MT0001 Tutorials + Tips.pdf

Quiz Tips 1. What is not a Major Air Pollutant? - Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen a. Major Air Pollutant Includes: i. Carbon Monoxide (CO) ii. Particulate Matter (PM) CPL iii. Lead (Pb) iv. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Son...

Quiz Tips 1. What is not a Major Air Pollutant? - Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen a. Major Air Pollutant Includes: i. Carbon Monoxide (CO) ii. Particulate Matter (PM) CPL iii. Lead (Pb) iv. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Son v. Ozone (O3) methane vi. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) b. Greenhouse Gases with the Highest Capability to Trap Heat: i. Methane (CH4) → Global Warming Potential (GWP), 21 times higher than Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 2. Calculation on Emission Factor a. Emission Factor x Consumption = Emission APS b. Emission Factor (EF) is an Average Emission Rate of a Pollutant from a Specific Activity 3. What is an Emission Control Area (ECA)? DS( a. Designated Zones where stricter Emission Standards are enforced to control Air Pollution from ships b. Examples: NB i. North and Baltic Sea ECAs NC ii. North America and Caribbean Sea ECAs Sulphur Content must not exceed 0.1%m/m iii. High Seas - 0.5%m/m  4. Di erence between Liner and Tramp Shipping a. Liner Shipping FS , PP, (C i. Fixed Schedule with Predefined Ports of Call ii. Ships Containerized Cargo (ISO Containers) b. Tramp Shipping NFS, BC i. No Fixed Schedule ii. Bulk Cargo (Dry Bulk, Oil or Gas) 5. Ways to Control Risk (4 Ways) a. Avoid: change planes to Eliminate Risk Control Risk A +C i. E.g. Avoiding Pirate-Infested Waters be Rerouting Ships M+ R b. Mitigate: reduce Probability or Impact of Risk T+ S i. E.g. Wearing Helmets during Cargo Operations A +T c. Transfer: shift risk to a Third Party i. E.g. Buying Marine Insurance d. Accept: take No Action and bear the Consequences i. E.g. Accepting Minor Risks like Small Injuries that do not justify Additional Resources 6. Similarity and Di erence between Quality Control (QC), Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Thinking (QT) [Pick 2 out of 3 - QA, QC, QT] a. Similarities: QMP , SQPIQ i. Both are Quality Management Processes (QM) ii. Aim to Solve Quality Problems and Improve Quality b. Di erences: i. Quality Control (QC): Focuses on Identifying and Fixing Defects Outcome-Oriented (Product Checking) FOIA Ensuring things are done as per requirements by Inspecting Performed after Production ii. Quality Assurance (QA) Prevent Defects & Improve Quality Process-Oriented (Processes meet Standards) PPRB Doing the right thing the right way Performed before Production iii. Quality Thinking (QT) Motivating Quality Improvement MM Mindset-Oriented (Employees Attitude) iv. QC & QA are Tools, Techniques and Methods QC & QA (Technical Aspect), QT involves changing Employees’ Attitude TTM towards Quality Management (Sociocultural Aspect) QT EATQM 7. Define the aspects of HSSE a. Health PMSW , EDI i. Physical, Mental, and Social Well-Being of Crew Members and others in Shipping Operations ii. Eliminate Diseases and Injuries b. Safety PUAl , ISCA i. Protecting Crew and Others from Unintended Accidents or Incidents that could cause Harm ii. Implementing Safety Measures and Control to prevent Accidents c. Security PADT ESU , i. Protecting Crew, Others and Assets from Deliberate Threats (Criminal Activities or Terrorism) ii. E ective Security Measures = Uninterrupted Operation of Ships d. Environment PEC , MAW, LNP i. Protecting the Environment by Controlling Pollution ii. Minimising Air, Water, Land, and Noise Pollution caused by Shipping Operations  GSA SSE 8. International Maritime Organization (IMO) and their Roles & Responsibilities a. Global Standard-Setting Authority for Safety, Security and Environmental Performance of International Shipping b. Responsibilities: cred i. Creating a Universal Regulatory Framework Adopted and Implemented Globally All E ective Operation through Agreed-Upon EAR Regulations ii. Safety Conventions SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) STCW (Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers) COLREG (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at sea) Load Lines Convention iii. Security Conventions International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code (Security Risks in Port Facilities and Ships) iv. Environmental Conventions MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) IMO 2020 (Regulation to Reduce Sulphur Emissions) v. Drafting, Adopting, and Enforcing these Conventions, DAE ensuring Compliance through Flag State Control and Port