Viral Diseases PDF

PRNU131 | Care of Clients with Problems in the Oxygenation, Fluid & Electrolyte, Infectious, Inflammatory,.Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute & Chronic – NCM 112 Third Year | First Semester Viral Illnesses...

PRNU131 | Care of Clients with Problems in the Oxygenation, Fluid & Electrolyte, Infectious, Inflammatory,.Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute & Chronic – NCM 112 Third Year | First Semester Viral Illnesses Nature and Characteristics  Influenza, a respiratory illness that contributes to  Proteinaceous Infectious Particle: The term "prion" is development of pneumonia and occurs in annual epidemics derived from "proteinaceous infectious particle." Prions are during the winter months composed of misfolded forms of a normal cellular protein  HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), that causes Acquired called prion protein (PrP). Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This severe, life-  Prion Protein (PrP): PrP is found in normal, healthy cells, threatening pandemic disease has spread worldwide within particularly in the nervous system. The difference between the past 20-30 years. normal PrP (PrP^C) and the misfolded, infectious form  Rabies, that is spread to humans from animal bites or (PrP^Sc) is in their three-dimensional protein structures. scratches. Rabies is almost always fatal in humans but is  Infectious Conformation: Prions are unique because they preventable by a vaccine. can induce normal PrP molecules to change their  Measles, mumps, rubella, and poliomyelitis are all well conformation and adopt the abnormal, infectious form. This controlled in the US through immunization causes a chain reaction of misfolding and aggregation in the Classification brain.  Viruses are classified based on various characteristics, Diseases: including the type of genetic material they contain (DNA or  Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. RNA), their shape (e.g., helical, icosahedral), and whether  Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly they have an envelope. known as mad cow disease, in cattle. Host Specificity  Scrapie in sheep.  Many viruses have a specific range of host organisms they  Kuru can infect. This host specificity is determined by the  Varianr Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) interaction between viral surface proteins and host cell  Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) receptors.  Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome (GSS) in Disease and Pathogenicity humans  Human Diseases: Viruses are responsible for a wide range Neurodegeneration of human diseases, including the common cold  Prion diseases lead to severe neurodegeneration, (rhinoviruses), influenza (influenza viruses), HIV/AIDS characterized by progressive cognitive and motor (human immunodeficiency virus), COVID-19 (SARS-CoV- dysfunction. Brain tissue in affected individuals often shows 2), and many others. spongiform changes and accumulations of abnormal protein  Animal and Plant Diseases: Viruses also cause diseases deposits. in animals and plants, affecting agriculture and ecosystems. Variants and Strains Vaccination  Different prion diseases can be caused by distinct PrP^Sc  Vaccines are used to prevent viral infections by stimulating strains, which exhibit variations in pathological features and the immune system to recognize and respond to specific clinical symptoms. viruses. Vaccination has been a critical tool in controlling Transmission and eradicating viral diseases.  Sporadic: In some cases, prion diseases arise Antiviral Medications spontaneously without any known external source of  Certain antiviral medications are available to treat viral infection. This is referred to as sporadic prion disease. infections. These drugs can target different stages of the  Inherited: Prion diseases can also be inherited due to viral life cycle, such as viral replication or entry into host mutations in the PRNP gene, which codes for prion protein. cells.  Acquired: Some prion diseases can be acquired through Research and Study exposure to contaminated tissues or products, such as  Viruses are subjects of extensive scientific research, infected brain or nervous system tissue. This is seen in particularly in fields like virology. Understanding viruses is cases of vCJD transmission through the consumption of crucial for developing treatments, vaccines, and diagnostic contaminated beef products and iatrogenic transmission tools. through medical procedures. Evolutionary Role Diagnosis and Detection  Viruses are believed to have played a role in the evolution  Difficult Diagnosis: Diagnosing prion diseases can be of life on Earth by facilitating the transfer of genetic material challenging because of the long incubation periods, the lack between organisms. of a typical immune response, and the need for specialized PRIONS tests to detect abnormal prion proteins.  