مصطلحات ١ PDF

1/5/2022 Lecture 1 By First Stage January, 2022 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Munaf Sabah Saleh M.Sc. Pharmacology and toxico...

1/5/2022 Lecture 1 By First Stage January, 2022 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Munaf Sabah Saleh M.Sc. Pharmacology and toxicology OUTLINES Introduction Medical Terms Word Elements Analyzing Medical Terms Singular and Plural Endings translated by :Reda walid 1  1/5/2022 INTRODUCTION Medical terminology is a specialized language used by health care practitioners for effective and accurate communication. And, just like a foreign language, it has its own vocabulary and ways of stringing together words in an acceptable, i.e., understandable to everyone ,format. But, unlike a foreign language, you come across medical terms every day in magazines and newspapers with articles about new drugs, diets, new medical treatments and on television Medical terminology began to become standardized when Hippocrates (460–377 B.C. ), a Greek physician, set about to organize an approach to medicine. Many medical terms originate directly from ancient Greek or Latin terms..‫املصطلحات الطبية هي لغة متخصصة تستخدمها ممارسو الرعاية الصحية لالتصال الفعال والدقيق‬ ‫ مفهومة‬،‫ أي‬،‫ لديها مفرداتها الخاصة وطرق التوتير معا كلمات في مقبول‬،‫وهذا تماما لغة أجنبية‬.‫ شكل‬،‫للجميع‬ ‫ صادفت من الناحية الطبية كل يوم في املجالت والصحف مع مقاالت حول األدوية‬،‫ على عكس اللغة األجنبية‬،‫ولكن‬ ‫الجديدة والوجبات الغذائية والعالجات الطبية الجديدة وعلى املصطلحات الطبية التلفزيونية بدأت موحدة عند‬ ‫ تنشأ العديد من املصطلحات الطبية مباشرة من املصطلحات اليونانية أو الالتينية‬،(.‫ ب‬377-460) ‫حيبراط‬.‫القديمة‬ INTRODUCTION Studying the language of medicine—that is, medical terminology—is very similar to learning a foreign language. There are rules that must be applied to make the “language” understandable. As a Pharmacist, you have not to learn the language only , but to master it, and to use it appropriately in the field of medicine. In order to do this, you must learn the word building rules necessary to expand your knowledge and understanding of medical terminology. 2  1/5/2022 INTRODUCTION MODERN TERM HISTORICAL DERIVATION MEDICAL TERMS There are two major categories of medical terms: 1- Descriptive : describing shape, color, size, function, etc, and 2- Eponyms, literally "putting a name upon“.  Eponym has been used to honor those who first discovered or described an anatomical structure or diagnosed a disease or first developed a medical instrument or procedure.  Some examples of eponyms are fallopian tubes (uterine tubes-Gabriello Fallopio) and eustachian tubes (auditory tubes-Bartolommeo Eustachii)  The problem with eponyms is that they give no useful information about what is or where to find the item name :‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ ھﻨﺎك ﻓﺌﺘﺎن رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺘﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬ ،‫ ﺗﺼﻒ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻟﻠﻮن واﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬:‫ وﺻﻔﯿﺔ‬-1 ‫ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺎر ﻟﺘﻜﺮﯾﻢ أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ اﻛﺘﺸﻔﻮا أو‬."‫ وﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﺮﻓﯿًﺎ "وﺿﻊ اﺳﻢ‬،‫ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺎرة‬-2.‫وﺻﻔﻮا اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﺤﯿﺔ ﻷول ﻣﺮة أو ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﺘﺸﺨﯿﺺ اﻟﻤﺮض أو ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﺑﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ أداة أو إﺟﺮاء طﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺑﺮﯾﯿﻠﻮ ﻓﺎﻟﻮﺑﯿﻮ( وﻗﻨﺎﺗﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻛﯿﻮس‬-‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ھﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺗﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﻮب )ﻗﻨﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺗﻮﻟﻮﻣﯿﻮ ﯾﻮﺳﺘﺎﺷﻲ( * ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ھﻲ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺪم أي ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻔﯿﺪة ﺣﻮل‬-‫)اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﺴﻤﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎھﯿﺔ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ أو ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬ 3  1/5/2022 BASIC ELEMENTS OF A MEDICAL WORD (WORD PARTS) Many medical terms are formed from two or more word parts. The four types of word elements that make up medical terms are:  Roots  Suffixes  Prefixes  Combining form Medical terms contain one or more of these elements ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ )أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ( ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬ ‫ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ‬.‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰأﯾﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ :‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ ھﻲ‬ ،‫اﻟﺠﺬور‬ ،‫اﻟﻠﻮاﺣﻖ‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺎت‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺪﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ واﺣﺪ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ WORD ROOTS Reveals the central meaning of the word Frequently describe a body part May be used alone or combined with other parts to form a complete word The base element from which other related terms may be formed Examples: Mastectomy ‫ﺟﺬور اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻜﺮر ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﻤﻔﺮدھﺎ أو‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ أﺟﺰاء أﺧﺮى ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬ Periarthritis ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﮫ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت أﺧﺮى ذات‬ ،‫ اﺳﺘﺌﺼﺎل اﻟﺜﺪي اﻟﺘﮭﺎب ﺣﻮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬:‫ﺻﻠﺔ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺬي ﯾﺠﺐ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺎت واﻟﻼﺣﻘﺎت‬ So, it is the part to which modifying prefixes and suffixes are added ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ‬ 4  ‫‪1/5/2022‬‬ ‫‪WORD ROOTS FOR ORGANS:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﻔﻢ‬ ‫اﺳﻨﺎن‬ ‫اﺳﻨﺎن‬ ‫طﺒﯿﺐ اﻻﺳﻨﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﻠﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬ ‫اﻣﻌﺎء‬ ‫اﻣﻌﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﻤﻌﺪة واﻷﻣﻌﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﻘﺎﻟﻮن اﻟﺘﻘﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫اﻣﻌﺎء ﻏﻠﯿﻀﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﻌﺎء ﻏﻠﯿﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮج‬ ‫ﺷﺮج‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﺸﺮج‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﻜﺒﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺬور اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﻟﻸﻋﻀﺎء‪:‬‬ ‫‪WORD ROOTS FOR ORGANS:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎة‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻠﺪ ~‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺪي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻒ‬ ‫اﻻوردة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﺔ‬ ‫‪cyte‬‬ ‫‪cell‬‬ ‫خلية‬ ‫‪arthr‬‬ ‫‪joint‬‬ ‫مفضل‬ ‫‪5‬‬  1/5/2022 WORD ROOTS AND COMBINING FORMS ‫ﺟﺬور اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت واﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ‬ INDICATING COLOR: :‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻮن‬ SUFFIXES Always come at the end of the word Add meaning to the root Suffix usually derived from Greek or Latin Examples: -ectomy (removal of), -logy (study of), -itis (inflammation of) There are numerous suffixes that can be added to various roots ‫اﻟﻠﻮاﺣﻖ‬ They are used repeatedly (with the same meaning) in medical terminology ‫ﺗﺄﺗﻲ داﺋﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ Once you know that –itis refer to inflammation then you will know that ‫أﺿﻒ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺬر‬  Mastitis means inflammation of the breast  Gastritis means inflammation of the stomach logy- ،(‫)إزاﻟﺔ‬ ectomy- :‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ‬  Arthritis means inflammation of the joint ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎف‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮاﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬ (‫)اﻟﺘﮭﺎب‬ itis- ،(‫)دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫)ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬ ‫ا‬ ً ‫وﺗﻜﺮار‬ ‫ا‬ ً ‫ﻣﺮار‬ ‫ﺟﺬور ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫ ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻻﻟﺘﮭﺎب ﻓﺴﻮف ﺗﻌﺮف ذﻟﻚ‬itis– ‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد أن ﺗﻌﺮف أن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﻀﺮع‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﮭﺎب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺪي‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ‬ 6  1/5/2022 PREFIXES Always come at the beginning of the word Suggest information about the number of the parts, location of the organ, time or frequency ‫اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺎت‬ Generally, a new medical term is formed when a prefix is added ‫ﺗﺄﺗﻲ داﺋﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ Examples:  Hyper- means over, above or excessive  Peri- means around ‫اﻗﺘﺮاح ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل ﻋﺪد اﻷﺟﺰاء أو ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬  Tachy- means rapid, fast ‫اﻟﻌﻀﻮ أو اﻟﻮﻗﺖ أو اﻟﺘﻜﺮار‬  Epi- means upon, over  Tri- means three ‫ ﯾﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ طﺒﻲ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎدﺋﺔ‬ :‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ Hyper - ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ أو أﻋﻠﻰ أو ﻣﻔﺮط‬ peri-‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﻮل‬ Tachy-‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ‬ Epi-‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ او اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ Tri- ‫ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ PREFIXES Prefixes can be added to word roots and/or word roots with a suffix  Epigastric means above the stomach  Periarthritis means inflammation around the joint  Tachycardia means a rapid heart rate  Prenatal means before birth Now that you have been introduced to three of the four main elements that make up medical terms, you must know how to divide terms into their word elements in order to ‫اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺎت‬ understand their meanings. See examples in the next slide ‫أو ﺟﺬور اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﺑﻼﺣﻘﺔ‬/‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺟﺬور اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت و‬ ‫ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﻌﺪة ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﮭﺎب ﺣﻮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﮭﺎب ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم اﻧﺘﻈﺎم دﻗﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺿﺮﺑﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻮﻻدة ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻮﻻدة‬ ‫ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻌﺮف‬،‫اﻵن ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺗﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ اﻧﻈﺮ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﮭﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ 7  1/5/2022 EXAMPLES Examples GASTR/ ITIS Epi/ Gastr / IC Word ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ Gastr -itis Epi gastr -ic Element (‫اﻟﺠﺰء )اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬ Root Suffix Prefix Root Suffix Element Meaning ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ او اﻟﺠﺰء‬ Stomach Inflammation of Above, Stomach pertaining to Word Meaning ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ Inflammation of the stomach Pertaining to above the stomach COMBINING FORM Consists of the word root plus one or more vowels, often an “O” a.o.u.i.e The vowel is required to facilitate pronunciation The “O” is called the combining vowel It is used between two word roots, or between a root and a suffix when the suffix begins with a consonant The combining vowel is usually an “o”, but others “e or i” may be used ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن‬،‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺟﺬر اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺮف ﻣﺘﺤﺮك واﺣﺪ أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫" ﺣﺮف اﻟﻌﻠﺔ‬O" ‫" وﯾﻠﺰم ﺣﺮف اﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﮭﯿﻞ اﻟﻨﻄﻖ وﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﺮف‬O" ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫ أو ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺬر وﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ‬،‫ وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺬر ﻛﻠﻤﺘﯿﻦ‬،‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬،"o" ‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺣﺮف اﻟﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ھﻮ‬.(‫ﺑﺤﺮف ﺳﺎﻛﻦ)ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬."i ‫ أو‬e" ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺮوف اﻟﻌﻠﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‬ 8  1/5/2022 COMBINING FORM-EXAMPLES Combining vowel between roots Gastr/o/enter/itis Word Gastr/o enter -itis Element Combining form root Suffix (root+vowel) Element Meaning ►Stomach intestines inflam. Of Word Meaning ► Inflammation of the stomach and intestine COMBINING FORM-EXAMPLES Combining vowel between root and Cardi/o/logy suffix Word Cardi/o -logy Element Combining form Suffix (root+vowel) Element Meaning ►Heart Study Of Word Meaning ► Study of the heart 9  1/5/2022 ANALYZING MEDICAL TERMS Now that you know how to divide medical term into its basic elements, you can start analyzing medical terms using the following steps: 1)Separate the term into its word parts: identify root(s), suffix, and prefix 2)Attach the meaning to each of the word elements 3)Translate by starting at the end of the word with the suffix and moving to the prefix, if any, and then finally to the root ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟﺒﺪء ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬،‫اﻵن ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻄﺒﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮه اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ :‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ واﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺔ‬،‫ واﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‬،(‫ ﺣﺪد اﻟﺠﺬر )اﻟﺠﺬر‬:‫( اﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ إﻟﻰ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮫ‬1 ‫( رﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬2 ‫ ﺛﻢ أﺧﯿﺮًا إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺬر‬،‫( اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﺪء ﻣﻦ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ واﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺔ إن وﺟﺪت‬3 ANALYZING MEDICAL TERMS Example Word Peri- arthr -itis Element Prefix root suffix Element Meaning Around joint inflammation Word Meaning Inflammation around a joint 10  1/5/2022 ANALYZING MEDICAL TERMS By following these three steps, you will be able to determine the meaning of almost any term. Try one more example: gastroscopy 1.Separate the word into its elements: the combining from gastr/o and the suffix – scopy 2.Attach the meaning to the word elements: gastr/o means stomach and –scopy means visual examination 3.Translate by starting with the suffix and moving back to the word root: a visual examination of the stomach ►Deciphering medical terms is like a game, and once you know the roles and strategies, it can be fun! ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟﺒﺪء ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬،‫اﻵن ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻄﺒﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮه اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ :‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ واﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺔ‬،‫ واﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‬،(‫ ﺣﺪد اﻟﺠﺬر )اﻟﺠﺬر‬:‫( اﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ إﻟﻰ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮫ‬1 ‫( رﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬2 ‫ ﺛﻢ أﺧﯿﺮًا إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺬر‬،‫( اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﺪء ﻣﻦ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ واﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺔ إن وﺟﺪت‬3 SINGULAR AND PLURAL ENDINGS ‫النهايات املفردة والجمع‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬ Singular Ending Example Plural Ending Example  -a vertebra ،‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬ -ae vertebrae ،‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮات‬  -ax thorax ،‫اﻟﺼﺪر‬ -aces thoraces ،‫اﻟﺼﺪور‬  -is diagnosis ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬ -es diagnoses ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺨﯿﺼﺎت‬  -ix, -ex appendix ‫اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة اﻟﺪودﯾﺔ‬ -ices appendices ،‫اﻟﺰواﺋﺪ‬  -um septum ،‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ‬ -a septa ،‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺟﺰ‬  -us bronchus ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ -i bronchi ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﮭﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬  Y ovary ‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺾ‬ -ies ovaries ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﯾﺾ‬ ِ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑﮭﺬه‬ ِ‫اﻟﻜﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑﮭﺬه‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺮف ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻔﺮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮوف ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﻤﻊ‬ 11  1/5/2022 ‫الجذور الشائعة في املصطلحات الطبية‬ COMMON ROOTS IN MEDICAL TERMS Root Refers to Bronch/o 7 Bronchus ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﮭﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ Derm/o, dermat/o Skin ‫اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬ Ger/o, geront/o Aged ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬ Hem/o, hemat/o Blood ‫اﻟﺪم‬ Hep/o, hepat/o Liver ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ Psych/o Mind ‫اﻟﻤﺮض‬ Path/o Disease ‫اﻟﻠﻮاﺣﻖ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬ COMMON SUFFIXES IN MEDICAL TERMS Suffix ‫اﻟﻠﻮاﺣﻖ‬ Refers to ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﯿﺮ‬ -ac, -al, -ar, -ia, -ic, -ory Pertaining to ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ -algia Pain ‫اﻟﻢ‬ -cyte cell ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ -ectomy To surgically remove ً‫ﻹزاﻟﺔ ﺟﺮاﺣﯿﺎ‬ -graph To write, record ‫ ﺳﺠﻞ‬، ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬ -megaly enlargement ‫ﺗﻮﺳﯿﻊ‬ -oma Tumor ‫ورم‬ -ist One who specializes ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ 12  1/5/2022 ‫البادئات الشائعة في املصطلحات الطبية‬ COMMON PREFIXES IN MEDICAL TERMS Prefix Refers to A-, an- no, not, without ، ‫ﻻ ﻻ ﺑﺪون‬ anti-, contra- against ، ‫ﺿﺪ‬ brady- slow ،‫ﺑﻄﻲء‬ cyan- Bluish ‫ﻣﺰرق‬ dys- painful, difficult ،‫ﻣﺆﻟﻢ ﺻﻌﺐ‬ en-, endo-, intra- within, inner ،‫ داﺧﻠﻲ‬،‫داﺧﻞ‬ epi- above ،‫ﻓﻮق‬ ex-, exo- out, away from ‫ ﺑﻌﯿﺪا ﻋﻦ‬،‫ﺧﺎرج‬ Inter- Between ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ Tachy- fast, rapid ‫ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ‬،‫ﺳﺮﯾﻊ‬ THANK YOU 13