Module 1: Historical Antecedents in Science and Technology - PDF

MODULE 1 1 General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society (The Cradles of Early Science) HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE Here’s a simple guide for you in going about the module: 1....

MODULE 1 1 General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society (The Cradles of Early Science) HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE Here’s a simple guide for you in going about the module: 1. Read and follow the instructions carefully. 2. Read each lesson and do all the activities provided for you. 3. Perform all the activities diligently to help and guide you in understanding the topic. 4. Take the Learning Activities after each lesson to determine how well you understood the topic. 5. Answer the Assessment Task at the end of the module to measure how much you have gained from the lessons. You may answer it via the online link provided or write your answers on a sheet of paper that you can physically submit, or you may take a picture of your answers and send it via messaging platforms with which you agreed with your instructor during the class orientation. INTRODUCTION Science and Technology plays a major role in our day to day living. It allows us to complete our tasks easier and more efficient. S&T innovations help us accomplish difficult and complicated tasks with so little time and so little effort without sacrificing its output. The continuous developments in this field are not just products of people’s imagination or the ―AHA moment‖ but by gradual improvements of earlier works from different periods which was driven by our continuous desire to raise the quality of life of the people. This module will focus on the development of science and scientific ideas in the community and on how it gradually made an impact on our society. After completing the module, you should be able to answer the following:  How did Science and Technology affected the society and environment & vice versa?  What were the significant innovations and inventions that changed the world over the course of history?  What were the scientific and technological advancements in the Philippines throughout time? Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this module, the learner should be able to: o Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history; o Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment; and o Identify the paradigm shifts in history. LEARNING CONTENT  Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science and technology:  In the World: Ancient, Middle and Modern Ages  In the Philippines Advancement in technology and innovations were driven by different factors which include concerns in transportation, communication, food production agriculture and industry, military, conservation of life and engineering and architecture as well as aesthetics, power and energy. Science also gave emphasize to organized observational methods and measurement. LESSON 1. Driving Concerns for Science and Technology Development 1. Transportation. Our means of moving from place to place have developed faster and more comprehensive with every passing generation of technology. Initially, people look for new places, discover new horizons, search for food, find better locations for settlements, and trade surplus goods for what is needed, we have progressed from relying on human and animal muscle to the utilizing combustion-powered automobiles, aircraft, and rockets.  Examples: wheel, wheeled chariot, sailboat, sailing ship, road, compass, steamboat, railroad, bicycle, automobile, airplane, space launcher, jetliner, GPS 2. Communication. Communication is the transmission of information for the purpose of creating understanding, especially to facilitate human endeavors in discovering and occupying new places to settle in and explore as well as to expedite transactions in the trade industry and prevention of conflicts. The means of communication today have transformed drastically that it extended limitless possibilities in our reach, broadened our vision, and expanded our knowledge that we are often said to live in the Age of Information.  Examples: cuneiform, ink, papyrus, paper, hieroglyphics, newspaper, bound book or codex, numbers, Greek and Latin alphabet, parchment Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  3 and vellum, printing press, photography, telegraph, telephone, phonograph, motion picture, radio, television, transistor, communications satellite, personal computer 3. Food production, agriculture, and industry. The growth of living organisms and the manufacturing of new materials and objects are vital to the maintenance of life. This is true to the increasing number people in different parts of the world. These factors were fundamental to defining human beings as superior to all other living creatures. Improvements in food production, agriculture, and industry demonstrate the steadfastness of human beings to make their material lives safe, easier, comfortable, and prosperous.  Examples: plowshare, silk, tea, bronze, iron, petroleum refinery, power loom, canning, refrigeration, steel, aluminum, sheet and plate glass, rayon, Bakelite, combine harvester, industrial robots, fullerenes 4. Military. Weapons and armors were important in the discovery of new places, especially in the establishment of alliances, taking of needed resources, conflicts, security, and protection. Stronger nations tend to invade and colonize weaker ones to expand their territories as well as their resources. Inventions in the field of weaponry and security have contributed in the deliberate and organized application of deadly force against other people.  