سلايدات أحياء 202 PDF

Chapter 26 ‫معناها الغدد الصماء‬ Hormones and the Endocrine System PowerPoint Lectures Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 8th Edition, Global Edition REECE TAYLOR SIMON DICKEY HOGAN © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd....

Chapter 26 ‫معناها الغدد الصماء‬ Hormones and the Endocrine System PowerPoint Lectures Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 8th Edition, Global Edition REECE TAYLOR SIMON DICKEY HOGAN © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko  THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL REGULATION © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.1 Chemical and electrical signals coordinate body functions ‫تنسق ا>شارات الكيميائية و الكهربائية وظائف الجسم‬ ‫يجب ان تتواصل اجهزة ا>عضاء مع بعض‬ Organ systems must communicate with one another ‫للحفاظ على التوازن‬ to maintain homeostasis and to carry out other coordinated functions. ‫للقيام بمهام اخرى‬ ‫ من ا>شارات‬c‫ا>تصال يكون ب اشارات وعندي نوع‬ Organ systems use chemical and electrical signals that travel through the body by way of two major organ systems: ‫شارات الكيميائية‬Y‫عضاء ا‬Z‫تستخدم أنظمة ا‬ ‫سؤول عن ا>شارات الكيميائية‬h‫ا‬ ‫والكهربائية التي تنتقل عبر الجسم عن طريق‬ 1. the endocrine system and :‫عضاء‬Z‫ من ا‬c‫ رئيسي‬c‫نظام‬ 2. the nervous system. ‫ نظام الغدد الصماء و‬.1 ‫سؤول عن ا>شارات الكيميائية والكهربائية‬h‫ا‬.‫ الجهاز العصبي‬.2 © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.1 Chemical and electrical signals ‫ت‬j‫تفاع‬h‫نظام الغدد الصماء هو مجموعة من ا‬ coordinate body functions ‫نسجة في جميع أنحاء جسم الحيوان‬Z‫الغدد وا‬ ‫واد الكيميائية لبدء و‬h‫إنتاج وإفراز ا‬ ‫ مجموعه من الغدد وا>نسجة‬.‫الحفاظ على وظائف الجسم وأنشطته‬ The endocrine system is a group of interacting glands and tissues throughout the animal body that function ‫لو قالت ايش‬ produce and secrete chemicals to initiate and maintain body functions and activities. For example: hormones coordinate the body responses to stimuli such as dehydration, low level of glucose. Hormones also regulate long-term developmental processes such as the metamorphosis of tadpole into frog and behavioral and physical changes underlie sexual maturity. ‫الهرمونات تنسق استجابات الجسم‬ ‫دى الطويل‬h‫ الهرمونات تنظم النمو على ا‬.‫ثيرات مثل الجفاف وانخفاض مستوى الجلوكوز‬h ‫ساس الجنسي‬Z‫والتغيرات السلوكية والجسدية هي ا‬- ‫عمليات مثل تحول الشرغوف إلى ضفدع‬.‫النضج‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.1 Chemical and electrical signals coordinate body functions Glands ‫ تصنع او تفرز‬make (synthesis) hormones ‫وهادي الهرمونات‬ Chemical signal release from one site to another site and it’s e ects another site ‫تعريف تاني للهرمون‬ ‫ن تنفرز تروح‬h bloodstream Release In the endocrine system, chemical signals called hormones are made and secreted mainly by organs called ‫الغدة الصماء >نها‬ endocrine glands. Examples of endocrine gland ‫تصب افرازاتها‬ are ‫قه بعمليات تنظيم‬j‫لو ع‬ ‫مباشره‬ bloodstream‫لل‬ the pituitary gland which regulates growth and‫النمو و التكاثر‬ reproduction, and the thyroid gland which regulates metabolism. are released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells, are carried to all locations in the body, and affect only target cells that have receptors for that specific hormone. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. ‫‪Figure 26.1a‬‬ ‫حتجي اشاره اسمها‬ ‫‪Stimulus‬‬ ‫حتجي اشاره ‪ stimulus‬وتروح لل ‪endocrine cell‬‬ ‫وبعدو تروح للبنكرياتك ق‪8‬ند ودي الغدة حتسوي ‪release‬‬ ‫‪Endocrine‬‬ ‫‪ or secret‬وتفرز هرمون ا‪D‬نسول‪ C‬ودا يروح مباشره‬ ‫‪cell‬‬ ‫لل‪ blood‬بعد كده يروح للخليه الي هيا ال‪target‬‬ ‫‪Insulin‬‬ ‫‪Secretory‬‬ ‫‪vesicle‬‬ ‫‪Hormone‬‬ ‫‪Signal travels‬‬ ‫‪everywhere‬‬ ‫‪via the‬‬ ‫‪bloodstream‬‬ ‫‪Blood‬‬ ‫‪vessel‬‬ ‫يكون عندي مستقبل خاص‬ ‫الخلية الهدف يكون‬ ‫بكل هرمون ) شكل ا‪W‬ستقبل‬ ‫فيها مستقب‪8‬ت‬ ‫نفس شكل الهرمون(‬ ‫مستقب‪8‬ت‬ ‫تقتصر على الخ‪8‬يا التي ‪Response: Limited to‬‬ ‫‪cells that have the‬‬ ‫تحتوي على مستقبل‬ ‫ل‪8‬شاره ‪receptor for the signal‬‬ ‫‪© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.‬‬  26.1 Chemical and electrical signals coordinate body functions The nervous system also communicates, regulates, and uses electrical signals transmitted via nerve cells called neurons. ‫شارات‬D‫تصال والتنظيم ويستخدم ا‬D‫وظائف لجهاز العصبي ا‬ ‫يا العصبية‬8‫يا عصبيه تسمى الخ‬8‫رسله عبر خ‬W‫الكهربائية ا‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.1b Stimulus Cell body of Nerve neuron impulse Axon Signal travels along axon to a specific location Nerve impulse Axons ‫الخليه العصبية يتم نقل‬ electrical signal by the neuron Response: Limited to cells that connect by specialized junctions to an axon that transmits an impulse © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.1 Chemical and electrical signals coordinate body functions: Comparing the endocrine and nervous systems: Signals of the endocrine and nervous system are adapted to function ‫ستجابة‬D‫سرعه ا‬ differently in transmission, ‫ستغرقة‬W‫السرعه ا‬ speed, and duration. ‫طريقه النقل‬ The nervous system reacts faster. The responses of the endocrine system last longer..‫تدوم استجابات جهاز الغدد الصماء لفترة أطول‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  Comparing between endocrine and nervous system? endocrine nervous system Signal Chemical Chemical and electrical ‫طريقه النقل‬ ‫ ويفرز‬gland ‫يبدأ من‬ differently in ‫هرمون ويروح‬ electrical signal by ‫يتم نقل‬ transmission ‫ وبعدها‬bloodstream‫لل‬ the neuron target ‫يروح للخليه الهدف‬ specific ‫و بعدين يروح‬ receptor ‫السرعه‬ nervous system More speed faster than endocrine ‫دة الزمنية الي تستغرقها‬W‫ا‬ Between half Fraction of second duration hour or hour ‫جزء من الثانية‬ ‫من ساعه لنص ساعه‬  26.1 Chemical and electrical signals coordinate body functions: Witch of the following cell is a type of nueren that a Specialized or shared in the endocrine system and nervous system ? Certain cells and signals are shared by the endocrine system and nervous system. Specialized neurons called neurosecretory cells ‫نيورا سكيو تري‬ perform functions in both system..