CC 10.1 Study Guide.pdf

LESSON 01: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Computer: A machine that performs processes, calculations and operations based on instructions provided by a software or hardware program. Many inventors contributed to the invention of computers which is made up of many separate inv...

LESSON 01: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Computer: A machine that performs processes, calculations and operations based on instructions provided by a software or hardware program. Many inventors contributed to the invention of computers which is made up of many separate inventions. BEFORE COMPUTERS… Abacus Napier’s Bones Slide Rule Mechanical Calculators ○ Shickard’s Calculator (1623) ○ Pascaline (1642) ○ Leibniz Calculator (1673) ○ De Colmar’s Arthmometer (1820) Difference Engine (1822) ○ Proposed by Charles Babbage (Father of Computing) ○ Too complicated to work until 1853 Analytical Engine (1834) ○ Another device by Babbage. Incomplete. ○ Embodies many concepts that define modern computers. (Ex. Memory, etc.) ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COMPUTER ABC (circa 1942) ○ John Antanasoff and Clifford Berry (Iowa State University) ○ Represented several innovations in computing (Ex. parallel processing, etc.) Z1 (circa 1936) ○ First binary computer ○ Invented by Konrad Zuse ○ Followed by Z2, Z3 Mark Series (1944-1959) ○ Designed by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper ( Harvard University) ○ Took up a whole room and was noisy ○ Used by US Navy ENIAC (1945) ○ “Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer” ○ Developed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert ○ Used vacuum tubes. Beginning of first gen. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS First Generation Use of Vacuum Tubes Vacuum Tubes: An electronic device that controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum. - Faster than mechanical relays. Has disadvantages. - Unreliable. Expensive. Hot (Needs AC). Slow input and output. Big. Not portable. Consumes a lot of electricity. Second Generation Use of Transistors - Transistors have 3 parts: emitter (emits current), base (controls flow of current) and collector (receives current and passes it on). - Cheaper, smaller, more reliable and consumed less power than vacuum tubes. - Generally still pretty expensive. Still needed AC. Third Generation Use of Integrated Circuits - Equivalent of a thousand vacuum tubes or transistors into a chip. - Smaller, lighter, reduced power requirement. - Still required AC. - Integrated Circuits are basically a bunch of transistors into one like deadass that’s it Fourth Generation Use of Microprocessor ○ Developed by Ted Hoff (1971) - All microprocessors are integrated circuits but not all integrated circuits are microprocessors. - Equivalent to 2,300 transistors - Beginning of home computers - No AC required wow. - Beginning of the internet.  Fifth Generation Still using microprocessors (obviously more advanced ones) Artificial Intelligence-based basta uy they just want computers to do things by themselves. this is the current generation kaya wala pa tayong masyadong masabi ewan ko ba Computer trends favor smaller, lighter devices. Apple iPhone ushered in the era of handheld computers. Internet of Things: basically everything is connected to the internet and each other (ex. smart homes) LESSON 02: DIGITAL DEVICES, HARDWARE & SOFTWARE Computer System: A group of distinct objects that work together to perform a task. Data: Refers to symbols that represent facts, ideas and objects to computers. Computer Program: Sets up a computer to do a specific task. Input-Process-Output System (IPO Model): Accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions. Input Transforms input into a series of electronic signals for the computer to store and manipulate. Processing The way a computer manipulates data. (Ex. Drawing graphs, performing calculations, etc.) Data is processed through the central processing unit (CPU). Storage Data is stored so it’ll be available for processing. Output Computer output: The result produced by a computer. (Ex. Documents) Output device: displays, prints or transmits the results. (Ex. Monitor) Computer Organization Six Logical Units - Describes the function of a computer system 1. Input Unit: Handles data coming into the system. 2. Output Unit: Handles data going out. (Show Result) 3. Memory Unit: Temporary data storage (like RAM). Temporary because it only holds data while the computer is on. Once off, data is erased. This is for processing data while running programs. 4. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Calculations and decision-making. Not just a calculator thing. It handles things like checking if a player won in a game, loading web pages, etc. Always running if a computer is on. 5. Central Processing Unit (CPU): Contains the ALU and Control Units Control Units (CU): Tells other components (ex. ALU, input, etc.) what to do and when. 6. Secondary Storage Unit: Belongs to the storage unit. Long-term storage. In comparison to the memory unit, the storage unit does not restart when the computer is turned off. Stores things like applications, etc. Categories of Computers OLD 1. Mainframe Computers: Large. Housed in closet-sized metal frames. 