Endocrine Hormones PDF

by Douaa Abuzaid  An organ which secretes particular chemical substance for use in the body or for discharge into the surrounding.  There are three types of glands in our body:  1.endocrine glands.  2.exocrine glands.  3.heterocrine glands.  Exocrine glands are glands tha...

by Douaa Abuzaid  An organ which secretes particular chemical substance for use in the body or for discharge into the surrounding.  There are three types of glands in our body:  1.endocrine glands.  2.exocrine glands.  3.heterocrine glands.  Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products into duts.  Example :  -sweat glands  -salivary glands  -mammary glands  -stomach  -liver(largest gland)  glands that secrete their products (hormones) directly into the blood.  Example:  -pituitary gland  -thyroid gland  -adrenal gland  These are glands that perform both exocrine and endocrine.  Example:  -pancreas  The smallest gland  Produces melatonin  Regulation sleep  The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain ,niarb eht fo esab eht ta detacol s'tI. ,llams yrev s'ti elihW.dnalg yratiutip eht raen syalp sumalahtopyh eht role in:  Body temperature  Blood pressure and heart rate  Release hormones  Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) signals the pituitary gland to make adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH).  Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) signals the pituitary gland to make thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).  Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) signals the pituitary gland to make Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinising Hormone (LH).  Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone signals the pituitary gland to make growth hormone (GH).  Somatostatin signals the pituitary gland to make less growth hormone (GH).  Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) (or Vasopressin) ADH signals the kidneys to pass less water into the urine. ADH also narrows (constricts) the blood vessels, which causes an increase in blood pressure. ADH is made in the hypothalamus and transported to the back part (posterior) of the pituitary gland where it is stored until needed.  Oxytocin Oxytocin helps the uterus contract, It is also important for breastfeeding, Oxytocin is made in the hypothalamus and transported to the back part (posterior) of the pituitary gland, where it is stored until needed.  Small gland in brain  Controlled by hypothalamus  Divided into 2 regions: anterior and posterior  Secretes at least 6 hormones 11  Anterior lope:  -growth hormone(GH)  -prolactin  -Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)  -follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)  -luteinizing hormone(LH)  -adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH)  Posterior lope:  -ADH  -OXYTOCIN  GH Stimulating of growth of bones, cartilage and connective tissue.  PROLACTIN plays important role in the development of the mammary gland and in milk synthesis.  TSH stimulate the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4  ACTH produced to biological stress. increase production and release of corticosteroid (Aldosterone,cortisol).  FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body.  LH In both males and females, LH works upon endocrine cells in the gonads to produce androgens.  Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): - Target tissues: kidneys - Functions: conserve water  OXYTOCIN:  Stimulate contraction of mammary gland to produce milk.  Stimulate contraction of the smooth muscles of the uterus.  One of largest glands.  Requires iodine to function.  Thyroid hormones: T4 and T3 - Functions: regulates metabolic rates.  Hyperthyroidism: can lead to Graves’ disease, which has many symptoms, including sweating, arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat), weight loss, protruding eyes and nervousness.  Hypothyroidism: Symptoms of hypothyroidism can include tiredness, weight gain, depression, abnormal bone development and stunted growth. The most common cause is autoimmune: the production of antibodies that attack the thyroid gland.  Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: an autoimmune disorder, is an inflammation of the thyroid gland. It can cause a goiter (swelling in the neck due to an enlarged thyroid gland) and other symptoms.  Thyroid Tumors: Thyroid nodules and adenomas, small, noncancerous growths, start in the cell layer that lines the inner surface of the thyroid gland. The adenoma itself may secrete thyroid hormone and may cause hyperthyroidism. Thyroid adenoma treatment may include surgery to remove the overactive nodule. Calcitonin : it is a hormone secreted by the C cells of thyroid gland It is main action: - Target tissues: bones and kidney. - Functions: secreted when blood Ca2+ levels are high. -It inhibits the activity of osteoclasts. -decrease the resorption of calcium in the kidney.  Parathyroid hormone (PTH): - Target tissues: bones and kidneys. - Functions: regulates blood Ca2+ levels -If Ca 2+ is low then osteoclasts break down bone matrix and less Ca 2+ is lost in urine.  