ‪:‬ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔﻋﻦ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﺴﻼﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻄﺔ‪:‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻃﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‪،‬ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬  ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﻫﻮﻧﺎً‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﻲ‪.‬ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪﺑﺎﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪.‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔﻟﻠﺘﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﺾﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﺑـﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓﻋﻦ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻼﺕ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻔﺰﺍﺕﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﻴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪،‬ﻳﺤﻔﺰ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺴﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺗﻴﻦ‪.‬ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪-‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻂ‪.‬ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﻭﻳﻨﺸﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢﻓﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺉﻞﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-1‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪:‬ﺇﻥ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﻭﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎ ًﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎء‪.‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻭﺍﺉﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ‪:‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻔﺎﻭﻱﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪.‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻷﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔﺃﻣﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺎﺏﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍً ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء )ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﻴﻜﻮﻻﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‪،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﻀﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﻴﻜﻮﻻﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ )ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﺍﺕ(‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻭﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻟﻠﺜﻴﺮﻭﻛﺴﻴﻦ )‪،(TBG‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴﻮﻟﻴﻦﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ )‪ ،(SHBG‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﺭﺗﻴﺰﻭﻝ‬ ‫)‪.(CBG‬ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻭﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﻟﺒﻮﻣﻴﻦ‪.‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﺨﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪.‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎًﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﻤﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺉﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞﺗﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻩ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫‪23‬‬  ‫ﺇﻥﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ؛ ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﺑﻄﺄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺒﻂء ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻄﺄ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺧﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﺏﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ًﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺎًﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ًﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ً‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻞ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎً ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺼﻪ ﺑﺒﻂء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﺎﺉﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻔﻖﻣﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﻀﺔ ﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻪﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ‪.‬ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁﺑﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩﻭﺛﻴﺮﻭﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﻳﺔﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺰﺍﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﺍء‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻳﻀﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻴﺮﻭﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺘﻮﺳﺘﻴﺮﻭﻥ‪3.‬‬ ‫ﻻﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺉﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺎﺭﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕﻭﺇﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﺮﻳﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞﺩﻭﺍﺉﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء‪،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ )ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎء‪.‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴُﺘﺨﺪﻡﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻲ‪.‬ﻳﺮُﻯ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢﻓﻲ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻴﺮﻭﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ‬ ‫‪24‬‬  ‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲﻳﻮﺩﻭﺛﻴﺮﻭﻧﻴﻦ)"‪4T‬ﻭ ﺕ‪ ("3‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺉﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻔﺮﺯﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪ ،(TRH‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻔﺰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ )‪.(TSH‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ‪ TSH‬ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﻳﺤﻔﺰ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﻭﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻦﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ‪ TRH‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ‪ ،TSH‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ‪ TRH‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ‪.TSH‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎءﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ )‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ(‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.1‬ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎء ﺟﺰءﺍً ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰﺃ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺪﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺼﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻈﻢﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎءﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎء‪.‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﺎء ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻤﺎءﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬  ‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓﺑﻴﺉﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺉﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﺍﻟﺤﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺉﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ )ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ(‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ )ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺟﺮﺍﻡ(‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ"‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻲ )ﻣﻠﻎ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰﻫﺎﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﺒﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪.‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ )ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ )‪ (ng‬ﻭﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺟﺮﺍﻡ )‪ (µg‬ﻭﻣﻠﻴﺠﺮﺍﻡ )‪ (mg‬ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬  ‫ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻓﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‪-1 ً.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺺ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ ﻛﻐﺪﺓ ﺻﻤﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪.‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔﻋﺒﺮ ﻭﻋﺎء ﺩﻣﻮﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪.‬ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺺ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ LH‬ﻭ‪ TSH‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪.FSH‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺺ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫـ‪.‬ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺺ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺺ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬  ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺈﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓﺃﻭﻻ ًﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼُﻴﻦﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺯﺓ‪.‬ﺗﻌﺼﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﺯ )ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ( ﻣﻦ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ‪.‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐﻓﻲ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬ﺗﺼﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺤﻔﺰ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﺉﻲ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻠﻴﺠﺮﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪.‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻴﺉﺔ ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ‪.‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻢﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‪.‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺻﻌﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﺍﺉﺮ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ )ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻭﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻴﺮﻭﺗﺮﻭﺑﻴﻦ )‪(TRH‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬  ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻤﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺗﺎﻣﻴﻚ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻬﺴﺘﻴﺪﻳﻦ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻼ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺩﻋﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ‪.‬ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻳﺤﻔﺰ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻻﻛﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻀﻊﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ‪ TRH‬ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺜﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‪،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻴﺔ )‪(GnRH‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌُﺮﻑﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺗﻦ )‪ ،(LHRH‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪﻳﺔﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 10‬ﺃﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺤﻔﺰ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﻭﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺗﻦ )‪ (LH‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﺐ )‪.(FSH‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻮﺗﺮﻭﺑﻴﻦ )‪(CRH‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ 41‬ﺣﻤﺾ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻔﺰ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻮﺗﺮﻭﺑﻴﻦﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺤﻔﺰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻮﺗﺮﻭﺑﻴﻦﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻮﺗﺮﻭﺑﻴﻦ )ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻮﺗﺮﻭﻑ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲﻟﻠﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪.CRH‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ‪CRH‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭﺗﻴﺰﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻔﺮﺯﻩ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯﻭﺑﺮﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭﺍً ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ‪.CRH‬‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻁ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ‪ CRH‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮﻁﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻈﺮﻳﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌُﺮﻑ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻛﻮﺷﻴﻨﻎ‪.‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ‪ ،CRH‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ )‪ GHRH‬ﺃﻭ ‪(GRH‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‪ ،CRH‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ )‪ (GHRH‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻒﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ‪ 37‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪.(49‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰﻩ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬  ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢﻣﻨﻊ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﻂ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻦ‪.‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢﻓﻲ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮﻣﻴﺪﻳﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺰﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ )‪ (GHRH‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺰﻭﻝ )ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ( ﺳﺒﺒﺎً ﻷﺣﺪ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺰﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (5‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻻﻛﺘﻴﻦ )‪:(PRF‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻃﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﺎﺑﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ‪PRF‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻻﻛﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (6‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻦ )ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ؛ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﻼﻕﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮﺗﺮﻭﺑﻴﻦ )‪ GHRIH‬ﺃﻭ ‪ (SRIH‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻦﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 14‬ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪28‬ﺣﻤﻀﺎً ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎً‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﺒﻂ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.TSH‬ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻛﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ‪ ،TRH‬ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﺭ ﻻﻧﺠﺮﻫﺎﻧﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﻨﻊ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﺎﺟﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﺤﺎﺟﺰ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﺎﺟﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻛﻤﺜﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻱﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (7‬ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﻄﺔ ﻹﻃﻼﻕ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻻﻛﺘﻴﻦ )ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ‪(GAP‬‬ ‫‪ GnRH‬ﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑـ = ‪GAP‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻻﻛﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺃﻭﻻ‪ ً،‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻻﻛﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪﺍً ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻻﻛﺘﻴﻦ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍً ﻣ?