Module2 - Computers (Part1).pdf

Computers MODULE 2 Computers A machine or device that performs processes, calculations and operations based on instructions provided by a software or hardware program. It has the ability to accept data (input), process it, and then produce outputs. Can also store data for later uses in appropr...

Computers MODULE 2 Computers A machine or device that performs processes, calculations and operations based on instructions provided by a software or hardware program. It has the ability to accept data (input), process it, and then produce outputs. Can also store data for later uses in appropriate storage devices and retrieve whenever it is necessary. (Techopedia, 2020) History of Computers The history of computers goes back over 200 years. Theorized by mathematicians and entrepreneurs during the 19th century, mechanical calculating machines were designed and built to solve the increasingly complex number-crunching challenges. The advancement of technology enabled ever more-complex computers by the early 20th century, and computers became larger and more powerful.  th 19 Century 1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French merchant and inventor invents a loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch cards.  th 19 Century 1821: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers. Funded by the British government, the project was called the "Difference Engine“.  th Early 20 Century 1936: Alan Turing, a British scientist and mathematician, presents the principle of a universal machine, later called the Turing machine. Turing machines are capable of computing anything that is computable. The central concept of the modern computer is based on his ideas.  th Early 20 Century 1941: German inventor and engineer Konrad Zuse completes his Z3 machine, the world's earliest digital computer. The machine was destroyed during a bombing raid on Berlin during World War II.  th Early 20 Century 1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design the first digital electronic computer in the U.S., called the Atanasoff- Berry Computer (ABC). This marks the first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory, and is capable of performing one operation every 15 seconds. First Generation Computer (1945-1959) Vacuum Tubes - An electronic device that controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum. It is used as a switch, amplifier or display screen (CRT). Used as on/off switches, vacuum tubes allowed the first computers to perform digital computations. First Generation Computer (1945-1959) 1945: Two professors at the University of Pennsylvania, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, design and build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). The machine is the first "automatic, general-purpose, electronic, decimal, digital computer”. First Generation Computer (1945-1959) 1945: ENIAC can do arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction of up to 10 digits. The computer was roughly 167 square meters in size and weighed 27 tons. First Generation Computer (1945-1959) 1951: The Univac 1 is the first commercial computer to attract widespread public attention. Created by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly -- designers of the earlier ENIAC computer -- the Univac 1 used 5,200 vacuum tubes and weighed 29,000 pounds. Remington Rand eventually sold 46 Univac 1s at more than $1 million each. First Generation Computer (1945-1959) Merits of First Generation Computers This generation of computers was the fastest in computing work. Due to the vacuum tube the concept of electronic digital computer of the present era was realized. Counts were done in millisecond. Demerits Of First Generation Computers were big and clumsy. Require large air conditioning. Shows lot of electricity failure. Punch card was used for input and output. Second Generation Computer (1959-1965) Transistor - a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals. A transistorized computer prototype demonstrates the small size and low- power advantages of semiconductors compared to vacuum tubes. Second Generation Computer (1959-1965) 1959: The 501 is built on a 'building block' concept which allows it to be highly flexible for many different uses and could simultaneously control up to 63 tape drives—very useful for large databases of information. Second Generation Computer (1959-1965) 1964: The IBM System/360 is a family of mainframe computer systems. It was the first family of computers designed to cover both commercial and scientific applications and to cover a complete range of applications from small to large. Second Generation Computer (1959-1965) Merits Of Second Generation Computers Were faster than the First Generation computer. Developed the first operating system. Smaller in size than the First Generation computers. Consume less heat &electricity. Demerits Of Second Generation Computers Business manufacturing of computer was expensive. Air conditioning was still needed. Third Generation Computer (1965-1971) Integrated Circuit (Small Scale to Medium Scale Integration – SSI to MSI) Before, components like transistors and resistors were wired together on a circuit board. But, with the introduction of the IC, these components are now formed on a smaller, singular chip. Third Generation Computer (1965-1971) 1965: Designed by