Lecture 2: Emissions Control Area (ECA) Regulations (MARPOL Annex IV) PDF

Lecture 2 Emissions control area (ECA) -- regulations on the prevention of air pollution from ships in the MARPOL annex IV (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Annex would deal with pollution by oil, sewage, air pollution etc - Voluntary system no political obli...

Lecture 2 Emissions control area (ECA) -- regulations on the prevention of air pollution from ships in the MARPOL annex IV (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Annex would deal with pollution by oil, sewage, air pollution etc - Voluntary system no political obligations: terminal operator would earn money based on their sustainability philosophy would be more preferred for clients ECA (Emission Control Area) -- North Sea and Baltic Sea, North America and US Caribbean Sea (200 nautical miles beyond the shoreline) Exclusive economic zone in the 200 nautical miles zone (370km) 1 nautical mile (used for measure of distance) = 1.852km Sulphur cap 2020 -- inside ECA area 0.5% mass by mass (m/m) Eg: bunker fuel 100kg, sulphur cap is 500g Mass by mass -- mass of the substances out of the mass of the whole solution (bunker field) Panama Canal and Suez Canal (very important ECA area) Marine Bunker -9.5% and in Transport -2% (7 billion tons in 1 year), port emissions -10% of total emissions Air pollution/ GHG Emissions is the dominant impact by terminal operations on 3 scopes 1. Direct -- company owned vehicles 2. Indirect -- related to the company's operation under their control 3. Indirect -- outscored activities made by company Container terminal includes Quay -- vessels dock to load and unload containers, usually have cranes to handle container Terminal yard -- containers stored temporarily before loaded onto ships or trucks Gatehouse -- entry and exit point for the terminal, monitored and documented Equipment maintenance area -- maintenance and repair of terminal equipment such as cranes, trucks etc Main office building (MOB) -- terminal's administrative activities take place Reefer yard -- specialised area to store reefers (refrigerated containers) which the yard is equipped with power outlets to keep the containers refrigeration units running Quay -- Vessels - Powered by fuel oil, in particular bunker fuel Most common classification of fuel oils Bunker market Marine Gas oil high sulphur content of up to 0.5% MAKE THE SWITCH TO LSMGO (Low Sulphur Marine Gas Oil) low sulphur content less than 0.1% (designed to meet stringent sulphur limits) - Upon arrival at the terminal, the main engine will be shut down for safety reasons - All power to be provided to the vessel after berthing depends on the smaller auxiliary engine aka air conditioning, cargo handling gear MAJOR emissions pollutions from the auxiliary engine - Including CO/CO2, NO2, SO2, PM - IF 0.1% sulphur content is used, emission level of SO2 is reduced by 62% (look at EF) Ballast water -- maintain stability and balance the ship when it is not carrying cargo or cargo is unevenly distributed - Discharged from the vessel when on shore can bring about bacteria and undesirable species. Quay -- Quay Crane - Powered by electricity produced at the power station - Indirect source of pollution as the burning of coal, crude oil or nuclear power Terminal Yard (largest area in the terminal) -- Rubber-Tyred Gantry (RTG) - Highest pollutant which are powered by diesel fuel engine which emits black smoke - Black smoke consists of (NOX, N2O, COX, PM) Typical Duty cycle of RTG operations  - Power used during hoisting up (25%) and trolley move causes higher emission level - GANTRY MOVE TIME from rows takes long periods of time - Noise level the highest, as high as 90db Terminal Yard -- Mobile Equipment and Vehicle - Exhaust air emitted during operations (consumption of diesel, petrol, LPG) Diesel engine vs Petrol engine - Torque (force needed to rotate along an axis) diesel engine produces more torque at a low speed, more suitable for pulling heavy loads - Petrol engines need higher torque at a higher energy compared to diesel engine - Tldr diesel is dirtier compared to petrol Prime movers and trackers -- diesel (emit the carbon levels needed) Terminal Yard -- Yard Lighting - Height of light tower ranges from 30-50m, poses light pollution especially in port cities In the terminal yard, accident of chemical spillage may lead to water pollution in the basin Equipment maintenance area --the handling of chemicals (lubricants, diesel fuel) General environmental concerns - Conservation of electrical energy (lighting source, computer) - Waste dumping Bulk terminal -- storage of dry bulks may be blown by strong winds or drained by rain Handling of dry bulk by unloader might cause air pollution - Pneumatic type (better) -- using air pressure to convey bulk materials through a pipeline - Mechanical type -- using physical components like belts, screws or bucket elevators to move bulk materials directly to storage - Spillage of fire accident caused LNG can easily happen if operations are not handled with care or lack of maintenance in conducting pipes Environmental Initiatives by terminal operations Quay -- On shore power system (cold ironing/alternative maritime power) - Power supply offered by terminal to vessel during port stay - Power system supplies electricity to the ship's systems such as lighting, heating etc to allow ship to turn off diesel engines - NOX, SOX, CO, PM reduced and lower noise pollution Environmental initiatives by terminal operations ON SHORE POWER SYSTEMS 1. Full vessel integrated system 2. Semi fixed vessel system 3. Mobile based system 4. Fixed based system 5. Barge system Full vessel integrated system -- comprehensive integration of various onboard systems of a ship into a unified and coordinated network to manage navigation systems, engine, cables and machinery control systems in a terminal connection panel - Advantage: Not disrupt the onshore operation in the latter stage - Disadvantages: Very expensive Terminal need to have a junction box store panel with sockets for the system Semi-fixed vessel system - Cables, terminal connection panels, transformers are installed in a container onboard which is movable located at the stern - Advantage: Provide flexibility as it can move to anywhere, don't need to align with the junction box on the terminal - Disadvantage: the first bay needs to be voided, cannot carry whole bay of containers FULL VS SEMI: - Full is permanently attached to the seabed, semi fixed system can be relocated and adjusted 19 Jan 2014 Mobile based system -- provide electrical power to ships at berth without the need for permanent infrastructure, for cruise, tankers, Ro-Ro ships - Don't need a junction box because of the mobile devices being powered by internal batteries and wireless capabilities which eliminates the need for physical wiring Fixed based system -- cables, terminal connection panels, transformers are provided by a fixed system fixed permanently to the quay - Major disadvantage: Takes up a lot of space on the quay and provides less flexibility and slower in setting up Barge system (inland transportation) and used as a intermediate solutions for being a full container terminal On-shore power systems (also known as cold ironing) are being implemented at container terminals such as the Port of Los Angeles, Port of Long Beach, Port of Antwerp, and Prince Rupert Container Terminal. These systems allow vessels to shut down their engines while docked, reducing emissions. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has regulations requiring that by January 1, 2014, 50% of vessel fleet visits must use shore power, increasing to 70% by January 1, 2017, and further to 80% by January 1, 2020. Auxiliary engines must be turned on for air conditioning and such the tier of pollution Where are the transformers? Frequency converter usages? Terminal Yard -- Electrified Rubber-Tyred Gantry Crane (RTG) 1. Overhead conductor line system with pantograph 2. Exposed conductor bar system with pantograph 3. Cable reel system 4. Conductor bar system with towed trolley 5. Conductor bar with automatic electricity connection system Pantograph -- electrical contact device to transfer electricity from a fixed conductor to a moving vehicle or equipment  Overhead conductor lines are very high up to connect to the pantograph Structure very huge, back-to-back clearance need to be higher and more civil infrastructure and more civil cost High productivity due to less drive in and drive out operations Drive in and drive out systems - LTG moving from block 1 to 2 and enabling it to connect easily for overhead line system Overhead conductor line system with pantograph -- overhead electrical conductors mounted above the crane's operating area Exposed conductor bar system with pantograph - conductors mounted on supports at a lower height and exposed Conductor bar system with a low conductor bar/line Cable Reel System (worst) -- retractable cable reel weighing 5tons mounted on the crane that unwinds and winds up as the crane moves - Disadvantages: lower productivity with manual plugging and unplugging of the cable reel to the power system Conductor bar system with towed trolley -- conductor bars are mounted along the crane's path, and a towed trolley carries the electrical connections along these bars to provide power to the RTG crane - Disadvantages: manual plug and unplugging Conductor Bar with automatic electricity connection system: conductor mounted along the crane's path, automatic connection as it