‫ ولكن هم أيضا يصنعون ويفرزون الهرمونات‬، ‫شارات الكهربائية‬N‫فراز العصبي بتوصيل ا‬N‫يا ا‬T‫تقوم خ‬ Neurosecretory cells conduct electrical signals, but they also make and secrete hormones. Witch of the following ‫ايبي نفرين‬ work as hormone and For example: epinephrine (adrenaline). neuro trans metal ? ‫لو سرلو افراز بواسطه ادرينال‬ ‫ند حعتبرو هرمون‬8‫ق‬ ‫تعمل‬ release C‫لحاجت‬ neurosecretory cells ‫يا العصبيه‬8‫ولو تم افرازه من الخ‬ ‫حعتبرو ويورو ترانس ميتال‬ If releaseing by gland it work as a hormone © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. If releaseing from the neuron it’s work as neuro trans metal  26.2 Hormones affect target cells using two main signaling mechanisms ‫الخطوات لعمل اي هرمون في الجسم‬ Hormone signaling involves three stages: ‫ستقبال‬D‫ا‬ ‫ت‬8‫ستقب‬W‫ت ودي ا‬8‫ستقب‬W‫ن تترتبط الهرمونات مع ا‬W 1. Reception: when a hormonetarget cell ‫ممكن تكون على او داخل الخليه الهدف‬ binds to a specific receptor protein on or in the target cell. 2. Signal transduction converts the signal from one form to another. ‫ستجابة‬D‫ا‬ 3. Response is a change in the cell’s behavior. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.2 Hormones affect target cells using two main signaling mechanisms ‫تقسيم الهرمونات اعتماد على الخواص الكيميائية‬ Based on chemical properties, hormones can be classified into two groups. ‫مينو اسيد‬D‫تضم الهرمونات البروتينية و الشورت بولي ببتايد و ا‬ ‫يسموها بروتينات‬ 1. The water-soluble hormones include proteins, Hormone short polypeptides, and some modified versions water soluble‫معظم الهرمونات الي يتم افرازها في الغدد الصماء تكون و‬ ‫لكل واحد لو‬ ‫ الي‬C‫اسم‬ of single amino acids. Most hormones produced ‫زي هرمون‬ ‫زرق‬D‫محدد با‬ by the endocrine glands are water-soluble. C‫نسول‬D‫ا‬ 2. The lipid-soluble hormones include the steroid hormones, small molecules made from cholesterol.( sex organs, cortex of adrenal gland) ‫سترويد‬D‫ من ا‬C‫عندي نوع‬ ‫قشره الغدة الكظرية‬ ‫والهرمونات الجنسية‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  Animation: Water-Soluble Hormone © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.2 Hormones affect target cells using two main signaling mechanisms ‫زما‬8‫رور عبر طبقة الفوسفوليبيد لغشاء الب‬W‫اء ا‬W‫ يمكن للهرمونات القابلة للذوبان في ا‬D Water-soluble hormones cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, but they can bring about cellular changes without entering their target cells. ‫زما ممبرين والليبد سولبل‬j‫ستقبل موجود في الب‬h‫الفرق ا‬ ‫موجود في النيوكليس‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.2a-1 Interstitial fluid ‫ويه عشان‬W‫الهرمون الي يذوب في ا‬ Water-soluble hormone Receptor receptor ‫ما يقدر يدخل فتجي‬ 1 protein protein inpidet or on the plasma membrane Target cell Plasma membrane Nucleus © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.2a-2 Interstitial fluid Water-soluble hormone Receptor 1 protein Target cell Plasma membrane 2 Signal transduction pathway Relay molecules Nucleus © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.2a-3 Interstitial fluid Water-soluble hormone Receptor 1 protein Target cell Plasma membrane 2 Signal transduction pathway Relay molecules 3 Cellular responses Cytoplasmic or response Gene regulation Nucleus © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.2 Hormones affect target cells using two main signaling mechanisms Lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones, pass through the phospholipid bilayer and bind to receptors inside the cell. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  Animation: Lipid-Soluble Hormone © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.2b-1 Steroid Interstitial fluid hormone 1 Target cell Nucleus © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.2b-2 Steroid Interstitial fluid hormone 1 Target cell 2 Receptor protein Nucleus © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.2b-3 Steroid Interstitial fluid hormone 1 Target cell 2 Receptor protein 3 Hormone- Nucleus receptor complex DNA relay molecule ‫ الي ارتبط اسم‬water soluble ‫ في‬٣‫في الرحله ال‬ hormone receptor complex ‫ الي ارتبط اسمو‬lipid soluble ‫اما في‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.2b-4 Steroid Interstitial fluid hormone 1 Target cell 2 Receptor protein 3 Hormone- Nucleus receptor complex DNA 4 Transcription mRNA New protein Cellular response: activation of a gene and synthesis of new protein © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  THE VERTEBRATE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands ‫انواع الغدد‬ Some endocrine glands (such as the thyroid) primarily secrete hormones into the blood. ( ‫ الغدد الصماء وغير الصماء‬C‫ ) تكون وظايفها ب‬C‫يعني انو لها وظيفت‬ Other glands serve dual roles have endocrine and nonendocrine functions (such as the pancreas). Other organs (such as the stomach and heart) are primarily nonendocrine but have some cells that secrete hormones. ‫غدة غير صماء بمعنى انها تصب‬ ‫افرازاتها في قنوات وانابيب‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands The following figure shows the locations of the major endocrine glands and the main hormones they produce. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.4 ‫الغدة الصنوبرية‬ Pineal gland ‫ما يعتبر غده اعتبرو نسيج‬ (Melatonin helps regulate Hypothalamus ‫يسوي تنظيم للغدة النخاميه‬ biological rhythms.) (Multiple hormones control ‫الغدة الدرقية‬ the pituitary gland.) Thyroid gland ‫الغدة النخامية‬ (Thyroid hormone affects Pituitary gland metabolic processes; Anterior pituitary calcitonin lowers (Multiple hormones affect other blood calcium.) endocrine glands and cells.) ‫الغدة جار الدرقيه‬ Parathyroid glands Posterior pituitary (Oxytocin stimulates mammary gland (Parathyroid hormone cells and contraction of uterus; raises blood calcium.) antidiuretic hormone promotes retention of water by kidneys.) ‫الغدة الكظرية او فوق الكلوية‬ Testes (in males) Adrenal glands (atop kidneys) (Androgens support sperm Adrenal medulla formation and promote (Epinephrine and norepinephrine development of male secondary raise blood glucose, increase sex characteristics.) metabolic activities, and constrict ‫الي يفرزو الهرمونات‬ some blood vessels.) ‫الجنسية‬ Adrenal cortex (Glucocorticoids raise blood glucose; Ovaries (in females) mineralocorticoids promote (Estrogens stimulate uterine reabsorption of Na+ and excretion lining growth and promote of K+ in kidneys.) development of female secondary sex characteristics; progestins Pancreas ‫البنكرياس‬ promote uterine lining growth.) (Insulin lowers blood glucose; glucagon raises blood glucose.) © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands ‫نبه او اشاره الي يخلي الغدة تفرز هرمونها‬W‫ايش ا‬ What stimulates an endocrine gland to produce a hormone? ‫ثال‬W‫غذية تحفيز بعض الغدد الصماء على سبيل ا‬W‫واد ا‬W‫تغير في مستويات بعض ا}يونات وا‬ ‫منخفضة مستويات الكالسيوم تحفيز الغدة الجار درقية إفراز هرمونات الغدة الدرقية‬ We can categorize stimuli into three major types. 