Brain Biopsy: In some cases, a definitive diagnosis may require a brain biopsy or post-mortem examination to identify characteristic pathological changes. Treatment and Prevention  No Cure: There is currently no cure for prion diseases. Treatment is typically focused on managing symptoms and  Infectious proteins that are associated with a group of rare providing supportive care. and fatal neurodegenerative diseases known as prion  Prevention: Preventing prion diseases involves avoiding diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies exposure to infected tissues or products. Stringent (TSEs) measures are in place to prevent the spread of prion  Unlike traditional pathogens like bacteria or viruses, prions diseases in healthcare and food industries. are composed solely of abnormal proteins that can trigger RESERVOIR the misfolding of normal proteins in the brain, leading to the  Refers to any person, animal, plant, soil, or substance in accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates which an infectious agent lives and multiplies, and from which it can be transmitted to a host. Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.|78  PRNU131 | Care of Clients with Problems in the Oxygenation, Fluid & Electrolyte, Infectious, Inflammatory,.Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute & Chronic – NCM 112 Third Year | First Semester Types of Reservoirs GENITOURINARY  Human Reservoirs: Infected individuals who can spread  This portal of exit is the route of sexually transmitted the disease (e.g., carriers of hepatitis). diseases, including syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and  Animal Reservoirs: Animals that harbor pathogens and HIV. Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease, and can transmit them to humans (e.g., bats as reservoirs for leptospirosis, a bacterial infection, are both spread through the rabies virus). urine released into the environment ALIMENTARY  Environmental Reservoirs: Non-living environments, such  The alimentary portal of exit may be the mouth, as in rabies as soil or water, where pathogens can survive (e.g., Vibrio and other diseases transmitted by bites. More commonly, cholerae in contaminated water). disease agents are spread by the other end of the intestinal Role in Disease Transmission tract (anus). These are referred to as enteric diseases.  Reservoirs are crucial for the lifecycle of pathogens. - Hepatitis A Understanding reservoirs helps in controlling and - Salmonella, including typhoid preventing the spread of diseases. - Shigella Example - Cholera  Lyme disease has deer as a reservoir, while West Nile - Giardia virus has birds as its primary reservoir. SKIN Reservoirs  May serve as a portal of exit through superficial lesions or  Humans (MAIN) through percutaneous penetration.  Animals  Superficial skin lesions that produce infectious discharges  Environment (Non-living things like water, food, and soil) are found in smallpox, varicella (chickenpox), syphilis, HUMANS chancroid, and impetigo.  Frank or Typical – patients who are obviously ill and  Percutaneous exit occurs through mosquito bites (malaria, manifest signs and symptoms of the disease. West Nile virus) or through the use of needles (hepatitis B  Subclinical – has mild or inapparent signs and symptoms. and C, HIV). West Nile Virus (WNV)  Carriers – does not manifest signs and symptoms  A virus primarily spread to humans through the bite of an  Contact – in close association with a case (an individual who infected mosquito. Mosquitoes become infected when they has a particular disease) bite birds that carry the virus. While most people infected  Suspect – person who displays signs and symptoms of the with WNV experience no symptoms or only mild ones like disease fever, headache, and body aches, a small percentage can ZOONOSES develop severe neurological illnesses, such as encephalitis  Animals can also be reservoirs for the infectious agents of (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the some communicable diseases. For example, dogs are a membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord). To reservoir for the virus that causes rabies (Diseases such as reduce the risk of infection, it’s important to avoid mosquito rabies, where the infectious agents can be transmitted from bites by using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, animal hosts to susceptible humans, are called zoonoses and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed  These diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, TRANSPLACENTAL or fungi that animals carry. Some common examples  This portal of exit from mother to fetus is important in the include rabies, which is spread by animal bites, and transmission of rubella, HIV, syphilis, and cytomegalovirus salmonella, often transmitted through contaminated food (the most common infectious cause of developmental like eggs or poultry. Preventing zoonoses involves good disabilities). It is, fortunately, not a factor for most diseases hygiene, proper handling of animals, and vaccination of pets  Rubella (German measles) - Can lead to congenital VEHICLES rubella syndrome, causing birth defects like heart problems,  Non-living things like water, food and soil can also be deafness, or developmental delays reservoirs for infectious agents, but they are called vehicles  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - A common virus that may cause because they are non-living things hearing loss, vision problems, or developmental issues in PORTAL OF EXIT newborns.  