Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is not one of the four components of Subjective Task Value (STV)?
Which of the following is not one of the four components of Subjective Task Value (STV)?
What drives motivation according to Drive-Reduction Theory?
What drives motivation according to Drive-Reduction Theory?
What does utility value refer to in the context of task motivation?
What does utility value refer to in the context of task motivation?
Which neurotransmitter plays a key role in regulating mood, happiness, and anxiety?
Which neurotransmitter plays a key role in regulating mood, happiness, and anxiety?
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Which statement best describes autonomy in Self-Determination Theory?
Which statement best describes autonomy in Self-Determination Theory?
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What happens to behavior that is followed by rewards according to operant conditioning?
What happens to behavior that is followed by rewards according to operant conditioning?
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Which type of motivation is exemplified by a student studying to avoid punishment from their parents?
Which type of motivation is exemplified by a student studying to avoid punishment from their parents?
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At what level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs does the need for love and belonging emerge?
At what level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs does the need for love and belonging emerge?
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What are the three basic psychological needs in Self-Determination Theory?
What are the three basic psychological needs in Self-Determination Theory?
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According to behaviorism, how is all behavior learned?
According to behaviorism, how is all behavior learned?
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What is the primary purpose of a 'drive' in Hull's Drive-Reduction Theory?
What is the primary purpose of a 'drive' in Hull's Drive-Reduction Theory?
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What key difference exists between Expectancies for Success and Ability Beliefs?
What key difference exists between Expectancies for Success and Ability Beliefs?
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What is the main characteristic of intrinsic motivation?
What is the main characteristic of intrinsic motivation?
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Which of the following is NOT a subtype of extrinsic motivation in Self-Determination Theory?
Which of the following is NOT a subtype of extrinsic motivation in Self-Determination Theory?
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Which of the following best describes a drawback of over-relying on extrinsic motivation?
Which of the following best describes a drawback of over-relying on extrinsic motivation?
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What is a key concept of the Expectancy-Value Theory?
What is a key concept of the Expectancy-Value Theory?
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What must be fulfilled according to Maslow before a person can experience love and belonging?
What must be fulfilled according to Maslow before a person can experience love and belonging?
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Which of the following is true regarding intrinsic motivation?
Which of the following is true regarding intrinsic motivation?
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What does the Expectancy-Value Theory state regarding motivation?
What does the Expectancy-Value Theory state regarding motivation?
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Esteem needs encompass which aspects?
Esteem needs encompass which aspects?
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According to Self-Determination Theory, which of the following is NOT considered essential for fostering motivation?
According to Self-Determination Theory, which of the following is NOT considered essential for fostering motivation?
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How does the cultural milieu affect an individual's motivation according to the content?
How does the cultural milieu affect an individual's motivation according to the content?
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What occurs to a need, according to Maslow, once it is satisfied?
What occurs to a need, according to Maslow, once it is satisfied?
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Which statement about utility value is correct?
Which statement about utility value is correct?
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Study Notes
Neurotransmitters and Motivation
- Serotonin: Key neurotransmitter for mood, happiness, and anxiety regulation.
- Dopamine: Produced in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), crucial for the brain's reward system.
- GABA: Helps the brain by reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation.
- Mesolimbic dopamine system: Pathway heavily associated with pleasure and reward.
Drive-Reduction Theory
- Motivation is driven by the need to restore homeostasis and reduce internal drives.
- Drives: Tension that arises from unmet biological needs.
- Primary Drives: Biological needs like thirst, hunger, and sleep.
- Learned Motives: Developed through experience and association.
- Reinforcement: Reduction of drives reinforces behavior.
Operant Conditioning
- Behavior followed by rewards is strengthened, while behavior followed by punishment is weakened.
- Positive Reinforcement: Rewards like praise or extra credit encourage behavior.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological needs: Most basic level, including hunger, thirst, and sleep.
- Safety needs: Security, stability, and protection.
- Love and belonging needs: Connection, acceptance, and intimacy.
- Esteem needs: Self-esteem and respect from others.
- Self-actualization needs: Desire for personal growth and fulfillment.
- Growth needs: Driven by personal development; higher level needs.
- Intrinsic motivation: Driven by internal enjoyment or interest.
Extrinsic Motivation
- Extrinsic motivation: Driven by external rewards or punishments.
- Intrinsic motivation: Driven by internal interest and enjoyment.
- Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT): Motivation is based on expectancies for success and subjective task values.
Subjective Task Value (STV)
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Interest/Enjoyment: How much one enjoys the task.
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Attainment value: How important task success is for one's identity.
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Utility value: How useful the task is for future goals.
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Cost: Perceived negative aspects.
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Expectancies for success: Shaped by past performance, feedback, and task difficulty.
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Motivation is highest when expectancies for success and task value are high.
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Ability beliefs: Influenced by past performance, feedback, and perceived abilities.
Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
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Three psychological needs:
- Autonomy: Control over one's actions
- Relatedness: Feeling connected and supported
- Competence: Feeling capable and effective.
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Intrinsic motivation: Driven by enjoyment and interest.
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Extrinsic motivation: Driven by external rewards and punishments.
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Amotivation: Lack of motivation.
True or False
- Acetylcholine: Plays a major role in learning and memory by enhancing attention and motivation.
- External factors like diet and exercise: Can affect neurotransmitter levels, impacting motivation and well-being.
- Serotonin levels: Have a significant effect on a person's motivation or social behavior.
- Norepinephrine: Affects both arousal and attention, especially during stressful situations.
- Behaviorism: States that all behavior is learned through environmental interaction.
- Drive-Reduction Theory: Suggests that tension decreases motivation by reducing the desire to satisfy needs.
- Secondary drives: Are learned through association with primary drives like hunger and thirst.
- Hull's Drive-Reduction Theory: Does not fully explain thrill-seeking and overindulgence in humans.
- Operant conditioning: Involves learning through rewards and punishments to reinforce or weaken behaviors.
- Classical conditioning: Involves imitating the behavior of others to learn new responses.
- Learned motives: Influence how much effort individuals put into achieving goals and their persistence.
- Cultural and social influences: Shape learned motives like affiliation and achievement.
- Maslow's hierarchy: States that self-actualization can only be achieved after all lower-level needs are fully met.
- Esteem needs: Include both self-esteem and respect from others.
- Satisfied needs: No longer serve as a motivator according to Maslow.
- The need for safety: Must be fulfilled before experiencing love and belonging.
- Extrinsic motivation: Is more effective for inherently enjoyable tasks.
- Intrinsic motivation: Typically leads to more sustained and meaningful engagement than extrinsic motivation.
- Self-Determination Theory (SDT): Suggests that competence, autonomy, and relatedness are essential for motivation.
- Intrinsic motivation: Can be diminished by overusing extrinsic rewards.
- Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT): States that individual motivation is based on expectancies for success and task value.
- Cost in EVT: Refers to both financial and non-financial expenses associated with completing a task.
- Attainment value: Is closely linked to identity and self-worth.
- Utility value: Is related to how useful a task is for future goals.
- Ability beliefs: Are primarily shaped by past experiences and perceived abilities.
- Intrinsic value: Refers to the degree of enjoyment an individual derives from a task.
- High expectancy for success: Does not guarantee high motivation if task value is low.
- Cultural milieu: Influences how individuals develop expectancies for success and task values.
- Expectancies for success and task values: Are not static and can change over time.
- Hierarchies of values: Suggest that individuals prioritize tasks based on their value, influencing motivation and choices.
- Self-Determination Theory (SDT): States that competence, autonomy, and relatedness are vital for fostering motivation.
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