1. A change in levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate some endocrine glands. For example low calcium levels stimulus parathyroid، ‫الكظرية‬ gland to ‫ مثل الغدد‬، ‫الغدد الصماء ا}خرى‬ release parathyroid hormones.‫يتم تحفيزها مباشرة من قبل الجهاز العصبي‬ ‫هاد‬W‫الغدة النخامية ا}مامية بواسطة الهرمونات التي ينتجها ما تحت ا‬ 2. Other endocrine glands, such as the adrenal glands, are stimulated directly by the nervous system. 3. Hormones can also stimulate endocrine glands. For example anterior pituitary is stimulated by ‫ممكن للهرمونات انها تحفز الغدد‬ hormones produced by hypothalamus. ‫على انها تفرز هرموناتها‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands Function hormone generally ‫وظائف الهرمونات بصفة عامة‬ The hormones produced by endocrine glands have a wide range of effects, including regulating ion and nutrient levels, water balance, and metabolism, ، ‫ والتمثيل الغذائي‬، ‫اء‬W‫ وتوازن ا‬، ‫غذيات‬W‫تنظيم مستويات ا}يونات وا‬ controlling reproduction, growth, and development, responses to stress and the environment. For a particular example of hormonal effects, let’s take a brief look at the pineal gland. ، ‫ تنظم التكاثر والنمو والتطور‬-2 ‫ستجابات للتوتر والبيئة‬D‫ ا‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands The pineal gland ‫الغدة الصنوبرية‬ is pea-sized, Location is located near the center of the brain, and Hormone synthesizes and secretes melatonin, a hormone that links environmental light conditions with Function biological rhythms. secretes melatonin( Function sleep-wake ‫دور في تعزيز النوم‬ circadian rhythms) plays role in promoting sleep. sometimes called the dark hormone because its production is inhibited by light. ‫يسمى دارك >نو يفرز في الليل‬ melatonin production peaks in the middle of the night and then gradually falls. ‫يساعد انو يفرز في نص الليل وبعدين يبدأ يتخفض تدريجيا‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  Pituitary gland Adrenal gland © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems The hypothalamus Location is the main control center of the endocrine system, receives information from nerves about the internal conditions of the body and the external environment, responds by sending out appropriate nervous or endocrine signals, and directly controls the pituitary gland, which in turn secretes hormones that influence numerous body functions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.5a Brain Hypothalamus Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Bone © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems The pituitary gland consists of two parts: an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe. Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems ‫الخلفي‬ ‫الواقع امتداد ل الغدة النخاميه‬ In the posterior pituitary, is composed of nervous tissue and is actually an extension of the hypothalamus The posterior pituitary stores and secretes two hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus. oxytocin and antidiuretic (ADH) hormone ‫الهرمونات الي تفرزها الفص‬ ‫الخلفي من البستيريور تصنع في‬ ‫الهايبو سلمز وبعدها تخرن وتفرز‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects Function the nervous and endocrine systems ‫ت الرحم اثناء الو>دة‬j‫يساعد في انقباض عض‬ Oxytocin: causes uterine muscles to contract during childbirth and mammary glands to reject milk during nursing. ‫يحفز الغدد اللبنيه انها تفرز الحليب اثناء الرضاعه‬ ADH: helps cells of the kidney tubules reabsorb water. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.5b Hypothalamus ‫يا عصبيه افرازية‬j‫خ‬ Oxytocin Neurosecretory and ADH cell c‫يتم تصنيع هرمون‬ ‫فيها هما‬ Posterior pituitary Anterior Blood pituitary vessel Oxytocin ADH Uterine muscles Kidney Mammary glands tubules © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  ‫ينتج‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus secrete two kinds of hormones into short blood vessels that connect to the anterior pituitary. 1. Releasing hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete one or more specific hormones. ‫يثبط‬ 2. Inhibiting hormones induce the anterior pituitary to stop secreting one or more specific hormones. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.5c Neurosecretory cell of hypothalamus Blood vessel Releasing hormones from hypothalamus Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary ‫ هرمونات‬٦ ‫ينتج‬ Pituitary hormones TSH ACTH FSH Prolactin Growth and (PRL) hormone LH (CH) Thyroid Adrenal Testes or Mammary Entire cortex ovaries glands body (in mammals) © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems Many of the protein hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary stimulate other endocrine glands to produce their hormones. These include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which regulates hormone production by the thyroid gland, ‫يحفز الغده الدرقية‬ ‫ادرينو كورتيكو تروبيك‬ ‫يحفز قشره الغده الكظرية‬ adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal cortex, which in turn releases hormones that affect water balance and metabolism, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which stimulate the testes and ovaries to produce reproductive