Toxoplasmosis - Caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, it can result in brain damage, vision loss, or other developmental problems in the baby.  Syphilis - A bacterial infection that, if untreated, can lead to stillbirth, preterm birth, or congenital syphilis in the newborn  HIV - The virus that causes AIDS can be transmitted during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, leading to HIV infection in the baby  Zika virus - Can cause microcephaly (an abnormally small head) and other severe brain defects in newborns.  The route by which the disease agent may escape from the  Preventing these infections during pregnancy is crucial, human or animal reservoir typically through vaccinations, prenatal screening, and - Respiratory avoiding exposure to known risk factors. - Genitourinary MODE OF TRANSMISSION - Alimentary  The means by which an organism transfers from one carrier - Skin to another by either direct transmission or indirect RESPIRATORY transmission  This is the route of many disease agents that causes respiratory illnesses such as the common cold, influenza, and tuberculosis. This is the most important portal and the most difficult to control Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.|79  PRNU131 | Care of Clients with Problems in the Oxygenation, Fluid & Electrolyte, Infectious, Inflammatory,.Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute & Chronic – NCM 112 Third Year | First Semester Direct contact  Food or waterborne transmission  Touching an infected person or their bodily fluids (like blood - Consuming contaminated food or water, leading to or saliva), such as with colds, the flu, or sexually transmitted diseases like cholera or food poisoning infections  Fomites are objects or surfaces that can carry and spread  Refers to the transfer of an infectious agent from an infected infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, or fungi. When an host to a new host, without the need for intermediates such infected person touches or contaminates a surface, the as air, food, water or other animals. Direct modes of germs can survive for a time. If another person touches the transmission can occur in two main ways same object and then touches their face, mouth, or eyes,  Person to person: they may become infected - The infectious agent is spread by direct contact  Common example of fomites includes: between people through touching, biting, kissing, - Door handles sexual intercourse or direct projection of respiratory - Light switches droplets into another person’s nose or mouth during - Mobile phones coughing, sneezing or talking. A familiar example is the - Keyboards transmission of HIV from an infected person to others - Toys through sexual intercourse. - Utensils - Gonorrhea, Hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, Syphilis, Herpes,  Proper cleaning and disinfecting of surfaces, along with Cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia, Impetigo, Athlete’s foot, good hand hygiene, can help reduce the spread of Warts, leprosy, skin and eye infections infections through fomites.  Transplacental transmission: Droplet transmission - This refers to the transmission of an infectious agent  Breathing in droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected from a pregnant woman to her fetus through the person, as seen with colds, flu, and COVID-19 Airborne transmission placenta. An example is mother-to-child transmission  Inhaling tiny infectious particles that can float in the air for (MTCT) of HIV, Hepa B. long periods, like with tuberculosis or measles  Droplet spread is also considered direct transmission. Vector-borne transmission Infectious aerosols produced by coughing or sneezing can  Being bitten by an infected insect, like mosquitoes transmit infection directly to susceptible people up to three spreading malaria or dengue fever feet away. Many respiratory diseases are spread this way. Food or waterborne transmission  Contact with contaminated soil  Consuming contaminated food or water, leading to diseases  Inoculation of infectious agent into the skin or mucosa like cholera or food poisoning. Indirect contact  Understanding how diseases spread helps prevent  Touching contaminated surfaces or objects that an infected transmission through measures like handwashing, wearing person has touched, like doorknobs or shared items. masks, vaccination, and proper food handling.  A person is infected from a contact with a contaminated PORTAL OF ENTRY surface. Some organisms are capable of surviving on  Successful transmission of the infectious agent requires it surfaces for an extended period of time. to enter the host through a specific part of the body before  Indirect transmission is when infectious agents are it can cause disease. The site through which an infectious transmitted to new hosts through intermediates such as air, agent enters the host is called the route of entry. food, water, objects or substances in the environment, or  In summary, the infectious disease process typically other animals. Indirect transmission has three subtypes consists of three routes of entry:  Airborne transmission: Penetration - The infectious agent may be transmitted in dried  Into the bloodstream, exemplified by Hepatitis B Virus and secretions from the respiratory tract, which can remain HIV Inhalation suspended in the air for some time. For example, the infectious agent causing tuberculosis can enter a new  Airborne organisms, illustrated by Mycobacteria Ingestion host through airborne transmission.  