CPF State Control (Country of Registration and Countries visited enforce Regulations) 9. Additional MCQ Questions a. Carbon Dioxide and Methane contribute to 90% of GHG True b. Reefer Container is the Largest Contributor to Emissions False  Tutorial 1 Carbon Audit (Carbon Footprint) ○ Measuring and Recording GHGs Emissions of an Organisation ○ Terms of CO2 Equivalent measured in Ton ○ Steps to develop strategies to Record, Manage, Monitor and Reduce GHGs emissions of an Organisation · Gene 1. Define Organisational Boundary 6. Choose Calculation Methodology 2. Define Geographical Boundary 7. Choose Emission Factor (EF) and Global Warming Potential (GWP) 3. Establish Base Year 8. Collect Data 4. Define Operational Boundary 9. Calculate Emission 5. Identify GHGs Sources 10. Develop GHGs Inventory 11. Reporting Emission Factor (EF) & Global Warming Potential (GWP) ○ EF: Average Emission Rate of a given Pollutant from a given Source relative to Intensity of a Specific activity ) Vary in di erent regions Refer to Local Energy Source Provider or Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)... Conventional Coal Generates the Highest Carbon Emission but is the Cheapest way to generate Electricity Solar Energy is the most Expensive but Carbon Emission level is the Lowest ○ GWP: Relative Measure of heat a GHG can Trap in the atmosphere  Tutorial 2 Environmental Initiatives OEES , OC ○ Existing Emission Control Areas (ECAs) Baltic Sea North Sea North America US Caribbean Sea High Seas: 0.5%m/m Port Water: 0.1%m/m On-Shore Power System Electrified RTG Gaz Full Vessel Integrated Overhead Conductor Line System w and Semi-Fixed Pantograph Mobile-Based Exposed Conductor Bar System w Fixed-Based Pantograph Barge Cable Reel System Conductor Bar System w Towed Trolley Conductor Bar w Automatic Electricity Connection System Solar Panel at Reefer Yard Electric Vehicle and Prime Mover GetH Chemical & Waste Handling Battery Pack Drip Tray Electrical (Pantograph) Others Hydraulic Hybrid Awareness in Environmental Hydrogen or Electric Hybrid Fuel o Protection Cell Drive Participation in Green Conservation of Energy (LEDs) Awards Competition Less Energy Consumption Environmental Protection Activities Longer Service Life More Expensive Sum  Singapore Hong Kong E Maritime Singapore Green Initiative Government Incentive Green Ship Program Fair Winds Charter Green Energy & Technology Program Switch to 0.5%m/m sulphur Green Awareness Program content or less Air Pollution Control (Ocean Going Vessels) (Fuel at Berth) Regulation China San Pedro Bay Pearl River Delta (PRD) Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP) Incentive Scheme for On-Shore OGV Control Measures Power System Clean Trucks Program (CTP) Berth Fuel Switching Cargo Handling Equipment (CHE) Control Measures Green Ship Incentive Program Green Flag Incentive Program Vessel Main Engine Fuel Incentive Program Tutorial 3 Preparatory Steps IMPF , EPM ○ Initial Planning, Management Commitment, Define the Framework for EMS through Environmental Policy and EMS Manual Plan-Do-Check-Act Model (ISO 14001) PDCA ISO: 14001:2004 Standard Cycle Environmental Policy Plan Planning GELO Environmental Aspects Legal and Other Requirements Objectives, Targets and Programmes Do Implementation and Operation So Resources, Roles, Responsibility and Authority Competence, Training and Awareness Communication Documentation Control of Documents Operational Control Emergency Preparedness and Response Check Checking Su Monitoring and Measurement Evaluation of Compliance Nonconformity, Corrective Action and Preventive Action Control of Records Internal Audit Act Management Review  Certification Process ○ Select Certification Body wi ○ Complete Questionnaire and Establish Contract ○ Document Review ○ First Stage Assessment ○ Certification Assessment ○ Award Certification ○ Surveillance Visit ○ Renwal Assessment Obstacles in Implementing ISO 14001, especially for SMEs RLTCC, RSSTA 1. Resource Constraints 6. Regulatory and Legal Complexity Limited Financial Capacity Navigating Complex Lack of Skilled Personnel Environmental Laws Varying Regulations across Regions 2. Lack of Awareness and 7. Sustainability Challenges Understanding Di culty in measuring Insu cient knowledge of ISO Environmental Impact 14001 Requirements Balancing Profitability and Misconception about Sustainability Complexity 3. Time Constraints 8. Supply Chain Pressure Day-to-Day Operational Inconsistent Environmental Pressures Standards among Suppliers Time-Consuming Cost Increase in Sourcing Documentation and Auditing Eco-Friendly Materials 4. Cultural Organisational Resistance 9. Technological Barriers Resistance to Change Lack of access