hormones, © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems prolactin (PRL), which in mammals, directly stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk, and growth hormone (GH), which promotes protein synthesis and the use of body fat for energy metabolism. ‫هرمون النمو‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.5d 8 ‫دار فزم الي هوا التقزم‬ High level of growth hormone ‫يؤدي‬ 7 ‫الى‬ GH dwarfism 6 ‫قيقا نزم‬ GH gigantism 5 Feet 4 3 2 1 0 © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. ‫كل هرمون ووظيفتو‬ c‫لو وظيفت‬ ‫يفرز‬ ‫يحفز‬ to release © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems Feedback control of the hypothalamus and pituitary serves as a useful example of a hormone cascade pathway directed by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus secretes a releasing hormone known as TRH (TSH-releasing hormone). In turn, TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Under the influence of TSH, the thyroid grows and secretes thyroid hormone into the blood. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.5e Hypothalamus Inhibition TRH Is secretd from ‫يعلمو استميوليتد لل‬ Anterior pituitary Inhibition TSH ‫دا الهرمون يحفز‬ Thyroid ‫تجيه اشاره يوقف افراز‬ ‫وتجيه اشاره عكسيه‬ Thyroid hormone © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  HORMONES AND HOMEOSTASIS © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.6 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism ‫في الرقبه تحت الحنجرة‬ The thyroid gland is located in the neck, just under the larynx (voice box). © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.6 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism The thyroid gland produces two similar hormones, T4 ‫ اتوم من ا>يودين‬٤ ‫عندو‬ thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). calcitonin a‫الكال سيتو ن‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.6 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism These hormones regulate many aspects of Function 1- Development and maturation Maturation of tadpole into adult frog regulated by thyroid hormones. Development of bone and nerve cells © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.6 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism ‫ت‬j‫قه ب ضغط الدم ومعدل نبضات القلب وانقباض وانبساط العض‬j‫لها ع‬ 2- Maintenance ( blood pressure – heart rat and muscle tone) 3- Digestive and reproductive function 4- Increase the rat of oxygen consumption and cellular metabolism. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  ‫في هرمون اسمو البارا ثايرويد هرمون ‪ PTH‬و‪ function‬حقتو‬ ‫‪Increasing Ca level in the blood‬‬ ‫يعمل اعاده امتصاص‬ ‫‪Function‬‬ ‫يسوي تثبيط‬ ‫يعمل ‪effects 3 organs‬‬ ‫امتصاص‬ ‫وظيفتها تهدم الكالسيوم ا‪f‬خزن في الدم ‪B:‬‬ ‫وتخليه في العظام) تبني عظم (‬ ‫تكسر الكالسيوم الي في العظام) هدم للعظم( ‪C:‬‬ ‫وتطلقو للدم‬ ‫‪© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.‬‬  26.6 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism Thyroid imbalance can cause disease. ‫ارتفاع في هرمونات الغده الدرقية‬ Hyperthyroidism ‫ مرتفع في الدم‬T3 & T4 ‫ن يكون مستوى‬f ‫يسير دا الشي‬ results from too much T4 and T3 in the blood, excess of thyroid leads to high blood pressure, loss of weight, hormone in ‫اكون حراره‬ the blood ‫واحس بخفقان‬ overheating, and irritability, and produces Graves’ disease. a‫جهوظ الع‬ Hyperthyroidism can Leeds to ? Graves’ disease © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.6 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism Hypothyroidism results from too little T4 and T3 in the blood and leads to low blood pressure, being overweight, and often feeling cold and lethargic. ‫امراض مناعيه ذاتيه‬ ‫السبب‬ ‫اوتو اميون‬ ‫التقدم في العمر او الوزن‬ ‫مراض تؤدي‬u‫بعد انواع ا‬ ‫رض‬f‫الى حدوث دا ا‬ Hyperthyroidism can ‫ كونتير بيوت‬to disease noun as ? Graves’ disease Hypothyroidism can ‫ كونتر بيوت‬or leave to disease noun as ? goiter © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.6 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism ‫رض اسمو جوي تير‬f ‫قلة كمية اليود في الجسم يؤدي‬ Iodine deficiency can produce a goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid. In this condition, ‫يسير تضحم في الغدة‬ the thyroid gland cannot synthesize adequate amounts of T4 and T3, and ‫ب‬the thyroid gland enlarges. ‫ممكن اعالج مرض الزياده او النقصان في افراز الهرمون‬ ‫شعاعات حقت اليود‬u‫يعطوني هوا لو محتاجتو او يستخدمو ا‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.6b No inhibition Hypothalamus TRH Anterior No inhibition pituitary TSH No iodine Insufficient Thyroid T4 and T3 produced Thyroid grows to form goiter © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.8 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT: Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose level The pancreas is a gland with dual functions. 1- It secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestines. ‫نقر هاند دا الجزء في البنكرياس يفرز كيميكال سقنال و تفرز‬u ‫ايلند‬ 2-It secretes two protein hormones, insulin and glucagon, directly into the blood. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.8 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT: Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose ‫نستيك‬ level ‫انتاقو‬ ‫ يشتغلو عكس بعض‬a‫يعتي هرمون‬ Insulin and glucagon are said to be antagonistic hormones because the effects of one oppose the effects of the other. The balance in secretion of insulin and glucagon maintains a homeostatic “set point” of glucose in the blood. Function of two hormone Two negative feedback systems manage the amount of glucose circulating in the blood. Function of Insulin : decrease of glucose glucagon : increase of glucose © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.8-1 Pancreatic ‫يا‬T‫فيه خ‬ ‫سؤوله عن افراز‬f‫ا‬ Insulin release Beta cells of the pancreas Insulin stimulates nearly release insulin into the blood all cells to take up glucose Rising blood Liver and muscle glucose level cells use glucose stimulates the to form glycogen pancreas stores Liver cell Glucose Insulin ‫عباره عن