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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is not one of the four components of Subjective Task Value (STV)?
What drives motivation according to Drive-Reduction Theory?
What does utility value refer to in the context of task motivation?
Which neurotransmitter plays a key role in regulating mood, happiness, and anxiety?
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Which statement best describes autonomy in Self-Determination Theory?
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What happens to behavior that is followed by rewards according to operant conditioning?
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Which type of motivation is exemplified by a student studying to avoid punishment from their parents?
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At what level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs does the need for love and belonging emerge?
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What are the three basic psychological needs in Self-Determination Theory?
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According to behaviorism, how is all behavior learned?
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What is the primary purpose of a 'drive' in Hull's Drive-Reduction Theory?
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What key difference exists between Expectancies for Success and Ability Beliefs?
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What is the main characteristic of intrinsic motivation?
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Which of the following is NOT a subtype of extrinsic motivation in Self-Determination Theory?
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Which of the following best describes a drawback of over-relying on extrinsic motivation?
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What is a key concept of the Expectancy-Value Theory?
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What must be fulfilled according to Maslow before a person can experience love and belonging?
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Which of the following is true regarding intrinsic motivation?
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What does the Expectancy-Value Theory state regarding motivation?
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Esteem needs encompass which aspects?
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According to Self-Determination Theory, which of the following is NOT considered essential for fostering motivation?
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How does the cultural milieu affect an individual's motivation according to the content?
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What occurs to a need, according to Maslow, once it is satisfied?
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Which statement about utility value is correct?
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Study Notes
Neurotransmitters and Motivation
- Serotonin: Key neurotransmitter for mood, happiness, and anxiety regulation.
- Dopamine: Produced in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), crucial for the brain's reward system.
- GABA: Helps the brain by reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation.
- Mesolimbic dopamine system: Pathway heavily associated with pleasure and reward.
Drive-Reduction Theory
- Motivation is driven by the need to restore homeostasis and reduce internal drives.
- Drives: Tension that arises from unmet biological needs.
- Primary Drives: Biological needs like thirst, hunger, and sleep.
- Learned Motives: Developed through experience and association.
- Reinforcement: Reduction of drives reinforces behavior.
Operant Conditioning
- Behavior followed by rewards is strengthened, while behavior followed by punishment is weakened.
- Positive Reinforcement: Rewards like praise or extra credit encourage behavior.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological needs: Most basic level, including hunger, thirst, and sleep.
- Safety needs: Security, stability, and protection.
- Love and belonging needs: Connection, acceptance, and intimacy.
- Esteem needs: Self-esteem and respect from others.
- Self-actualization needs: Desire for personal growth and fulfillment.
- Growth needs: Driven by personal development; higher level needs.
- Intrinsic motivation: Driven by internal enjoyment or interest.
Extrinsic Motivation
- Extrinsic motivation: Driven by external rewards or punishments.
- Intrinsic motivation: Driven by internal interest and enjoyment.
- Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT): Motivation is based on expectancies for success and subjective task values.
Subjective Task Value (STV)
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Interest/Enjoyment: How much one enjoys the task.
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Attainment value: How important task success is for one's identity.
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Utility value: How useful the task is for future goals.
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Cost: Perceived negative aspects.
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Expectancies for success: Shaped by past performance, feedback, and task difficulty.
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Motivation is highest when expectancies for success and task value are high.
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Ability beliefs: Influenced by past performance, feedback, and perceived abilities.
Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
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Three psychological needs:
- Autonomy: Control over one's actions
- Relatedness: Feeling connected and supported
- Competence: Feeling capable and effective.
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Intrinsic motivation: Driven by enjoyment and interest.
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Extrinsic motivation: Driven by external rewards and punishments.
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Amotivation: Lack of motivation.
True or False
- Acetylcholine: Plays a major role in learning and memory by enhancing attention and motivation.
- External factors like diet and exercise: Can affect neurotransmitter levels, impacting motivation and well-being.
- Serotonin levels: Have a significant effect on a person's motivation or social behavior.
- Norepinephrine: Affects both arousal and attention, especially during stressful situations.
- Behaviorism: States that all behavior is learned through environmental interaction.
- Drive-Reduction Theory: Suggests that tension decreases motivation by reducing the desire to satisfy needs.
- Secondary drives: Are learned through association with primary drives like hunger and thirst.
- Hull's Drive-Reduction Theory: Does not fully explain thrill-seeking and overindulgence in humans.
- Operant conditioning: Involves learning through rewards and punishments to reinforce or weaken behaviors.
- Classical conditioning: Involves imitating the behavior of others to learn new responses.
- Learned motives: Influence how much effort individuals put into achieving goals and their persistence.
- Cultural and social influences: Shape learned motives like affiliation and achievement.
- Maslow's hierarchy: States that self-actualization can only be achieved after all lower-level needs are fully met.
- Esteem needs: Include both self-esteem and respect from others.
- Satisfied needs: No longer serve as a motivator according to Maslow.
- The need for safety: Must be fulfilled before experiencing love and belonging.
- Extrinsic motivation: Is more effective for inherently enjoyable tasks.
- Intrinsic motivation: Typically leads to more sustained and meaningful engagement than extrinsic motivation.
- Self-Determination Theory (SDT): Suggests that competence, autonomy, and relatedness are essential for motivation.
- Intrinsic motivation: Can be diminished by overusing extrinsic rewards.
- Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT): States that individual motivation is based on expectancies for success and task value.
- Cost in EVT: Refers to both financial and non-financial expenses associated with completing a task.
- Attainment value: Is closely linked to identity and self-worth.
- Utility value: Is related to how useful a task is for future goals.
- Ability beliefs: Are primarily shaped by past experiences and perceived abilities.
- Intrinsic value: Refers to the degree of enjoyment an individual derives from a task.
- High expectancy for success: Does not guarantee high motivation if task value is low.
- Cultural milieu: Influences how individuals develop expectancies for success and task values.
- Expectancies for success and task values: Are not static and can change over time.
- Hierarchies of values: Suggest that individuals prioritize tasks based on their value, influencing motivation and choices.
- Self-Determination Theory (SDT): States that competence, autonomy, and relatedness are vital for fostering motivation.
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