Demonstrated by salmonella - Inhaling tiny infectious particles that can float in the air for long periods, like with tuberculosis or measles.  Vehicle-borne transmission: - A vehicle is any non-living substance or object that can be contaminated by an infectious agent, which then transmits it to a new host. Contamination refers to the presence of an infectious agent in or on the vehicle.  Vector-borne transmission: - A vector is an organism, usually an arthropod, which transmits an infectious agent to a new host. Arthropods which act as vectors include houseflies, mosquitoes, lice and ticks. - Being bitten by an infected insect, like mosquitoes spreading malaria or dengue fever - May occur through animate or inanimate mechanisms SUSCEPTIBLE HOST  Animate mechanisms involve vectors:  After an infectious agent gets inside the body it has to - Flies may transmit infectious agents. (Vector borne). multiply in order to cause the disease. In some hosts,  Inanimate mechanisms infection leads to the disease developing, but in others it - When disease agents are spread by environmental does not. Susceptibility is affected by: vehicles or by air, this is referred to as indirect - Genetic factors transmission by inanimate mechanisms. Anything may - General resistance factors be a vehicle, including objects, food, water, milk, or - Specific acquired immunity biological products (Vehicle borne). Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.|80  PRNU131 | Care of Clients with Problems in the Oxygenation, Fluid & Electrolyte, Infectious, Inflammatory,.Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute & Chronic – NCM 112 Third Year | First Semester Immunological Status:  The natural history of a communicable disease refers to the  The immune system plays a crucial role in determining an progression of the disease in an individual from the time of individual's susceptibility to infections. A strong and exposure to recovery or death. It generally follows these functional immune system is more likely to resist and control stages: infections, making the host less susceptible. Conversely, Exposure individuals with weakened or compromised immune  A person comes into contact with the infectious agent (like systems are more susceptible to infections a virus or bacteria), but no symptoms appear yet Genetic Factors: Incubation period  Genetic variations can influence an individual's  The pathogen multiplies inside the body. This is the time susceptibility to certain diseases. Some genetic factors may between exposure and the onset of symptoms. The person provide resistance or increased susceptibility to specific may be infectious even without showing symptoms pathogens. For example, certain genetic mutations can Prodromal period make individuals more resistant to malaria or more  Early, mild symptoms start to appear, such as fever or susceptible to autoimmune diseases. fatigue. This is often a warning that a full-blown illness is Age: developing  Age can be a significant factor in susceptibility. Infants and Clinical period the elderly often have less-developed or weakened immune  The disease reaches its peak, and specific symptoms of the systems, making them more susceptible to infections. For infection appear (e.g., rash, cough, vomiting). This is when some diseases, susceptibility may be highest in young the person is typically most contagious. children who have not yet built up immunity through prior Recovery or resolution exposure or vaccination.  If the body fights off the infection, symptoms gradually Vaccination History: improve. The person may become immune or be at risk for  Vaccination programs aim to reduce susceptibility to re-infection, depending on the disease. specific infectious diseases by stimulating the immune Chronic or long-term effects (for some diseases) system to produce protective antibodies. Individuals who  Some communicable diseases can result in long-term have received vaccinations for certain diseases are less complications or chronic conditions, such as hepatitis or HIV susceptible to those diseases. STAGE OF INFECTION Previous Exposure:  The infectious agent has entered the host’s body and has  Prior exposure to a pathogen can lead to the development begun multiplying. of immunity. Immune memory, acquired through previous  The stages of infection refer to the progression of an illness infections or vaccinations, can provide protection against after a person is exposed to an infectious agent. future encounters with the same pathogen, making the host Incubation period less susceptible.  This is the time between exposure to the pathogen and the Environmental Factors: appearance of symptoms. The person may not feel sick but  Environmental conditions, such as sanitation, access to the infectious agent is multiplying in the body. The length of clean water, and living conditions, can influence this period varies depending on the disease. susceptibility to infectious diseases. Poor sanitation and Prodromal Stage overcrowded living conditions can increase the risk of  Early, mild, and non-specific symptoms begin to appear, disease transmission such as fatigue, slight fever, or discomfort. The person Behavioral Factors: might feel “off,” but it’s not clear what’s causing it yet.  