مجموعه من الجلكوز‬ Stimulus Glycogen Carbohydrate-rich breakfast Skeletal Glucose level muscle cell at “set point” Blood glucose level decreases, and the stimulus for beta cells diminishes © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.8-2 Glucagon release Alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon into the blood Declining blood Liver cells break down glucose level glycogen stores and stimulates the return glucose to the pancreas blood ‫كاجون يروح للكبد‬T‫وظيفه الج‬ ‫ وتنطلق‬a‫يكوج‬T‫ويكسر الج‬ ‫كجلكوز‬ Glucose Glucagon Stimulus Liver cells Lunch skipped Glucose level Glycogen at “set point” Blood glucose level increases, and the stimulus for alpha cells diminishes ‫بعد ما ارتفع مستوى الجلكوز تسير عمليه‬ ‫ق‬T‫ يعطي اشاره للبنكرياس انو يوقف اط‬diminishes sit poit ‫ن مستوى السكر وصل‬u ‫جلوكاجون‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.8-0-3 REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE Insulin release Beta cells of the pancreas Insulin stimulates nearly release insulin into the blood all cells to take up glucose Rising blood Liver and muscle glucose level cells use glucose Effects of antagonistic stimulates the to form glycogen pancreas hormones stores Liver cell 180 7:00 AM Glucose Insulin Stimulus Glycogen Blood glucose level Carbohydrate-rich 135 (mg/100 mL) Insulin production breakfast Skeletal lowers glucose level. muscle cell Glucose level 90 at “set point” Blood glucose level Glucose level Glucagon decreases, and the production raises 45 “set point” glucose level. stimulus for beta cells diminishes 0 Glucagon release 7:00 AM 2:00 PM Alpha cells of the pancreas Time release glucagon into the blood Declining blood Liver cells break down glucose level glycogen stores and stimulates the return glucose to the pancreas blood 2:00 PM Glucose Glucagon Liver cells Stimulus Lunch skipped Glycogen Glucose level at “set point” Blood glucose level increases, and the stimulus for alpha cells diminishes © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.9 CONNECTION: Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder ‫مرض السكر‬ Diabetes mellitus is a serious hormonal disorder caused by the body’s inability to produce or use insulin. a‫نسول‬É‫نتاج أو استخدام ا‬N‫اضطراب هرموني خطير بسبب عدم قدرة الجسم على ا‬ ‫ياء‬The result in elevated blood glucose levels, or ‫ي سيم‬T‫هايبر ق‬ hyperglycemia. ‫ تسير مشكله اسمها‬a‫ن يكون في الجسم خلل انو ما يصنع انسول‬f Some people have hyperactive beta cells that secrete too much insulin into the blood when suger is eaten.as a result blood glucose level drop below normal. This condition called hypoglycemia. ‫ تسير مشكله اسمها‬a‫ن يكون في الجسم خلل انو كل شويه يصنع انسول‬f ‫نتيجة انخفاض مستوى السكر في الدم إلى أقل من عادي‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.9 CONNECTION: Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder Muscle or fat cells normally respond to insulin by taking up glucose from the blood, thus lowering blood glucose levels. In this process, the binding of insulin to the insulin receptor initiates internal cell signals that result in glucose transporters being shuttled from vesicles to the plasma membrane, and glucose enters the target cell via facilitated diffusion. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.9-0 Capillary Insulin Blood Elevated glucose level Elevated glucose level Glucose Lack of insulin Insulin receptors “Insulin- 1 3 Glucose resistant” cell transporter 2 Facilitated diffusion Defective Vesicle of glucose signaling containing glucose transporters Normal glucose and insulin levels Type I diabetes: Type II diabetes: insulin insulin is absent signaling is defective © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.9-1 Capillary Insulin Blood Glucose Insulin receptors 1 3 Glucose transporter 2 Facilitated diffusion Vesicle of glucose containing glucose transporters Normal glucose and insulin levels © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.9 CONNECTION: Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder ‫انواع السكر‬ ‫ديا بيتس مليتوس‬ There are three types of diabetes mellitus. 1- Type 1 (insulin-dependent) is an autoimmune ‫الناتج عنو‬ disease caused by the white blood cells of immune system attack and destroy the pancreatic beta cells that release insulin. ‫يا البيضا تبدأ تهاجم وتحطم‬T‫ول يعتبر مرض مناعي بسبب ان الخ‬u‫النوع ا‬ ‫ في الدم‬a‫يا ما حيكون عندي انسول‬T‫يا بيتا وبسبب تحطيم دي الخ‬T‫خ‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.9-2 Elevated glucose level Lack of insulin Type I diabetes: insulin is absent © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  Patients can be treated with injections, several times daily, of human insulin, which is produced by genetically engineered bacteria. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.9 CONNECTION: Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder 2. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) is caused by the insulin signal is not relayed normally inside the target cells. is associated with being overweight and underactive. Many type 2 can manage their blood glucose level with exercise and diet. ‫شارات‬u‫ت حقتو معناه انو عندو مشكله في ا‬T‫ستقب‬f‫ مو قادر يرتبط ب ا‬a‫نسول‬u‫شكله تكون ان ا‬f‫ا‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.9-3 Elevated glucose level “Insulin- resistant” cell Defective signaling Type II diabetes: insulin signaling is defective © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.9 CONNECTION: Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder ‫ سكر الحمل‬: ‫قاستي شنال داي بييتس‬ 3. Gestational diabetes over wight ‫ناتجو يكون زياده الوزن‬ can affect any pregnant woman. As in type 2 diabetes target cells do not respond to insulin normally. ‫ بشكل طبيعي‬a‫نسول‬á‫ تستجيب ل‬u ‫ستهدفة‬f‫يا ا‬T‫الخ‬ can lead to dangerously large babies, which can complicate delivery. ‫ده‬u‫يكون حجم البيبي كبير ويكون في صعوبه في الو‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.7 The gonads secrete sex hormones The gonads, or sex glands (ovaries in the female and testes in the male), Function secrete sex hormones and ‫بويضه وحيوان منوي‬ produce gametes (ova and sperm). Steroid sex hormones ‫وظيفه الهرمونات الجنسية‬ affect growth, ‫تؤثر على النمو‬ affect development, and ‫تؤثر على التطور‬ regulate reproductive cycles and sexual behavior..