moves (best) Electrified RTG can reduce 60% of CO2 produced and the energy cost reduce by 65%, stability of electricity price over crude oil price Terminal Yard -- LPG forklift (more environmentally friendly with no soot produced) Terminal Yard -- Electric Vehicle - Powered by battery packs and travel without emissions - Advantages using it vs a diesel van - Emissions level of NOX, SOX and PM and low operating noise level, low operating cost Terminal yard -- greener prime mover - Advantages: 0 carbon emissions and low operating cost Reefer yard -- solar panel (energy saving and carbon reduction) Conservation of energy - Use of light emitting diode (LED) lighting source - Chemical and waste handling (general waste and chemical waste) Using education and training, participation in various green awards competitions or environmental protection activities Port of Singapore Maritime SG Green Initiative green ship program to reduce CO2 and SOX emissions Green ship program which needs to exceed IMO phase 3 requirements by 10% or more Energy efficiency design index (EEDI) quantifying the amount of CO2 that a vessel emits in relation to the goods transported Formula = CO2 emission / transport work (tonne per nm) Green port program target to OGV entering Singapore port limit to reduce emissions Port of Singapore green energy and technology program which are in works Total project sum of equipment modification to e-rtg; 13 million SGD Port of hong kong - Government incentive scheme - OGVs eligible for 50% reduction in port facility and light dues if cleaner fuel - The fair winds charter Impact -- Strategies -- How ports get [green port status]? Attract ships to land at their port earn more profit (however must invest so much) Lecture 3 **What is EMS?** - Structured framework that organisations use to manage their [environmental programs] in a systematic, planned, and documented way. - If you achieve EMS, to be credited to ISO 14001 **What is ISO?** - International organisation for standardisation - Promotes practical tools for 3 dimensions of sustainable development **How to be eligible for ISO 14001 accreditation?** - International standard which specifics [requirements] of an EMS - Provide framework that organisations can follow to improve their environmental performance - Achieving ISO 14001 certification demonstrates that an organisation is committed to manage its environmental responsibilities - Based on the plan-do-check-act model **What are major requirements in ISO 14001?** - Policy statement - Commits to prevent pollution, continually improving the EMS applicable statutory and regulatory requirements - Identification of environmental aspect - Identify all aspects of its activities, products, and services that could have significant environmental impacts. - Setting objectives and targets - Set measurable performance objectives and targets related to its EMS, aimed at improving overall environmental performance. **What is the relationship between ISO 14001 and ISO 14000?** - ISO 14000 is providing guidelines and framework for environmental management range of aspects related to environmental performance - Also includes other environmental issues, e.g. environmental auditing, performance evaluation, labelling, life-cycle assessment, etc. - ISO 14001 is a subset of 14000 and the most well known - Standard that organizations can be certified against, meaning they have implemented a system to manage their environmental responsibilities in a systematic and sustainable way. - Success of it heavily depends on the commitment from all levels, especially top management - Based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act model for continuous improvement to renew ISO 14001 continuously **How do we use case review to help to get ISO 14001?** - Environmental policy stated most likely targeting sustainable development - Reviewing environmental aspects in terminal operations involves examining the impact of different activities across various functional areas. - Identity the environmental aspect and the mitigation tactics - Operations - Loading and unloading activities, fuel and energy usage and waste management - Engineering - Maintenance and repair work, energy management, noise pollution - Office and administrative - Resource consumption, waste generation and transportation - Objective, target, performance index, action plan, completion date in case review - Periodical inspections and audits - Internal inspections - 2 internal inspections are conducted annually, which means one inspection is performed every quarter. - Internal inspections primarily focus on physical checks to ensure that all operations, equipment, and facilities are functioning properly and meet safety and environmental standards. - Year-end external audit - Conducted by an external consultant - Thorough review conduct by an independent third party, focusing on both physical condition and documentation to ensure overall compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and to identify any areas for improvement - Corrective and preventive actions produce a corrective action report - Periodical Inspection and Audits - (Reduce emissions from) Shipping line Lecture 4 -- Overview of quality concepts **What is quality?