Examples: spear, bow and arrow, gunpowder, rifled muzzle- loaders, submarine, machine gun, assault rifle, tank, ballistic missile, nuclear weapons 5. Conservation of life, medicine, and health. Nothing testifies more convincingly to human ingenuity than their ability to understand the processes of the human body and to influence the longevity of life through the study and improving the processes of saving lives, maintaining good health, and preventing the spread of diseases..  Examples: smallpox vaccine, general anesthesia, pasteurization, X- ray imaging, insulin, antibiotics, blood transfusion, polio vaccine, birth control pill, heart transplantation, genetic engineering, cloning 6. Engineering and architecture. The building of great structures is a sign not only of human inventiveness but of organization. Over time we have gathered the intelligence, materials, and collective will to bridge chasms, erect soaring towers, domes, and vaults, and even create artificial controlled environments inside our own homes. Architectural designs, though seen by some as a mere style, are actually signs of technological Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  4 advancement. It is a status symbol of how advanced a nation’s technology is and it establishes the identity of a nation.  Examples: city, ziggurat, irrigation, dike, Wonders of the World, aqueduct, arch, brick, dam, Roman dome, plumbing, paved road, reinforced concrete, suspension bridge, dynamite, skyscraper, elevator, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 7. Aesthetics. Humans also developed technology to improve how they look. This is to make them visually appealing and presentable through addition of features and decorations.  Examples: wig, cosmetics 8. Power and energy. Fundamental to all inventions are power and energy, the harnessing of the capacity of the physical world to do work. The human race has applied its genius to using all sources of energy for a multitude of ends.  Example: waterwheel, controlled fire, windmill, steam engine, electric battery, electric generator and motor, incandescent lightbulb, steam turbine, gasoline engine, jet engine, nuclear reactor laser, wind turbine, solar cell, fuel cell 9. Observation and measurement. Magnitude—especially the magnitude of time and distance—is a property that has always defied human beings but that people in turn have always tried to master. And so we have the invention of clocks and calendars for dividing time into discrete units, or of telescopes and microscopes for viewing objects too small or too far away for the eye to see. The inventions profiled here, unlike those profiled elsewhere in this book, do not attempt to move, manipulate, or change our surrounding world; rather, they attempt to help us quantify and comprehend it.  Examples: water clock or clepsydra, alarm clock, Gregorian calendar, clock, watch, telescope, microscope, radar, atomic clock, calculator LESSON 2. STS in the ANCIENT, MIDDLE and MODERN AGES 2.1 THE ANCIENT WORLD The different major technological advancements during the ancient times which include some of the achievements of the early civilizations such as the Asian, African and Western Civilizations Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  5  THE ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is host to many cultural, economic, scientific and political activities of all ages. In the field of science, technology and mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India, China and the Middle East civilizations (Mesopotamian Civilizations.) These civilizations were incomparable in terms of their contributions to the development of knowledge during their time.  SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500 – 4000 BC)  Sumer is located on the southernmost tip of ancient MESOPTAMIA (Mesopotamia is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.)  Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things.  They are not contented with basic things which ignite them to develop many things connected with science and technology)  CUNEIFORM one of the major contributions of Sumerians was the development of the first writing system  A system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry.  Cuneiform allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things with great historical value or their everyday life. Fig. 1.1 Cuneiform  URUK CITY  Another contribution of the Sumerians.  It is a great wonder  It is first true city on the world and for the way it was erected  There were no building stones in the location of the city and the lumber was limited - making the construction a big challenge.  The Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the river which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks - a true engineering feat.  They used bricks to make houses that protected them from the harsh weather and to build a wall around the city that prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering. Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  6  THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR  Another engineering and architectural feat of the Sumerians is the Great Ziggurat of Ur  It is also called the mountain of God built in the same manner that as city of URUK  It served as the scared place of their chief god where only their priest was allowed to enter. Fig. 1.2 Ziggurat of Ur. (Reconstructed image)  SAILBOATS  was also invented by Sumerians  boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were able to cover large distances  Sumerians wanted to discover faraway lands and they needed a mode of transportation that did not require much human resource.  