On kidneys  2 regions medulla and cortex 1- medulla 2- cortex Adrenal Cortex (outer portion):  Aldosterone: - Type of mineralocorticoids - Target tissues: kidneys - Functions: causes Na+ and H2O to be retained and K+ to be secreted, indirectly involved with blood pressure and blood volume  Cortisol: - Type of glucocorticoids - Target tissues: most - Increases your blood sugar (glucose). - Regulates your blood pressure. - Controls your sleep/wake cycle. - Functions: increases breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses. - reduces inflammatory and immune responses.  Organ in abdomen  Insulin: - Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue - Functions: - regulates blood glucose levels - after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is secreted. - extra glucose is stored in form of glycogen.  Glucagon: - Target tissues: liver - Function: - regulates blood glucose levels. - between meals glucose levels drop and glucagon is secreted. - glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose. The thymus produces several hormones, Most notably, it produces thymosin, which stimulates T cell production.  Ferritin is a protein that stores iron inside your cells. You need iron to make healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Iron is also important for healthy muscles, bone marrow, and organ function.  VIT B12 Vitamin B12 is an essential vitamin found in foods such as meat, fish, and dairy. It can also be made in a lab and is often taken with other B vitamins, Vitamin B12 is required for the function and development of many parts of the body, including the brain, nerves, and blood cells.  Folate is a B-vitamin ynam ni tneserp yllarutan si taht rehto dna AND ekam ot etalof sdeen ydob ruoY.sdoof lairetam citeneg and blood cells.Your body also needs folate for your cells to divide.  Vitamin D (also referred to as “calciferol”) is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in a few foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. It is also produced endogenously when ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis.  Vitamin D has multiple roles in the body, It assists in: -promoting healthy bones and teeth. - supporting immune, brain, and nervous system health. -regulating insulin levels. -supporting diabetes management. -supporting lung function and cardiovascular health. -influencing the expression of genes involved in cancer development.  Tumor markers have traditionally been proteins or other substances that are made at higher amounts by cancer cells than normal cells. These can be found in the blood, urine, stool, tumors, or other tissues or bodily fluids of some patients with cancer.  Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Elevated AFP levels often are found in the blood of people with liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). In addition, elevated AFP is often found in people with certain cancers of the ovary or testis.  Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-HCG) This hormone is produced during pregnancy but also occurs in women who have a cancer originating in the placenta and in men with testicular cancer.  Beta2 (ß2)-microglobulin Levels may be elevated in people with multiple myeloma and some lymphomas.  Calcitonin is produced by certain cells in the thyroid gland (C cells). Blood levels are elevated in medullary thyroid cancer.  Carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA-125) Levels may be elevated in women with a variety of gynecologic diseases, including ovarian cancer.  Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) Levels may be elevated in people with cancers of the digestive tract, particularly pancreatic cancer.  Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Levels may be elevated in the blood of people with cancer of the colon. Blood levels may also be elevated in patients with other cancers or noncancerous inflammatory conditions.  Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Levels are elevated in men with noncancerous (benign) enlargement of the prostate and often are considerably higher in men with prostate cancer. Men with an elevated PSA level should be evaluated further by a doctor.  Thyroglobulin Levels may be elevated in people with thyroid cancer or benign thyroid conditions.  CA 15.3 is a protein made by a variety of cells, particularly breast cancer cells. The protein moves into the blood, where it can be measured.  CA15-3 levels are higher than normal in most women with breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body (called metastatic breast cancer). Not all types of breast cancer will cause CA 15-3 levels to rise, as some types of cancer cells don’t over-produce the antigen.  TSH 0.27-4.20 mIU/L FT4 0.7 to 1.9 ng/dL FT3 1.73-6.30 pg/ml PTH 12-72 pg/ml VIT B12 193-982 pg/ml FERRITIN Male 28-365 ng/ml Female 5-148 ng/ml FOLATE 3-17 ng/ml VITD 20-100 ng/ml B-HCG < 5.0 mIU/ml INSULIN 3-23 mU/ml  FSH Women (reproductive age) (5–20 mIU/mL) Ovulatory surge (12–30 mIU/mL) Postmenopausal women (12–30 mIU/mL) Mature men (5–20 mIU/mL) LH Women (reproductive age) (5–25 mIU/mL) Ovulatory surge (25–100 mIU/mL) Postmenopausal women (>50 mIU/mL) Mature men (5–20 mIU/mL) PROLACTIN Male 4.04-15.20 ng/ml Female 4.79-23.3 ng/ml ACTH GH 0.06-5 ng/ml Calcitonin < 10 pg/ml cortisol AM 5-25 mcg/dL PM 2.5-12.5 aldosterone supine position 20-180  AFP Smoker 0-10 Non-smoker 0-5 ng/ml CEA Smoker 0-10 Non-smoker 0-5 ng/ml Ca125 0-34 U/ml CA19-9 0-39 U/ml CA15.3 0-35 U/ml TG 0.86-68 ng/ml T.PSA 0-4 ng/ml