Certain behaviors, such as practicing safe sex, proper hand Illness (Clinical) Stage hygiene, and avoiding risky behaviors like sharing needles,  This is the peak of the disease, when specific symptoms of can reduce the risk of exposure to infectious agents and the infection are present. The person may feel the most sick thus susceptibility to infection during this period. Depending on the disease, they can also Host-Pathogen Interactions: be highly contagious.  The interaction between the host and the specific pathogen Decline Stage also plays a role in susceptibility. Some pathogens have  The immune system starts to overcome the infection, or evolved mechanisms to evade the host's immune system, treatment begins to work. Symptoms start to decrease in making the host more susceptible to infection severity, and the person begins to recover. Coexisting Conditions: Convalescence Stage  Underlying health conditions, such as diabetes, heart  The person fully recovers, with symptoms disappearing and disease, or respiratory illnesses, can weaken the body's strength returning. The body continues to heal and repair defenses and increase susceptibility to infections. These any damage caused by the infection. However, for some conditions can also make infections more severe diseases, the person may still be contagious during part of DEFENSE MECHANISM AGAINST INFECTION this stage First Line of Defense STAGE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE  External and physical barriers  The clinical manifestations of the disease are present in the  Chemical substances infected host. The time interval between the onset (start) of  Normal flora infection and the first appearance of clinical manifestations Second Line of Defense of a disease is called the incubation period.  Inflammatory process provided by the white blood cells STAGE OF OUTCOME Third Line of Defense which is Immune response  At this stage the disease may result in recovery, disability or  Cell mediated death of the patient  Antibody mediated PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES THE NATURAL HISTORY OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE  Refers to measures that are applied to prevent the  The natural history of a communicable disease refers to the occurrence of a disease sequence of events that happen one after another, over a  Prevention of Communicable Diseases through: period of time, in a person who is not receiving treatment 1. Health Education STAGE OF EXPOSURE  The susceptible host has come into close contact with the 2. Specific Protection infectious agent, but it has not yet entered the host’s body 3. Environmental Sanitation cells Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.|81  PRNU131 | Care of Clients with Problems in the Oxygenation, Fluid & Electrolyte, Infectious, Inflammatory,.Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute & Chronic – NCM 112 Third Year | First Semester LEVEL OF PREVENTION TERTIARY PREVENTION PRIMARY PREVENTION  Focuses on managing and minimizing the impact of a  Focuses on preventing the occurrence of infections before disease after it has been diagnosed and treated. The goal they happen. It includes actions that reduce the risk of is to reduce long-term complications, improve quality of life, exposure to infectious agents and increase immunity. and prevent further illness or disability.  Increasing the resistance of the host  Limits the progression of disability  Inactivating the agent  Treatment of symptoms and rehabilitation vary with each  Interrupt the chain of infection specific disease  Restricting spread of infection Key tertiary prevention strategies are: - Isolation  Rehabilitation - Quarantine - Providing therapies and support for individuals - Segregation recovering from an infectious disease, such as physical - Personal surveillance therapy for those affected by polio or rehabilitation for Key primary prevention strategies are: those recovering from severe COVID-19  Vaccination  Chronic Disease Management - Immunization against diseases like measles, polio, and - For diseases that may have long-term effects (like the flu can prevent the spread of these infections. HIV), ongoing medical care and monitoring are  Hygiene and Sanitation essential to manage symptoms and prevent - Regular handwashing, maintaining clean complications. environments, proper disposal of waste, and access to  Education and Counseling clean water reduce the spread of pathogens. - Offering education about the disease, its effects, and  Health Education how to manage any long-term health issues. This may - Teaching people about ways to prevent infections, include lifestyle changes, adherence to medication, such as safe food handling, proper hygiene, and the and support groups. importance of vaccinations  Preventing Recurrence  Use of Protective Measures - Implementing strategies to prevent re-infection or - Wearing masks, using insect repellents to prevent complications from the original disease, such as vector-borne diseases, and using condoms to prevent ongoing monitoring for individuals with a history of sexually transmitted infections. tuberculosis or hepatitis.  