to Technology Lack of Environmental Culture Di culty in Integrating into Existing Systems 5. Cost of Compliance 10. Audit and Certification Challenges Upfront and Ongoing Costs Di culty in maintaining Cost of Implementing New Certification Practices Fear of failure during audits Tutorial 4 Define Quality (Attributes) PCS ○ Perceptual - Influenced by Brand ○ Conditional - Attributes vary across products ○ Subjective - Attribute Appraisal Varies Product Quality Dimensions FAPS DCPR , Features Durability Aesthetics Conformance Performance Perceived Quality Serviceability Reliability Service Quality Dimensions TEARS Tangibles Physical Appearance of Service Facility Empathy Caring, Individualised Attention from Service Film Assurance Knowledge and Courtesy of Employees and ability to Inspire Trust and Confidence Responsiveness Willingness of Service Provider to be Helpful and Prompt Service Ability of Service Provider to Perform Promised Service Reliability Dependably and Accurately  Compare and Contrast Quality Control, Assurance and Thinking Quality Control Quality Assurance Quality Thinking Tools to Identify and Tools to Prevent Defects Attitude of Seeking Fix Defects and Improve Quality Continuous Improvements Similarities Di erences Complementary Tools vs Mindset Quality Di erent Aspects Management QC vs QA Di erence between QA and QC Quality Assurance Quality Control w h Prevent Defects Identify and Fix Defects Process-Oriented Exercise Outcome-Oriented Exercise Done before Quality Control Done after Quality Assurance Make sure Quality Team is doing the Make sure whatever Quality Team has Right Things the Right Way done as per Requirements Activities Determined before Activities Performed after Product is Production Work Begins Produced Define Standards and Procedures to Ensure Standards are Followed while meet Customer Requirements Working on Product  Identify types of Errors in Mistake Proofing Main Errors Sub Errors Example Service Task Errors Work done Incorrectly, Not Errors Request, Wrong Order or Too TTT Slow Treatment Errors Failure to Acknowledge, Listen or React Appropriately to Customers Tangible Errors Dirty Facilities/Uniforms, Failure to Control Noise/Odours/Light and Temperature Customer Preparation Errors Failure to bring necessary Errors (Before Encounter) materials to encounter PER Encounter Errors Failure to remember steps in (During Encounter) Service Process Resolution Error Failure to provide Service (After Encounter) Feedback Identify and Explain the Four Categories of Attributes in the Kano Model. Why is it that certain category should take priority over others? 4 Categories in Kano Model (Priority Listing) MPAI Must-Be Attributes (Number 1) Performance Attributes (Number 2) Expectations Greater Functionality = Features do not increase nor Greater Satisfaction decrease satisfaction E.g.: Speed, Reliability, E.g.: Safety, Security, Health, Integrated Logistics Services Environment Attractive Attributes (Number 3) Indi erent Attributes (Number 4) Unexpected Attributes = Positive Functionality = No E ect on Reactions Customers Decay over time, turning into E.g.: Ship and Container Performance and finally, Must Be Colours, Cargo Hold’s Interior E.g.: Technology Innovation, Design, Ship Engine Brand Triple-Bottom Line, Green Certification Attributes that lead to dissatisfaction should take Priority over Others ○ Consequence of Dissatisfaction is Larger than Satisfaction ○ Dissatisfied Customer will not use Product or Service and tell Other Customers not to use ○ Satisfied Customers may/may not use Product or Service  Why is it Important for Shipping Companies to Manage Quality? Managing Quality is important because its e ective management can eventually lead to greater profitability Link between Quality and Profitability Improving Quality → High Perceived Value → Higher Price & Increase Market Share → Increase Revenue = Increase Profitability IHHII ○ Incorporating Service Quality Attributes that matter to IP Shippers ○ E.g.: Low Carbon Footprint, Integrated Logistics Services, On-Time Delivery Conformance to Quality Standards → Lower Cost = Increase Profitability LCIP ○ Mistake Proof errors to ensure services comply with service standards promised to customer ○ E.g.: Delivery Time, No Damage to Cargo  Tutorial 5 Define Ship Registration and Explain the Types of Registries ○ Ship is Documented and Given a Nationality ○ Determined by Interpretation of Genuine Link Close, Open or FOC Describe each Aspects of HSSE Health Safety Security Environment Physical, Mental Protection from Protection from Protection of the and Social Unintended Deliberate Environment Well-Being Accidents Threats Identify and Discuss