** - Perceptual, conditional, subjective attributes of a product or service - Perceptual -- perceived by individuals (i.e. users) through their senses or experiences - Conditional -- dependent on the context or conditions under which a product or service is used - Subjective -- importance of attributes differs based on unique preference and priorities (ranking) - The basis for quality management - Manage define measure control (loop) - Define by the 3 spheres of quality management: quality control, quality assurance and quality thinking - Quality control (more suitable for products) - Activities that involve evaluating the final product for quality problems (e.g. defects) based on predefined standards - Example: inspecting, sampling, testing - If defects are detected, the product may be rejected or reworked, and service may be service recovery (eg: apology, explanation) - Quality assurance - Activities associated with guaranteeing (i.e. assuring confidence in) the quality of a product - Process oriented which are solved by preventing quality problems - Activities include mistaking proofing and Kano Model - Quality thinking - Adopting a mindset of endless pursuit for quality improvement in products and services - Employees need to understand that quality is an ongoing process that must always be improved. - While quality assurance and quality control focus on the technical aspects, true quality management also involves the human element, requiring commitment to continuous improvement in both products and services. - Quality thinking is enabled by: - Planning for quality improvement - Creating and nurture a quality organisational culture - Providing leadership and support - Providing training and retraining - Designing an organisational system that reinforces quality ideas - Providing employee recognition - Facilitating organisational communication   **What is the product/service quality dimensions and what are their attributes?** A white and black text on a white background Description automatically generated  **What are the similarities and differences of Quality management sphere?** Similarities - All of them are part of quality management - Complementary objectives - Focus on Quality - Ensure high standards in products and services - Continuous Improvement - Each approach involves ongoing efforts to enhance quality and meet customer expectations Differences - QC and QA are technical, QT is more mindset issues - QC & QA are tools, techniques and methods, which refer to the technical aspect of quality management. - QT involves changing employees' attitude towards quality management, which refers to the sociocultural aspect of quality management IN SUMMARY - QC -- identifying and fixing defects - QA -- preventing defects and improving quality - QT -- motivating quality improvement (in employees) **What are the quality assurance tools?**\ Mistake proofing - 'Mistake proofing' or 'fail-safing' or 'poka yoke' focuses on preventing service failures through the redesign of service processes - Error by Type Example error Example Fail safe - Server errors such as (a cycle) - Task errors occur in service functions (i.e. when work is done incorrectly, not requested, in the wrong order or too slowly) - Treatment errors occur during the interaction between the server and customer (e.g. failure to acknowledge, listen or react appropriately to customers) - Tangible errors are caused by the physical elements of the services (e.g. dirty facilities and staff uniforms, or failure to control noise, and odours, light and temperature) - Customer errors (continuous) - Preparation errors before the encounter (e.g. failure to bring necessary materials to the encounter, understand and anticipate their role in the service transaction, or engage the correct service) - Encounter errors such as failure to remember steps in the service process, specify desires sufficiently or follow instructions - Resolution errors occur after the encounter when customers fail to provide service feedback or execute appropriate post-encounter actions Kano Model - Framework used to prioritize customer needs and features in product development - It assumes that customer satisfaction depends on the attributes' functionality (i.e. performance) - Expected quality vs perceived quality - PQ\