2. Minicomputers: Smaller, cheaper and weaker than mainframe 3. Microcomputers: Computers with microprocessor NEW/CURRENT - By default, computers now have microprocessors as their CPU. 1. Personal Computers: Designed for computing needs of individuals. Desktop computers Portable Computers ○ Laptops ○ Notebooks ○ Netbooks 2. Workstations: - Ordinary PC connected to a network - Powerful desktop computers  3. Servers: Serves other computers by supplying them with data. Any computer can be a server or a client. ○ Client: Any software or digital device that requests data from a server. If there are a lot of users and need for rapid response, high performance servers are needed. 4. Mainframes: Large computers capable of simultaneous processing data. Used by businesses or governments for large amounts of data. 5. Supercomputers: One of the fastest computers. Tackles complex tasks and computer intensive problems. Used for worldwide weather systems, simulation of nuclear explosions, etc. 6. Video Game Consoles: Not generally considered a personal computer. Contains microprocessors and graphics Can be used as a personal computer with accessories (keyboards, internet, etc.) 7. Handheld Computers: Basically phones and tablets lol Incorporates computer characteristics. Varies in programmability and versatility. Basic Components - Hardware and software are like a pair of shoes. If one is missing, the other is practically useless. Hardware: Tangible parts. Electronic and mechanical parts. Personal Computer System System Unit: Case that holds circuit boards, microprocessor, memory, power supply and storage devices. Basically has all the organs for computers to work. ○ Power Supply - Converts alternating current (AC) from the outlet into direct current (DC). ○ Motherboard - Electronic centerpiece. - The circuit board that provides connectivity between the hardware components. ○ Processor/CPU - Brain of the computer  - Controls the interpretation and execution of instructions ○ Random Access Memory (RAM) - Short-term memory - Read Memory Unit definition under Computer Organization for more. ○ Video/Graphics card (GPU) - Specialized processor originally designed to accelerate graphics rendering - Processes relating to video output ○ Storage Device HDD SDD External Storage Device: Basically USBs, SDs, etc. Sound System: Output of music and sounds (Ex. Headphones) Display System: Visual output. (Ex. Monitor) Keyboard: Input device with alphanumeric Keys Mouse: Input device for on-screen controls Printer: Output on paper Network and Internet Access: Software: Intangible parts. Data and computer programs. - Kept on a hardware device. - Programs act like instructions for the processors. Application Programs: Programs that do a specific task. Basically apps. Programming Language: A standardized communication technique for expressing instructions to a computer. (Ex. Java) Compilers: Translates computer programs to machine language ○ Machine language: language that your computer understands. System Programs: Keeps hardware and software systems running together by coordinating activities. (Ex. Operation Systems like IOS) Software Licenses Proprietary: Purchased. Source code is unavailable. Freeware: Free. Source code is unavailable.  Open Source: Free. Source code is available. Operating Systems (Ex. Windows 11, macOS, etc.) Most important software. Without an OS, a computer is useless. Allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak computer language. girl i am not fucking studying the evolution of windows os be serious just read the pdf pages 51 to 60 LESSON 3: DIGITAL REVOLUTION - On-going process of social, political, and economic change brought about by technology. - Basically, our world is becoming more digital that it's now ingrained in society. Digitization: Converting text, numbers, sounds, photos and video into data that can be processed by digital devices. (Ex. Taking a photo, using a scanner, typing on a document, etc.) Phases of Digital Revolution 1. Data Processing Based on IPO cycle Big, complex and expensive computers 2. Personal Computing Small, standalone computers powered by local software Not connected to networks 3. Network Computing Computers became networked Welcome internet and www lol 4. Cloud Computing Provide access to information, applications, communications and storage over the internet Convergence: Several technologies evolve to form a single product (Ex. Smartphone has the functions of a cellphone, gps, camera, etc.) Social Media: Cloud-based applications designed for social interaction LESSON 4: DATA TRANSMISSION LESSON 5: WIRELESS AND MOBILE APPLICATIONS