Quarantine and Isolation  Community Support - Keeping people who are exposed or infected separate - Providing resources and support to help affected to prevent the spread of disease to others. individuals reintegrate into society, including mental  Environmental Control health services, social support, access to medical care. - Ensuring proper ventilation, reducing overcrowding, CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES and controlling vectors that can carry diseases.  Refers to measures that are applied to prevent SECONDARY PREVENTION transmission after the disease has occurred.  Focuses on early detection and prompt treatment to stop  Control of Communicable Disease the progression of the disease and prevent complications or 1. Notification – early reporting of a case further spread. 2. Epidemiological investigation  Activities targeted at detecting disease at earliest possible 3. Case finding, early diagnosis and treatment time to: 4. Isolation - Begin treatment  Involves strategies and measures to reduce or eliminate the - Stop progression spread of infectious diseases within a population. - Protect others in the community Key components of disease control include:  Ex. of activities: case finding, health screening & education  Surveillance Key secondary prevention strategies are: - Monitoring disease patterns, outbreaks, and incidence  Screening and Early Diagnosis rates to identify and respond to threats quickly. - Identifying infections in their early stages, even if no - This helps public health officials track the spread of symptoms are present, such as through TB or HIV test. diseases and implement appropriate measures. - Early diagnosis allows for quicker treatment, which  Vaccination Programs reduces the spread and severity of the disease. - Implementing immunization campaigns to protect  Prompt Treatment populations against specific diseases, reducing - Initiating treatment quickly to manage the disease and transmission and preventing outbreaks. reduce transmission. For example, starting antibiotics  Public Health Education for bacterial infections or antivirals for viral infections. - Informing communities about how diseases spread and  Contact Tracing the importance of hygiene, vaccination, and preventive - Identifying and notifying individuals who may have measures. been in contact with an infected person to prevent - Educating the public about signs and symptoms can further spread & encourage early treatment or testing. lead to early detection and treatment.  Isolation of Infected Individuals  Quarantine and Isolation - Keeping people who are sick away from healthy - Enforcing isolation for infected individuals and individuals to limit transmission, such as isolating quarantine for those who have been exposed to patients with highly contagious diseases like measles infectious agents, thereby limiting the spread of  Prophylactic Treatment disease. - Giving preventive treatments to those who have been  Infection Control Measures exposed to an infectious disease, like providing - Implementing protocols in healthcare settings to antiviral medication to someone exposed to the flu or prevent infections, such as proper sterilization, hand post-exposure vaccines for rabies. hygiene, and use of PPE. Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.|82  PRNU131 | Care of Clients with Problems in the Oxygenation, Fluid & Electrolyte, Infectious, Inflammatory,.Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute & Chronic – NCM 112 Third Year | First Semester  Treatment and Management Droplet Isolation - Providing timely and effective treatment to infected  Implemented for diseases that spread through respiratory individuals to reduce transmission and complications, droplets (e.g., influenza, COVID-19). Patients are placed in including prophylactic treatments for at-risk private rooms, and masks are worn by healthcare workers populations. and visitors when they are within a certain distance of the  Environmental Control patient. - Reducing exposure to pathogens in the environment Airborne Isolation through proper sanitation, vector control (e.g.,  Used for diseases that can be transmitted through tiny managing mosquito populations), and ensuring safe airborne particles (e.g., TB, measles). Patients are placed water supplies in negative-pressure rooms that prevent the escape of  Collaboration and Coordination infectious particles, and healthcare workers wear N95 - Working with healthcare providers, government respirators or similar masks. agencies, and community organizations to enhance Protective Isolation disease control efforts and share resources.  Also known as Reverse Isolation ISOLATION TECHNIQUES  Used for patients who have weakened immune systems,  The process of separating patients from others to prevent such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transmission to healthy people, the period of isolation is transplant recipients. based on the longest period of communicability.  The goal is to protect them from potential infections.  Crucial in controlling the spread of communicable diseases  Healthcare workers and visitors may be required to wear by separating infected individuals from healthy individuals. PPE to prevent introducing pathogens to the patient.  