MOR 311 Reviewer Midterms 2024 PDF

Definitions of Research The word “research” is a combination of “re” and “search” which literally means to “search again”, that is, one looks for previous findings on a problem and gathers his own data on the same problem to confirm, reject, modify or add new findings. Research is the ‘careful, cri...

Definitions of Research The word “research” is a combination of “re” and “search” which literally means to “search again”, that is, one looks for previous findings on a problem and gathers his own data on the same problem to confirm, reject, modify or add new findings. Research is the ‘careful, critical, disciplined inquiry, varying in technique and method according to the nature and conditions of the problem identified, directed toward the clarifications or resolutions (or both) of a problem” (Good). In simple terms, research is “the process of gathering data or information to solve a particular or specific problem in a specific manner” (Manuel and Medel) The following characteristics of a research process. 1. Research is systematic, that is, it is a carefully planned activity which is done in an orderly manner. 2. Research is empirical – the research must subject his beliefs or speculations regarding reality to an investigation and test them against a reality-referent. 3. Research is logical – it observes a system of scientific thinking. 4. Research is replicable and transmittable – other researchers may build upon the results of a study; the results may be used as spring board for other studies. 5. Research is cyclical – that is, it starts with a problem and ends with a problem. 6. Research is reductive – the researcher translates from reality to the abstract or conceptual state to understand the relationships might operate in other contexts. 7. Research is critical – research should bring a higher level of confidence and certainty to one’s understanding than what is possible by belief, faith or simplistic reasoning alone Types of Research 1. Basic research (also called pure or fundamental research) aims at formulation or affirmation of a theory/principle. 2. Applied or field research seeks to answer narrower practical questions; it is concerned with testing theories in as field setting. 3. Action research or on-the-spot research aims at the solution of an immediate specific problem. Purpose of Research According to Sanchez, in Psychology, one learns that one of the prime movers of man is his need to satisfy his curiosity. SMART research objectives: Specific: Make sure your objectives aren’t overly vague. Your research needs to be clearly defined in order to get useful results. Measurable: Know how you’ll measure whether your objectives have been achieved. Achievable: Your objectives may be challenging, but they should be feasible. Relevant: Make sure that they directly address the research problem you want to work on and that they contribute to the current state of research in your field. Time-based: Set clear deadlines for objectives to ensure that the project stays on track. Fundamental Research Guide in Create Research Title Independent Variable - The independent variable are not affected by other variable and can stand alone. Dependent Variable - The dependent variable are those that are affected by time I.V and cannot stand alone. Locale - the specific area where the study is to be conducted. INTRODUCTION TO METHODS OF RESEARCH Two Categories of Research 1. Basic Research - is the type of research that is purely direct application but increasing the nature of understanding about the problem. 2. Applied Research - is a type of research that needs an answer to a specific question. Characteristics of Research Empirical – based on observations and experimentations of theories Systematic – follows valid orderly and sequential procedures Controlled – all variables, except those that are tested/experimented on, are kept constant. Employs Hypothesis – refers to a search for facts, answers to questions, and solutions to problems. Analytical – shows analytical procedure in gathering data Objective – unbiased and logical Original – it requires its own examination and produces the data needed to complete the study. Variables in Research Independent Variable – presumed cause and the variable manipulated/studied Dependent Variable – assumed effect Motivation of Research Desiring a solution to the problem/hazard Desire to do a social/national/organizational service Types of Research 1. Descriptive Research a. means describing the state-of-affairs b. Mostly involves primary data 2. Analytical Research a. means carrying out an analysis on a phenomenon 3. Basic Research a. is the type of research that is purely direct application but increasing the nature of understanding about the problem. 4. Quantitative Research a. Based on the measurement of quantity or amount 5. Qualitative Research a. concerned with subjective attitude/quality/attributes/desires/feelings/etc.  6. Mixed Methods Research a. a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies to gather data 7. Conceptual Research a. about abstract ideas or theory 8. Empirical Research a. data-based and subject to verification Approaches in Research Ethnographic - provides context and cultural insights into the everyday lives of peoples. Narrative - explore and conceptualize human experience as it is represented in textual form Phenomenological - understand the universal experience through interviews with subjects and examining their views about their experience. Case Study - used to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. Grounded Theory - a systematic qualitative research method that collects empirical data first, and then creates a theory 'grounded' in the results. What is a HYPOTHESIS? - an idea or explanation that then tested through study and experimentation. Types of Hypothesis 1. Simple Hypothesis - shows a relationship between one dependent variable and ab single independent variable. 2. Complex Hypothesis - shows the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more independent variables.  3. Directional Hypothesis - shows how a researcher is intellectual and committed to a particular outcome. 4. Non-directional Hypothesis - used when there is no theory involved. 5. Null Hypothesis - provides a statement that is contrary to the hypothesis. 6. Associative Hypothesis - occurs when there is a change in one variable resulting in a change in the other variable. What Is Background in a Research Paper? - The background of your study will provide context to the information discussed throughout the research paper.