‫نجاب والسلوك الجنسي‬N‫تنظيم دورات ا‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.7 The gonads secrete sex hormones The synthesis of sex hormones by the gonads is regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.7a Hypothalamus ‫يفرز‬ Releasing hormone ‫دي الهرمونات تعمل‬ stimulate ‫مامي‬u‫الفص ا‬ Anterior ‫ماميه‬u‫من الغده ا‬ pituitary ‫تنتج‬ FSH and LH ‫دي الهرمونات تعمل‬ stimulate Gonads ‫الي تفرز الهرمونات الجنسية‬ Sex hormones © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.7 The gonads secrete sex hormones ‫ هرمون انثوي‬a‫ستروج‬u‫ا‬ ‫نثويه‬u‫جهزة التناسليه ا‬u‫ هوا الي يسوي ا‬-١ ‫نثويه زي الصدر و وساع الحوض‬u‫ يبدأ يعطي نمو الصفات ا‬-٢ The gonads of mammals produce three major categories of sex hormones. 1. Estrogens maintain the female reproductive system and promote the development of female features including breasts and wider hips. 2. Progestins, such as progesterone, prepare and maintain the uterus to support a developing embryo. ‫ وحافظ عليه وهوا في الرحم‬a‫هوا الي يهيأ الرحم عشان يستقبل الجن‬ 3. Androgens, such as testosterone, stimulate the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system. ‫مات‬T‫سؤول عن ظهور الع‬f‫هوا ا‬ ‫الذكوريه زي الصوت الخشن وكده‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.7 The gonads secrete sex hormones ‫نثى كلهم عندهم دي الهرمونات بس تختلف تركيزها‬u‫الذكر وا‬ Females and males have all three types but in different proportion. Females have a high ratio of estrogen to androgens. Males have a high ratio of androgens to estrogens. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.7 The gonads secrete sex hormones ‫يمكن أن يؤدي عدم توازن الهرمونات الجنسية إلى تعقيد تطوير الخصائص الجنسية‬ Imbalance of sex hormones can complicate the development of sexual characteristic. ‫مرض اسمو‬ ‫ ان سن سيتيف سندروم‬a‫اندرو ج‬ Androgen insensitivity syndrome.(testosterone enters the target cell but can not bind to its receptor. Its as if the blood contains no testosterone ‫ستقبل حقها وبالتالي يكون كأن الدم مافيه تستسوستيرون‬f‫يكون هرمون التستوسترون مو قادر يرتبط ب ا‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  ‫ت‬u‫نفعا‬u‫مسؤوله عن ا‬ 26.10 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress The endocrine system includes two adrenal glands sitting on top of each kidney. ‫فوق الكلية‬ Each adrenal gland is made of two glands fused together: 1. a central portion called the adrenal medulla and 2. an outer portion called the adrenal cortex. Both glands secrete hormones that enable the body to respond to stress. ‫ستجابة للتوتر‬T‫ تفرزان الهرمونات التي تمكن الجسم ل‬a‫كلتا الغدت‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.10-1 a‫الغده تتكون من جزئ‬ Adrenal ‫النخاع الكظريه وتفرز‬ medulla protein (water- Adrenal soluble ) hormone gland ‫القشره الكظريه وتفرز‬ Adrenal cortex lipid (steroid - Kidney hormone) hormone © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.10 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress ‫تفرز الهرمونات التي تهيئ الجسم لعمل مفاجئ واستجابه سريعه ل*جهاد‬ ‫النخاع‬ ‫زي التعب الجسدي وممارسه الرياضه والتعرض للبرد‬ Nerve signals from the hypothalamus stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) and Which of the following norepinephrine (noradrenaline). These hormones quickly trigger the “fight-or-flight” medulla‫ال‬ ‫الهرمونات الي تفرزها‬ responses, which are short-term responses to stress. ‫جهاد تُفرز دي الهرمونات‬M‫يعني في حاله ا‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.10-0 Adrenal medulla Adrenal gland Stress Adrenal Nerve 1 Kidney cortex signals Hypothalamus 3 Releasing hormone Cross Nerve cell Anterior pituitary section of Blood vessel 4 spinal cord adrenal medulla: Nerve cell ACTH secret or release 5 hormone when it’s Adrenal medulla Adrenal resive a signal from ACTH cortex the hypothalamus 2 Glucocorticoids ‫ن تجيه‬Q ‫الغده تفرز هرموناتو‬ Epinephrine and Mineralocorticoids ‫اشاره عصبيه من‬ norepinephrine ‫ن اتعرض للضغط‬Q ‫العصبي فتره طويلة‬ ‫الهايبوثلمس‬ Short-term stress response Long-term stress response ‫ن اتعرض للضغط العصبي فتره قصيره‬Q Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 1. Retention of sodium 1. Proteins and fats 2. Increased blood pressure ions and water by broken down and kidneys converted to glucose, 3. Increased breathing rate leading to increased 2. Increased blood 4. Increased metabolic rate volume and blood blood glucose 5. Change in blood flow patterns, pressure 2. Immune system may leading to increased alertness and be suppressed decreased digestive and kidney activity © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.10-2 Stress Nerve 1 Cross signals Hypothalamus 3 section of spinal cord Releasing hormone Nerve cell Anterior pituitary Blood vessel 4 Nerve cell ACTH Chemical signal Nerve signal Protein hormone Steroid hormone 5 Adrenal medulla Different between us Adrenal 1- signal ACTH cortex 2 2- type of hormone Glucocorticoids Epinephrine and Mineralocorticoids norepinephrine Short-term stress response Long-term stress response © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.10-3 Epinephrine ‫تفرز‬ When this hormone release: when adrenal medulla Adrenal medulla norepinephrine resive nerve signal from the hypothalamus ‫وظايفها‬ Epinephrine and norepinephrine ‫وظائف‬ Short-term stress response 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose ‫ يزيد‬: ‫يكسر الج*يكوج` لجلكوز‬ ‫الجلكوز في الدم‬ 2. Increased blood pressure ‫يزيد ضغط الدم ومعدل التنفس‬ 3. Increased breathing rate ‫يضيه‬M‫ومعدل العمليات ا‬ ‫يقلل من عملية الهضم والنشاط‬ 4. Increased metabolic rate ‫الكلوي‬ 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.10 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress ‫ن اتعرض للضغط النفسي فتره طويلة‬7 ‫تفرز هرموناتها‬ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary causes