the ROle of Each Actor who can Influence HSSE o Flag State Regulates Vessel, Crew and Management Standards Shipowner Decide whether Technical Standards of Ships will be Above Minimum Requirement Select Crew or Management Company for Crew and Operation Decisions regarding HSSE Company Policies Shipbuilder Controls Technical Standards Cargo Owner Pay for Transport Service = Safety of Vessel Operation Undertake Independent Assessments of Safety of Ship Ship Inspection Report (SIRE) Insurer Part of Risk on Behalf of Shipowner UNdertake Independent Assessment of the Ship Ship Management Responsible for Crewing, Operation and Maintenance on Company behalf of Shipowner Port State Responsible for Safety in Port and Harbour Approaches Control Safety Standard of Vessels = Deny Access for Substandard Vessels  Elaborate the cost components and their trade-o s that influence the optimal level of HSSE Implementation  Describe the Four Available risk control measures Avoid Transfer Changing Plans to Circumvent Transfer Risk to a Third Party Occurrence of Risk E.g.: Buying Marine Insurance E.g.: Alternate Route instead of Pirate Infested Routes Mitigate Accept Reducing Probability or Retain Risk and deal with it Severity of Risk after it has Occurred E.g.: Wearing Anti-Slip Boots Applies only to Minor Risk where not doing anything to control is better than wasting resources E.g.: Minor Cuts or Bruises Incidents where there is noy way to control risk E.g.: Act of God All Risk that are not Mitigated, Avoided or Transferred are accepted by default  Describe the way to foster a Safety Culture SHRV Symbols Rituals CA Words, Gestures, Pictures or Collective Activities (Socially WGpO Objects that carry a particular Essential) meaning Scheduled Safety Meetings Warning Signs, Posters, Slogans Heroes Values Ag Persons who are Highly Praised Attitude within an Organisation PHSB and Serve as models of Taking the time to do the job Behaviour right because shortcuts are not People Rewarded by their Peers worth risk of painful injury and Organisation for e ort towards safety Deeper Structure of Culture is not Immediately Observable by Outsiders “The Way we Do Things Around Here” Define each Aspect of HSSE. How does HSSE risk a ect Maritime Transport Quality? Give examples to substantiate your answers Quality and HSSE are interrelated. There are many instances where HSSE issues will a ect maritime transport quality Example: ○ An injury due to a fall (i.e. health and safety issue) would delay the operation of ships, a ecting the reliability (delay) and responsiveness (speed) of the service ○ An explosion caused by carriage of undeclared goods (i.e. security issue) will a ect the tangibles (damage to ship), reliability (delay) and responsiveness (speed) of the service ○ Oil spill (i.e. environmental issue) would have a negative impact on customers’ perceived quality (image) Who are the actors whose decision can a ect HSSE? Evaluate the statement that flag states play the most important role in ensuring the safe operations of ships. Agree: Under the Geneva Convention on the High Seas, a flag state is responsible for its jurisdiction and control in administrative, technical and social matters over ships flying its flag A flag state exercises flag state control which inspects its registered ships regularly to ensure compliance with regulatory HSSE conventions (e.g. SOLAS, ISM, MARPOL, STCW, and LL) Disagree: Not all flag states have the power nor administrative machinery to e ectively impose any government or international regulations or to control the shipping companies (i.e. Flags of Convenience) They do not adopt and enforce ‘core’ maritime conventions relating to safety, pollution prevention, training standards, and labour regulations What are the ways to control risk? Determine whether the following measures are related to avoiding, mitigating, transferring and accepting risk. 1. Wearing protective gear when performing cargo operations (Mitigate) 2. Buying marine insurance to cover for total loss of ship (Transfer) 3. Hiring security escorts to protect against pirate attacks (Mitigate) 4. Anchoring ships in a port due to extreme bad weather (Avoid/Mitigate) 5. Engaging pilot services when navigating in narrow water channels (Mitigate) 6. Using autonomous (i.e. unmanned) ships (Avoid Seafare Injuries/ Mitigate Collisions) Describe the ways to develop a safety culture. Which is the most di cult to develop? Why? The deepest layer of the structure is the least observable and communicable, and most unclear Values refer to employees’ attitude toward safety (i.e. the way they do things around here). Values are the most di cult to develop since they are the