Implementing these isolation techniques effectively helps  Used to prevent contact between potentially pathogenic control the spread of communicable diseases, protecting microorganisms and uninfected persons who have seriously both patients and healthcare workers. impaired resistance. Standard Precautions - Eg. Leukemia, who are on certain therapeutic  These are basic practices used in all healthcare settings to regimens. prevent the spread of infections. They include hand Enteric Isolation hygiene, wearing gloves, and proper disposal of waste.  Type of precautionary measure used to prevent the MODES OF ISOLATION transmission of infectious agents through the Strict Isolation gastrointestinal tract, particularly those that can be spread  Also known as “complete isolation” or “total isolation,” is a via fecal-oral routes. heightened form of isolation used to prevent the  This isolation technique is crucial for managing diseases transmission of highly contagious diseases, especially in like norovirus, rotavirus, and certain types of bacterial healthcare settings. It involves comprehensive measures to infections (e.g., salmonella, shigella). protect both the infected individual and others from  Private Room: Infected patients are typically placed in exposure to the infectious agent private rooms to prevent the spread of pathogens to others.  Private Room: The infected person is placed in a single  Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Healthcare occupancy room, often with negative pressure to prevent workers must wear appropriate PPE, including gloves and airborne pathogens from escaping. gowns, when caring for patients in enteric isolation. Masks  Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Healthcare may also be used if there’s a risk of splashes. workers and visitors must wear appropriate PPE, which  Strict Hand Hygiene: Frequent handwashing with soap includes masks (often N95 respirators for airborne and water is emphasized, particularly after contact with the diseases), gowns, gloves, and sometimes face shields, patient or their environment. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers depending on the disease. are generally less effective against some enteric pathogens.  Limited Access: Access to the patient’s room is restricted  Dedicated Equipment: Any equipment used for the patient to essential personnel only, and visitors may be limited or (like bedpans, utensils, and personal items) should be screened before entering. designated for that individual to avoid cross-contamination.  Strict Hygiene Protocols: Enhanced hand hygiene  Environmental Cleaning: Enhanced cleaning protocols practices are mandated, including frequent handwashing are implemented for surfaces and items in the patient’s with soap+water or the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. room, particularly for areas that may be contaminated with  Dedicated Equipment: Medical equipment and supplies fecal matter. used for the patient are often kept within the isolation room  Waste Disposal: Proper disposal of fecal waste is critical, to prevent cross-contamination. often requiring specific protocols to ensure that infectious  Patient Transport: If the patient needs to be transported, materials do not contaminate other areas. they are typically required to wear a mask, and the transport  Visitor Restrictions: Limiting visitors or screening them for team must follow strict infection control protocols. symptoms is often part of the protocol to protect others in  Environmental Controls: Regular cleaning and the healthcare facility. disinfection of the room and surfaces are essential, along  Used to control diseases that can be transmitted through with proper waste disposal. direct or indirect oral contact with infected feces or  Used to prevent the transmission of all highly communicable contaminated articles. disease that are spread by both contact and airborne routes  Transmission of infection depends on ingestion of the of transmission. pathogens. - Eg. Chickenpox, Rabies. - E Hepatitis, Dysentery. Respiratory Isolation Wound and Skin Isolation  Used to prevent transmission of organisms by means  Used to prevent the spread of microorganisms found in droplets that are sneezed or breathed into the environment. infected wounds (including burns and open sores) and - Eg. Influenza and tuberculosis. heavily contaminated articles.  Diseases that required precautions include: - E.g. Herpes, Impetigo and ringworm Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.|83  PRNU131 | Care of Clients with Problems in the Oxygenation, Fluid & Electrolyte, Infectious, Inflammatory,.Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute & Chronic – NCM 112 Third Year | First Semester Blood Isolation  Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Using appropriate  Used to prevent acquisition of infection by patients and PPE (gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection) based on personnel from contact with blood or items contaminated the anticipated exposure to blood, body fluids, or infectious with blood. materials. - E.g. Hepatitis B virus, H.I.V/A.I.D.S  Safe Handling of Sharps: Proper disposal of needles and Discharge Isolation other sharp instruments to prevent needlestick injuries.  