Molecular Biology Lab 1 PDF

Molecular biology lab 1  01 Introduction. table of contents: 02 centrifuge 03 micropipetts 04 eppendroff 05 incubator 06 freezers 0...

Molecular biology lab 1  01 Introduction. table of contents: 02 centrifuge 03 micropipetts 04 eppendroff 05 incubator 06 freezers 07 thermal cycler 08 electrophoresis chamber 09 uv transilluminators  Introduction what is molecular biology: The branch of biology that deals with the structure, function, and manipulation of the macromolecules (e.g. proteins and nucleic acids) essential to life.  laboratory equipment 1-centerifuge: A centrifuge is a powerful device utilized for separating and purifying mixtures by employing centrifugal force. It effectively separates particles based on their size, shape, density, viscosity, and rotor speed. The process involves the sinking of particles with higher density to the bottom while the lighter ones float to the top. principle:The centrifuge utilizes the sedimentation principle due to gravitational force. The centrifugation technique uses a centrifugal field to separate particles suspended in a liquid medium  micro centrifuge Micro centrifuge is extremely small in design and takes up little space in the working area which is an advantage. Small tube size up to 2.0 ml is used in this type with 500 rpm to 13300 rpm speed range. It is applicable in holding pelleting nucleic acids, pelleting proteins from solution and micro filtration of minor aqueous samples.  laboratory equipment 2_micropipetts Micropipettes are utilized in the laboratory to transfer small quantities of liquid, usually down to 0.1 uL. They are most commonly used in chemistry, biology, forensic, pharmaceutical, and drug discovery labs, among others.  laboratory equipment 3_Eppendorff tube: Are small capped plastic tubes used for centrifuge or in pcr apparatus. * Available in different volumes like 0.5 ml, 1.5 ml, 2 ml but the most comman size is 1.5 ml  laboratory equipment 4_incubators An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures.The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as carbon dioxide and oxygen content of atmosphere inside.  laboratory equipment 5_freezer Laboratory freezers are cold cabinets that can keep biological samples at temperatures between 10ºC and -80ºC. Laboratories, hospitals, blood banks, production facilities, material testing labs, and diagnostic centers all employ laboratory freezers. DNA is very sensitive and can easily degrade in certain conditions. Thus, proper storage is required to ensure high experimental standards.  6_thermal cycler The thermal cycler (also known as a thermocycler, PCR machine or DNA amplifier) is a laboratory apparatus most commonly used to amplify segments of DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). it is a chain reaction, a small fragment of the DNA section of interest needs to be identified which serves as the template for producing the primers that initiate the reaction.One DNA molecule is used to produce two copies, then four,then eight and so forth. denaturation 94c anneling 54c extension 72c The double-stranded The reaction is rapidly The reaction is heated to a template DNA is cooled to an annealing temperature, denatured by heating, temperature to allow typically 72°C for typically to 94°C, to the oligonucleotide efficient DNA synthesis separate the double primers to hybridize to by the thermostable stranded DNA. the template. DNApolymerase.  7_electrophoresis chamber Gel electrophoresis chamber is an equipment for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge. Electrophoresis" refers to the electromotive force (EMF) that is used to move the molecules through the gel matrix. By placing the molecules in wells in the gel and applying an electric field,the molecules will move through the matrix at different rates, Species that are positivelycharged will migrate towards the cathode which is negatively charged,If the species are negatively charged they will migrate towards the positively charged anode. 8_uv transilluminator: UV-transilluminators are used in molecular biology labs to view DNA (or RNA) that has been separated by electrophoresis through an agarose gel During or immediately after electrophoresis, the agarose gel is stained with a fluorescent dye which binds to nucleic acid. Exposing the stained gel to a UVB light source causes the DNA/dye to fluoresce and become visible. thank you