least observable and communicable. They take time to inculcate. However, values are also the most important structure because they support other structures (i.e. rituals, heroes and symbols). Employees must possess a positive attitude to safety for any practice of rituals, and references to heroes and symbols to be meaningful. Tutorial 6 Describe the Role and Scope of IMO ○ Global Standard-Setting Authority asi2 ○ Safety, Security and Environmental Performance ○ International Shipping Elaborate the Implementation Process of an IMO Convention ○ Drafting careS ○ Adopting ○ Ratification ○ Entry into Force Describe the Key Contribution of BIMCO ○ Standard Forms and Fixed Clauses Bol , (P Bill of Lading and Charterparty ○ Boost Business E ciency NLC Lower Negotiation Cost, Litigation Cost and Confidence Describe the Role of Baltic Exchange ○ Reports Daily Freight Indices a ○ Ship Types and Sizes ○ Facilitates Negotiation and Prediction Describe the role of ICS ○ Interest of Shipowners & Operators FA & ○ Advist Commercial Feasibility of Regulations ○ Boost Business E ciency through Best Practices Describe the role of UNCTAD ○ Economic Development Issues Ford ○ Provide Policy Recommendations ○ Review of Maritime Transport  Describe the main aims and contribution of ILO to Shipping ○ Promote Rights at Work Employment Opportunities S Social Protection ESDM Dialogue Maritime Labour Convention Match the International Organisations with their Corresponding Roles and Responsibilities International Maritime Global Standard-Setting Authority for Safety, GSA Organisation (IMO) Security and Environmental Performance International Labour Set Labour Standards and Develop Conventions pl Organisation (ILO) International Chamber of Engage with International Bodies and Develop EI DBP Shipping (ICS) Best Practices RDF Baltic Exchange Report Daily Freight Indices SFC Baltic and International Introduce Standard Forms and Clauses Maritime Council (BIMCO) United Nations Conference Deal with Economic Development Issues (e.g. EDI on Trade and Development Trade, Finance, Investment and Technology) by PPR (UNCTAD) Providing Policy Recommendations Discuss why shipping is one of the most heavily regulated industries. ALI Accidents caused by ships can be catastrophic resulting in: ○ Pollution (Environmental Impact) andE ○ Massive Cleanup Costs (Economic Impact) ○ Deaths and Serious Injuries (Health and Safety Impact) Large medium for human tra cking and transport of illegal items such as drugs, explosive and weapons (security impact) International nature of the shipping industry: Accidents can take place in locations outside of the jurisdiction of the flag state. Regulations allow rules to be enforced internationally. The shipping industry contributes to 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions and creates negative externalities a ecting the health of societies, marine ecosystems, and ocean commercial activities. Left to market forces, shipowners do not have the incentive to account for negative externalities in their decisions Private Cost vs. Social Cost ○ A negative externality is a cost that is su ered by a third party because of an economic transaction Discuss the benefits of having maritime regulations that are accepted globally by all countries. Due to the international nature of shipping services, having maritime regulations that are accepted globally by all countries improves e ciency of world trade (i.e. more responsive and reliable services – better quality services!): ○ Conflicting national regulations results in commercial distortion and a administrative confusion (e.g. a ship that complies with the standards of a country might not meet the standards of another country) ○ Uniform application of regulations and uphold of minimum standards on matters such as construction standards, navigational rules and standards of crew competence ○ Harmonious enforcement of regulations by both flag state and port state controls. Inspections can be better coordinated. Why do you think Port State Control is needed despite the presence of Flag State Control? Port state control serves as the second line of defence due to the international nature of shipping and in the event that a flag state (e.g. flag of convenience or non-member states of IMO) does not control its registered ships Port states that have ratified international conventions can inspect or detain foreign flag ships to ensure that they comply with international conventions set by international organisations (e.g IMO & ILO) Given that IMO’s core conventions are ratified by many countries, most IMO regulations are enforced on a global basis through flat state and port state controls