Secretion Precautions lesions  Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette: Encouraging - Used to prevent acquisition of infection by personnel patients and visitors to cover their mouths and noses with and patients from direct contact with wounds and tissues or elbows when coughing or sneezing and using secretion contaminated articles. masks if needed. - E.g. Conjunctivitis, Gonorrhea and Syphilis.  Cleaning and Disinfection: Ensuring that surfaces and  Secretion Precautions Oral equipment are regularly cleaned and disinfected - Used to prevent acquisition of infection by personnel TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS from direct contact with oral secretions.  Applies to those who are known to be or suspected of being - E.g. Herpes Areolas and Scarlet Fever. infected with highly transmissible infection.  Excretion Precautions  They are tailored to the mode of transmission of the specific - Used to prevent acquisition of infection by personnel infectious agent. and patients from direct contact with fecal excretions. 3 TYPES: - E.g. Polio myelitis and Staphylococcal food poisoning Airborne Precautions CDC ISOLATION TECHNIQUES  Universal/Standard Precautions - Now more commonly referred to as standard precautions, are guidelines that apply to all patients, regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infection status.  Used for diseases transmitted through airborne particles  Transmission-Based Precautions (e.g., tuberculosis, chicken pox, measles). - Are additional precautions used in conjunction with  This involves placing patients in negative-pressure rooms, standard precautions for patients known or suspected and healthcare workers must wear N95 respirators or to be infected with highly transmissible pathogens. similar masks. STANDARD PRECAUTIONS  Requires special air handling and ventilation procedures, use of negative pressure rooms, use well fitted respirator mask.  Particulate respirator (e.g. N95) or powered air purifying respirator (PAPR) worn before entry  With a particulate respirator, perform a fit-check before entering an area where they may be airborne infectious disease Droplet Precautions  A primary strategy for reducing the risk of and controlling nosocomial infections.  Applies to blood, all body fluids , secretions and excretions except sweat , skin that is not intact , mucous membrane.  The primary goal is to prevent the transmission of  Applied for diseases spread through respiratory droplets bloodborne and other pathogens. (e.g., influenza, COVID-19).  Hand Hygiene: Regular and thorough handwashing with  Patients are placed in private rooms, and masks are worn soap and water or using alcohol-based hand sanitizers by healthcare workers and visitors within close proximity. before and after patient contact. Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.|84  PRNU131 | Care of Clients with Problems in the Oxygenation, Fluid & Electrolyte, Infectious, Inflammatory,.Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute & Chronic – NCM 112 Third Year | First Semester  Prevent contact from respiratory secretions (nose, throat, DISINFESTATION lungs), applied to influenza, meningitis, diphtheria, rubella.  The procedure of destroying or removing small animal  A face mask is worn upon entry into the patient room. pests, particularly arthropods and rodents, present upon the  Use Standard Precautions when handling items person, the clothing, or in the environment of an individual, contaminated with respiratory secretions. or on domestic animals.  PPE must be removed at the point of exit; do not reuse face  Usually achieved by using chemical or physical agents, e.g. masks Hand hygiene follows PPE removal. spraying insecticides to destroy mosquitoes, and removing Contact Precautions lice from the body and clothing  Used for diseases spread by direct or indirect contact. This includes placing infected patients in private rooms, wearing gloves and gowns, and limiting patient movement.  Diseases spread by touching directly or by objects related to the patient  Requires use of gloves, mask, gown and dedicated patient care equipment like thermometer, stethoscope, BP cup.  Gown and gloves at entry point, before contact with a patient or patient’s environment.  Potentially contaminated objects include: - Objects, such as tray tables and bedrails - Medical equipment (e.g. Blood Pressure cuff)  Dedicated patient equipment is preferred.  PPE removed at the point of exit, prompt hand hygiene QUARANTINE  Limitation in the freedom of movement exposed individual, animal or contact of a case of communicable disease based on the longest incubation period of the disease MEDICAL ASEPSIS  Like concurrent disinfection and handwashing, wearing of PPEs CLEANING AND DISINFECTION  Proper cleaning and disinfection of surfaces, medical equipment, and patient rooms are critical to prevent the transmission of infections  Disinfection is the destruction of pathogenic organisms excluding spores - Terminal disinfection: done after the patient left the room - Concurrent disinfection: done at the bedside of the patient STERILIZATION  Destruction of pathogenic organisms including spores - Autoclaving BARRIER CARDS/PLACARDING  Placing signage in patient’s unit Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.|85