Sailboats were essential in transportation and trading as well as fostering culture, information and technology. Fig. 1.3 Ancient Sumerian Sailboat Carving  WHEEL  latter part of history - wheel was invented  the first wheels were not made for transportation but farm work and food processes  with the use of wheel and axle mass production was made easier  Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time Fig. 1.4 Mesopotamian Wheel  THE PLOW  Another farm technology invented by the MESOPOTAMIANS  It is used to dig the ground where seeds would be planted  It is used to dig the earth in a faster pace  Farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling them to mass produce food without taking so much effort and time Fig. 1.5 Sumerians invented the plow for farming Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  7  IRRIGATION and DIKES  Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control of flooding of the rivers.  It is considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works Through the dikes and canals, the Sumerians were able to enjoy year-long farming and harvesting, which increased their food production Fig. 1.6 Sumerian Fields showing their irrigation canals and dikes  ROADS  Sumerians developed the first road  it made the flow of traffic become faster and more organized  they made the roads with the same technology they used in making the sun-baked bricks that they laid down on the ground Please click/ visit the link below: Want to know more about the https://www.history.com/topics Sumerian Civilization? /ancient-middle-east/sumer READ  BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION (4000 BC)  Babylonia was a state in a state in ancient MESOPOTAMIA located along the Euphrates River. (Present-day Iraq, about 50 miles south of Baghdad) o Babylon grew into one of the largest cities of the ancient world under the rule of Hammurabi (1792 to 1750 BC). He conquered neighboring city-states, he brought much of southern and central Mesopotamia under unified Babylonian rule, creating an empire called Babylonia. o Hammurabi turned Babylon into a rich, powerful and influential city. He created one of the world’s earliest and most complete written legal codes known as Codes of Hammurabi, it helped Babylon surpass other cities in the region.  the Babylonians were great builders, engineers and architectures o Babylonia however, was short-lived. The empire fell apart after Hammurabi’s death and reverted back to a small kingdom for several centuries.  A new line of kings established the Neo-Babylonian Empire which lasted from 626 BC to 539 BC. The Neo-Babylonian Empire became Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  8 the most powerful state in the world after defeating the Assyrians at Nineveh 612 BC. o The Neo-Babylonian Empire was a period of cultural renaissance in the Near East. The Babylonians built many beautiful and lavish buildings and preserved statues and artworks from the earlier Babylonian Empire during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II.  The ancient scientists who lived in the city made important discoveries in mathematics, physics and astronomy. Among their many accomplishments, they developed trigonometry, used mathematical models to track the planet Jupiter and developed methods in tracking time that are still used today. Ancient Babylonian records are still used by modern- day astronomers to study how the rotation of the Earth has changed.  One of the major contributions is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Fig.1.7 Hanging Gardens of Babylon. (Graphical illustration as described by archaeologists and historians). It is one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World and was supposedly built high above the ground on split-level stone terraces. It was believed that the gardens were destroyed by war and erosion, while others believe an earthquake destroyed them. Please click/ visit the link below: Want to know more about the Babylonian Civilization? https://www.livescience.com/28 701-ancient-babylon-center-of- mesopotamian-civilization.html READ Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  9 CHINESE CIVILIZATION (1250 BC – 220 AD)  China is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music among others. Chinese civilizations have greatly influenced many of its neighbor countries like Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand Cambodia, Myanmar an other countries that belong to the old Silk Road. Fig. 1.8 The Silk Road is a 4,000 mile trade route that stretched from China to the Fertile Crescent in Southwestern Asia (opened up by the Han Dynasty)  it is known as middle kingdom and located on the far east of Asia  it was famous among other ancient civilizations because of the silk trade  SILK  naturally produced by silk worms and the Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing  SILK TRADE opened China to the outside world making way for cultural, economic and scientific exchanges bridging the gap between the western world and the middle kingdom.  