the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids, which include ‫تشمل انخفاض نسبه السكر في الدم وانخفاض حجم الدم وضغط الدم‬ mineralocorticoids, which act mainly on salt and water balance (aldosterone) stimulates the kidneys Anterior ‫يكون من‬ to reabsorb sodium and water , affect of increasing ‫دا الهرمون يحفز‬ the volume of the blood and raising blood pressure. ‫اء‬M‫لح وا‬M‫تعمل بشكل اساسي على توازن ا‬ ‫مينيرال يعني‬ ‫ميني رال كورتي كويد‬ ‫حاجه معدنيه‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  Function ‫يعزز تصنيع الجلكوز من الغير كاربوهيدرات‬ Glucocorticoids : promote the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as protein. Very high levels of glucocorticoids can suppress the body defense system , including inflammatory response. ‫لتهابات‬Z‫ بما في ذلك ا‬، ‫ستويات العالية ج ًدا من الجلوكوكورتيكويد نظام الدفاع عن الجسم‬M‫يمكن أن تثبط ا‬ ‫استجابة‬ ‫الناس الرياضيه تستعمل‬ Physicians may use glucocorticoids to treat serious inflammatory conditions such as arthritis or athletic injuries. ‫صابات الرياضية‬Z‫فاصل أو ا‬M‫لتهابية مثل التهاب ا‬Z‫ت ا‬Z‫ج الجاد الحا‬h‫لع‬ ‫ستعمال الطويل منو يسبب‬Z‫ا‬ Weakened immune system, weak bon, weight gain muscle breakdown, and increased risk for diabetes.‫ وضعف‬، ‫ناعة‬M‫آثارا جانبية مثل ضعف جهاز ا‬ ً ‫طول للجلوكوكورتيكويدات عن طريق الفم‬M‫ستخدام ا‬Z‫يمكن أن يسبب ا‬.‫صابة بمرض السكري‬q‫ وزيادة خطر ا‬، ‫ت وزيادة الوزن‬h‫ وانهيار العض‬، ‫القوة‬ Both help maintain homeostasis when the body experiences long-term stress. ‫هما يساعد في الحفاظ على التوازن عند‬h‫ك‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. ‫مد‬w‫الجسم يعاني من ضغوط طويلة ا‬ Figure 26.10-4 adrenal cortex ‫ملن اتعرض لضغط نفسي لفتره طويلة‬ Long-term stress response Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids ‫يسوي جلكوز من‬ or reabsore ‫كلهم نفس املعنى‬ ‫النون كاربوهيدرات‬ 1. Retention of sodium 1. Proteins and fats ions and water by broken down and ‫اعاده امتصاص الصوديوم‬ kidneys ‫واملاء بواسطه الكلى‬ converted to glucose, 2. Increased blood leading to increased volume and blood blood glucose pressure 2. Immune system may ‫زيادة ضغط الدم وحجم الدم‬ be suppressed ‫ايقاف عمل الجهاز املناعي‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A single hormone can perform a variety of functions in different animals memory gland ‫يتم افرازو من‬ The hormone prolactin (PRL) ‫يتم إنتاجه وإفرازه بواسطة الغدة النخامية‬ ‫األمامية تحت إشراف منطقة ما تحت املهاد‬ is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary under the direction of the hypothalamus and Function in humans, stimulates mammary glands to grow ‫يحفز الغدد الثديية على النمو‬ and produce milk during late pregnancy. ‫وتنتج الحليب في أواخر الحمل‬ Suckling by a newborn stimulates further release of PRL. High PRL during nursing inhibits ovulation. ‫ارتفاع ضغط الدم أثناء الرضاعة يمنع التبويض‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  26.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A single hormone can perform a variety of functions in different animals PRL has many roles unrelated to childbirth, suggesting that PRL is an ancient hormone diversified through‫حقتها‬ evolution. ‫في الحيوانات غير الثدية) زي الطيور( دا الهرمون يحفزها انها تبني االعشاش‬ Function In some nonhuman mammals, PRL stimulates nest building. ‫في العصافير ينظم لهم عمليات االيض والتكاثر‬ In birds, PRL regulates fat metabolism and reproduction. ‫ يحفز الحركة إلى املاء‬PRL ، ‫البرمائيات‬ In amphibians, PRL stimulates movement to water. In fish that migrate between salt and fresh water, PRL helps regulate salt and water balance in the gills and kidneys. ‫على‬ PRL ‫ يساعد‬، ‫األسماك التي تهاجر بني امللح واملياه العذبة‬ ‫تنظيم توازن امللح واملاء في الخياشيم والكلى‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  You should now be able to 1. Define endocrine disruptors and give two common examples. 2. Compare the mechanisms and functions of the endocrine and nervous systems. 3. Distinguish between the two major classes of vertebrate hormones. 4. Describe experiments demonstrating atrazine’s demasculinizing effect on male frogs. 5. Describe the different types and functions of vertebrate endocrine organs. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  You should now be able to 6. Describe the specific structure, location, and function of the pineal gland. 7. Describe the interrelationships between the hypothalamus and pituitary glands. 8. Describe the functions of the thyroid gland. 9. Describe the three major types of sex hormones and their functions. 10. Explain how insulin and glucagon manage blood glucose levels. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  You should now be able to 11. Describe the causes and symptoms of type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. 12. Compare the functions of the adrenal gland hormones. 13. Describe the diverse functions of prolactin in vertebrate groups and its evolutionary significance. 14. Explain how hormones can promote social behaviors. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.UN01 © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.UN02 Water- Lipid- soluble soluble hormone hormone Receptor protein in plasma membrane Receptor protein in Signal cytoplasm transduction pathway Cytoplasmic Hormone response receptor or complex Gene regulation Gene regulation © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.UN03 Brain Hypothalamus: Master control center of the endocrine system Anterior pituitary: Composed of endocrine tissue Posterior pituitary: Controlled by Composed of nervous tissue hypothalamus Stores and secretes hormones Produces and made by hypothalamus secretes its own hormones © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.UN04 Glucose Causes Insulin in blood Pancreas Causes Glucose Glucagon in blood © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.UN05 Internal communication and regulation vertebrate systems responsible are endocrine (a) system signals used are signals used are primarily Chemical (b) electrical signal are secreted are produced into the by bloodstream (e) and bind with such