engineer Gardner Hendrie for Computer Control Corporation (CCC), the DDP-116 is announced at the 1965 Spring Joint Computer Conference. It was the world's first commercial 16-bit minicomputer and 172 systems were sold. The basic computer cost $28,500. Third Generation Computer (1965-1971) 1968: Douglas Engelbart reveals a prototype of the modern computer at the Fall Joint Computer Conference, San Francisco. His presentation, called "A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect" includes a live demonstration of his computer, including a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI). Third Generation Computer (1965-1971) 1970: One of the earliest personal computers, the Kenbak-1 is advertised for $750 in Scientific American magazine. Designed by John V. Blankenbaker using standard medium-- and small-scale integrated circuits, the Kenbak-1 relied on switches for input and lights for output from its 256- byte memory. In 1973, Kenbak sold 40 machines and then closed. Third Generation Computer (1965-1971) Merits Of Third Generation Computers It is smaller in size than the first and second generation computers. Uses less power consumption. Uses SSI & MSI technology. The calculation speed was extremely fast. This computer could also calculate in Nano seconds. Demerits Of Third Generation Computers Air condition still needed. The technic of making ICs was extremely complex. Highly sophisticated technic required. Fourth Generation Computer (1971-1980) Integrated Circuit (Large to Very Large Scale Integration) Led to the development of a microprocessor A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit, or a single chip Fourth Generation Computer (1971-1980) 1971: The first advertisement for a microprocessor, the Intel 4004, appears in Electronic News. Developed for Busicom, a Japanese calculator maker, the 4004 had 2250 transistors and could perform up to 90,000 operations per second in four-bit chunks. Federico Faggin led the design and Ted Hoff led the architecture. Fourth Generation Computer (1971-1980) 1975: Magazine Popular Electronics runs a cover story of a new computer kit – the Altair 8800. MITS co-founder Ed Roberts invented the Altair 8800 — which sold for $297, or $395 with a case — and coined the term “personal computer”. The machine came with 256 bytes of memory Fourth Generation Computer (1971-1980) 1976: Designed by Sunnyvale, California native Steve Wozniak, and marketed by his friend Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for hobbyists. With an order for 50 assembled systems from computer store The Byte Shop in hand, the pair started a new company, naming it Apple Computer, Inc. In all, about 200 of the boards were sold before Apple announced Apple II. Fourth Generation Computer (1971-1980) 1979: Shortly after delivery of the Atari VCS game console, Atari designs two microcomputers with game capabilities: the Model 400 and Model 800. The 400 served primarily as a game console, while the 800 was more of a home computer. Both faced strong competition from the Apple II, Commodore PET, and TRS-80 computers. Fourth Generation Computer (1971-1980) Merits Of Fourth Generation Computers These computers are much smaller than the older generation computers. Reachable by all due to low cost price. Maintenance costs are very low. Uses different types of memories with very high accessing speed & storage capacity. Were portable and comes in use for data communication. Demerits Of Fourth Generation Computers Manufacturing of microprocessor latest technology was required. Due to ICs in many cases air conditioning was required. High quality and reliable system or technology can only make ICs. Fifth Generation Computer (1980 onwards) Integrated Circuit (Ultra Large Scale Integration ULSI) Fifth Generation Computer (1980 onwards) 1981: IBM's brand recognition, ignites the fast growth of the personal computer market with the announcement of its own personal computer (PC). The first IBM PC, formally known as the IBM Model 5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsoft´s MS-DOS operating system. The IBM PC revolutionized business computing by becoming the first PC to gain widespread adoption by industry. Fifth Generation Computer (1980 onwards) 1983 : Apple introduces the Lisa Computer. Lisa is the first commercial personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). It was thus an important milestone in computing as soon Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh would soon adopt the GUI as their user interface, making it the new paradigm for personal computing. The Lisa ran on a Motorola 68000 microprocessor and came equipped with 1 MB of RAM, a 12-inch black-and-white monitor, dual 5.25-inch floppy disk drives and a 5 MB “Profile” hard drive. Fifth Generation Computer (1980 onwards) Fifth Generation Computer (1980 onwards) Fifth Generation Computer (1980 onwards) Merits Of Fifth Generation Computers Are used in parallel processing and superconductors. They used artificial Intelligence where they will use their own IQ to solve a problem at end. Used for scientific, commercial interactive online application, multimedia and network application. Are used in intelligent robot. Demerits Of Fifth Generation Computers Robots will replace human in some workplace. They tend to be sophisticated and complex tools. The manufacturing of robot is very expensive