TEA PRODUCTION  Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves  believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese Emperor  Tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was bale shred tea leaves into strips Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  10  Machine with a wheel-based mechanism with sharp edge attached to a wooden or ceramic pot  Advantages: increase tea production and trade with other nations  was one of the most popular beverages in the world today  GREAT WALL OF CHINA  the only man-made structure that could be seen from outer space  largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built  it was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China  made with stone, brick, wood, earth and other materials  it showcased the extent of engineering technology at that time  the wall’s construction put the Fig. 1.9 The Great Wall of China nation among the powerful civilizations during the ancient times  this was the pride of their land and their crowning glory  CHINESE MEDICINE  The Chinese are known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and discovery of the Chinese people. They discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness  Acupuncture is a form of treatment widely practiced in China. It involves inserting very thin needles through a person’s skin at specific Fig. 1.10 Bien Que was the earliest points on the body to various known Chinese doctor depths which help relieve pain and it is used for a wide range of other complaints.  CHINESE TECHNOLOGY The Chinese are known to develop many tools. Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilization were paper making, gunpowder, printing tools and compass. Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  11  PAPER MAKING  Before the invention of paper, the Chinese used to write on strips of wood and bamboo, or cloth and silk. Problems with wooden blocks and flattened bamboo were they took up too much space, while cloth and silk were no cheap commodities. There arises the need for a more economical and convenient alternative. Fig. 1.11 Traditional Chinese Paper Making  T’sai Lun (Cai Lun) a Han Dynasty court official, is popularly accredited with having invented paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste.  PRINTING PRESS  Before the emergence of the printing technique, manuscripts were all handwritten by scholars. It is known that the block printing technique was used near the end of the Han Empire (206 BC – 220 AD) both for printing on paper and for printing designs on cloth.  Bi Sheng is credited with being the inventor of movable type printing in the Song Empire. He greatly innovated this important printing method, so he is called the "father of typography." However, the thousands of characters in their written language were not very suitable for being printed with movable type.  GUN POWDER  of the most interesting inventions in China  Originally it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality.  They mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate but instead of creating an elixir of life they accidentally invented a black powder Fig. 1.12 Ancient Gun Powder that could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant. Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  12  Gun powder is widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless deaths China.  COMPASS  Earliest records show a spoon shaped compass made of lodestone or magnetite ore, referred to as a "South-pointer" dating back to sometime during the Han Dynasty (2nd century BCE to 2nd century CE). The spoon-shaped instrument was placed on a cast bronze plate called a "heaven-plate" or diviner's board that had the eight trigrams (Pa Gua) of the I Fig. 1.13 Ancient Chinese Compass Ching, as well as the 24 directions (based on the constellations), and the 28 lunar mansions (based on the constellations dividing the Equator). Please click/ visit the link below: Want to know more about the https://www.history.com/tag/an Chinese Civilization? cient-china READ INDIAN CIVILIZATION (2500 – 1700 BC)  India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern bodies.  It is also called Indus valley civilization or Harappan civilization.  The civilization was first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab region and then in 1922 at Mohenjo- daro (Mohenjodaro), near the Indus River in the Sindh (Sind) region. The Indus civilization apparently evolved from the villages of neighbors or Fig. 1.14 Assortment of seals with animal motifs predecessors, using the in use during the time of the Indus Mesopotamian model of irrigated civilization, 2nd–3rd Millennium BCE. agriculture with sufficient skill to reap Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  13 the advantages of the spacious and fertile Indus River valley.  Perhaps the best-known artifacts of the Indus civilization are a number of small seals, generally made of steatite (a form of talc), which are distinctive in kind and unique in quality, depicting a wide variety of animals, both real—such as elephants, tigers, rhinoceros, and antelopes—and fantastic, often composite creatures. Sometimes human forms are included. A few examples of Indus stone sculpture have also been found, usually small and representing humans or gods.  Aside from farming, Indians creatively developed various ideas and technologies useful in their everyday lives.  METALLURGICAL WORKS  Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the Roman Empire.  High quality steel was being produced in southern India the crucible technique. In this system, high-purity wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in crucibles and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon. The resulting high-carbon steel, called fūlāḏ in Arabic and wootz by later Europeans, which was exported throughout Asia and Europe.  AYURVEDIC MEDICINE  Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in India before 2500 BC  Ancient texts like Sursuta Samhita, describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India.  