as (c) (f) (g) under the producing hormones located either control of the involved in on target cell (d) “fight or flight” hypothalamus surfaces response © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 26.UN06 400 Blood glucose (mg/100 mL) 350 300 250 200 Diabetic 150 100 50 Healthy 0 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 Hours after glucose ingestion © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  Chapter 33 Control Systems in Plants PowerPoint Lectures Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 8th Edition, Global Edition REECE TAYLOR SIMON DICKEY HOGAN © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko  PLANT HORMONES © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  33.1 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: A series of experiments by several scientists led to the discovery of a plant hormone Any plant growth that results in plant organs like light curving toward or away from stimuli is called a tropism. ‫نمو النبات الذي ينتج أعضاء النبات االنحناء نحو أو بعي ًدا عن املنبهات‬ The growth of an organ in response to light is fhototropism ‫ حيكون اسمها‬light ‫لو كانت نوع االستجابه‬ called phototropism. touchtropism ‫ حيكون اسمها‬touch ‫لو كانت‬ tropism ‫يعني اكتب اسم االستجابه مع‬ Phototropism has an obvious advantage, directing growing seedlings and the shoots of mature plants toward the sunlight that drives photosynthesis. ‫توجيه زراعة الشتالت وبراعم النباتات الناضجة نحو ضوء الشمس الذي يدفع عملية التمثيل الضوئي‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 33.1a © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  33.1 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: A series of experiments by several scientists led to the discovery of a plant hormone Plants, like animals, use hormones to control body- wide responses. A hormone is a chemical signal produced in one part of the body and transported to other parts, where it acts on target cells to change their functioning. ‫ وترتبط‬، ‫تنتج إشارة كيميائية في جزء من الجسم وينتقل إلى أجزاء أخرى‬ ‫في الخليه الهدف عشان تسوي التغيرات او االستجابات‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  33.1 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: A series of experiments by several scientists led to the discovery of a plant hormone In the late 1800s, Charles Darwin and his son Francis conducted some of the earliest experiments on phototropism. They observed : ‫ينحني‬ that grass seedlings could bend toward light only if the tips of their shoots were present. ‫يمكن أن تنحني شتالت العشب نحو الضوء فقط إذا كانت أطراف براعمها موجودة‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 33.1b-1 Illuminated Shaded side of shoot side of shoot Light © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  33.1 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: A series of experiments by several scientists led to the discovery of a plant hormone The five grass plants in Figure 33.1B summarize the Darwins’ findings © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 33.1b-0 Illuminated Shaded side side of shoot of shoot Light Control Tip Tip covered by Tip covered Base covered removed opaque cap by transparent by opaque cap shield © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  33.1 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: A series of experiments by several scientists led to the discovery of a plant hormone The Darwins’experiments: 1- First, a control plant bends toward the light. 2-When plant tips were removed, plants did not grow toward light. 3-When plant tips were covered with an opaque cap, they did not grow toward light. 4-When plant tips were covered with a clear tip, they did grow toward light. 5- the plant bends toward the light © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  33.1 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: A series of experiments by several scientists led to the discovery of a plant hormone The Darwins concluded that ‫منطقه التيب الي موجوده في النبته هيا املسؤوله عن االحساس بالضوء‬ the tip of the shoot was responsible for sensing light. They also recognized that the growth response, occurs in cells that are below the tip. Therefore, they hypothesized that some chemical signal must be transmitted from the tip downward to the growth region of the shoot. ‫في منطقه التيب عندي اشارات كيميائية موجوده تحت منطقه التيب هيا املسؤوله عن هذا االنحناء‬ © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  33.1 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: A series of experiments by several scientists led to the discovery of a plant hormone A few decades later, Peter Boysen-Jensen conducted experiments that showed that :chemical signals produced in shoot tips were responsible for phototropism. Jensen’s experiment: When a gelatin block that allowed chemical diffusion was inserted below the shoot tip, plants grew toward light. When a mica block that prevented chemical diffusion was inserted below the shoot tip, plants did not grow toward light. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 33.1c Tip separated Tip separated by gelatin by mica block © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  These experiment supported the hypothesis that the signal for phototropism is a chemical that diffuses through the plant body. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.  33.1 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: A series of experiments by several scientists led to the discovery of a plant hormone Frits Went isolating the chemical signal Plant tips were placed on an agar block to allow the chemical signal molecules to diffuse from the plant tip to the agar. 1- he centered the treated agar blocks on the cut tips of seedling. These plants grew straight upward also grew faster than the control seedling. Went conclude that the agar had absorbed the chemical signal in the shoot tip and that the chemical has passed into the shoot and stimulated it to grow. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 33.1d-1 A growth-promoting chemical