ASTRONOMY Fig. 1.15 The Ayurvedic Man  Ancient India is notable in the field of astronomy. They developed theories on the configuration of the Universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the 360days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each Siddhanta Shiromani, an ancient Indian text covers topics including mean longitudes for planets; true longitudes of planets; the three problems of diurnal rotation; Fig 1.16 Aryabhatta and his heliocentric theory Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  14 syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar eclipses; latitudes of planets; risings and settings; the moon’s crescents; conjunctions of planets with the fixed stars; and paths of the Sun and the Moon.  Mathematicians of ancient India often applied their mathematical knowledge to make accurate astronomical predictions. The most significant among them was Aryabhatta whose book, Aryabhatiya, represented the pinnacle of astronomical knowledge at the time. He correctly propounded that the Earth is round, rotates on its own axis and revolves around the Sun i.e the heliocentric theory. He also made predictions about the solar and lunar eclipses, duration of the day as well as the distance between the Earth and the Moon.  MATHEMATICS  THE IDEA OF ZERO one of the most important inventions of all time. Mathematician Aryabhatta was the first person to create a symbol for zero and it was through his efforts that mathematical operations like addition and subtraction started using the digit , zero. The concept of zero and its integration into the place-value system also enabled one to write numbers, no matter how large, by using only 10 symbols.  THE DECIMAL SYSTEM India gave the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by means of ten symbols – the decimal system. In this system, each symbol received a value of position as well as an absolute value. Due to the simplicity of the decimal notation, which facilitated calculation, this system made the uses of arithmetic in practical inventions Fig. 1.17 Ancient India and the Decimal much faster and easier. system Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  15  THE VALUE OF PI The value of ―pi‖ was first calculated by the Indian mathematician Budhayana, and he also explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem.  NUMERAL NOTATIONS Indians, as early as 500 BCE, had devised a system of different symbols for every number from one to nine. This notation system was adopted by the Arabs who called it the hind numerals. Centuries later, this notation system was adopted by the western world who called them the Arabic numerals as it reached them through the Arab traders.  FIBONACCI SEQUENCE The Fibonacci numbers and their sequence first appear in Indian mathematics as mātrāmeru, mentioned by Pingala in connection with the Sanskrit tradition of prosody. Later on, the methods for the formation of these numbers were given by mathematicians Virahanka, Gopala and Hemacandra , much before the Italian mathematician Fibonacci introduced the fascinating sequence to Western European mathematics.  BINARY NUMBERS Binary numbers is the basic language in which computer programs are written. Binary basically refers to a set of two numbers, 1 and 0, the combinations of which are called bits and bytes. The binary number system was first described by the Vedic scholar Pingala, in his book Chandahśāstra, which is the earliest known Sanskrit treatise on prosody ( the study of poetic metres and verse).  CHAKRAVALA METHODS OF ALGORITHMS The chakravala method is a cyclic algorithm to solve indeterminate quadratic equations, including the Pell’s equation. This method for obtaining integer solutions was developed by Brahmagupta, one of the well-known mathematicians of the 7th century CE. Another mathematician, Jayadeva later generalized this method for a wider range of equations, which was further refined by Bhāskara II in his Bijaganita treatise. Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  16 Fig. 1.18. Depicting Brahmagupta anf Jayaveda and the Bakhshali manuscript is an ancient Indian mathematical text written on birch bark that was found in 1881.  THEORY OF ATOM  One of the notable scientists of the ancient India was Kanad who is said to have devised the atomic theory centuries before John Dalton was born. He speculated the existence of anu or a small indestructible particles, much like an atom. He also stated that anu can have two states — absolute rest and a state of motion. He further held that atoms of same substance combined with each other in a specific and synchronized manner to produce dvyanuka (diatomic molecules) and tryanuka (triatomic molecules). Please click/ visit the link below: https://www.khanacademy.org/ Want to know more about the humanities/world-history/world- Indus Civilization? history-beginnings/ancient- india/a/the-indus-river-valley- READ civilizations  THE AFRICAN CIVILIZATION Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also emerged in this part of the planet long before the Europeans colonized it. The history of science and mathematics show that similar to other ancient civilizations, the early civilizations in Africa are knowledge producers too. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3100 BC to 332 BC)  located in NORTH AFRICA  it is the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world  The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and made significant advances in the field ofs of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine alongside other technologies. Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  17  PAPER OR PAPYRUS  one of the earlier contribution  papyrus is a plant that grew abundantly along NILE RIVER in Egypt  they were able to process the plants in order to produce thin sheets on which one could write down things.  thinner and lighter and less breakable than clay tablets  the major accomplishment in Egyptian record - keeping and communications advantages: Fig. 1.19 Cyperus Papyrus  send letters or correspondences (Egyptian Papyrus), an aquatic anywhere in the world plant found in the Nile River  easier to keep from raiders who often destroyed records of the nations they invaded  INK  They invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors  It was used to record history, culture, and codified laws Fig. 1.20 The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus that exemplifies Egyptian  HIEROGLYPHICS Mathematics.  system of formal writing using symbols  Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided to them by gods  It was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the ancient EGYPTIANS.  Hieroglyphs combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with a total of some 1,000 distinct characters. Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood. Fig. 1.21 Stele of Minnakht Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  18  ALCHEMY  Egypt was known to be the center of alchemy, which is known as the forerunner of chemistry.  Egyptian beliefs in life after death and the mummification procedure they developed gave rise to rudimentary knowledge and a goal of immortality  COSMETICS  Were used for both health and aesthetic reasons  Egyptians wore KOHL - eye cosmetic(created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena) to cure diseases  Soot (black powder that is formed when something is burned)  Egyptians believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness.  At present - cosmetics are used to Fig. 1.22 A picture of an Egyptian improve and highlight the facial features woman applying Kohl with a wig on her side of a person  WIG  worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes  used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays from the sun  considered as a cleaner than natural hair because it prevented the accumulation of head lice.  At present - wigs are used to enhance the appearance of people who are balding and to those who want to try new ones.  WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA  Another important ancient Egyptian contribution is the water clock  utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other  the amount of water remaining in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full (time is measured)  used as time keeping device Fig. 1.23 Egyptian Water Clock Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  Please click/ visit the link below: 19 https://www.history.com/topics/ancient- history/ancient-egypt Want to know more about the Egyptian Civilization? https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/w orld-history/world-history- READ beginnings/ancient-egypt-hittites/a/egypt- article  WESTERN CIVILIZATION The term Western Civilization refers broadly to a constellation of customs, beliefs, political systems, and events rooted in European history and Western culture. The influence of Western Civilization is global; defining American culture and North American culture among others.  GREEK CIVILIZATION  Greece - is an archipelago in the southern part of Europe known in Greek as Hellas or Ellada  known as the birthplace of Western philosophy  The Early influences were the Egyptians and the Minoans (Isle of Crete)  The geography of Greece greatly influenced the culture in that with few natural resources and surrounded by water, (the cities were built around the Aegean, Ionian and the Black Seas) the people eventually took to the sea for livelihood.  ALARM WATER CLOCK  One of the most utilized gadgets today invented by the Greeks  they made used of water or small stones or sand that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm  Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm to signal the start of his lecture Fig. 1.24 An illustration of Greek Alarm Clock Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  20  MILL  one of the most important contributions of the Greek Civilization to the world  commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was necessary form of food processing  because milling was made possible by the use of watermills, the mass production of rice, cereals, flours became common  better than mills powered by farm animals because they required less effort and time to operate since the farmer did not have time to raise the animals Fig. 1.25 Greek Water Mill Please click/ visit the link below: Want to know more about the Greek Civilization? https://www.britannica.com/pla ce/ancient-Greece READ  ROMAN CIVILIZATION  Roman Empire  was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west  was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance  large and the other civilization looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation and codified laws  NEWSPAPER  one of the major contributions of the Romans Fig. 1.26 Ancient Roman Newspaper  GAZETTES - first newspaper Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  21  made before the invention of paper  graved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed  when paper was invented publish matters became easier and faster  BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX  through the invention of paper - it became easier to write down everything happened in their time  Record keeping - became easier since paper did not easily break. Lightweight and did not occupy much space  resulted to: civilization became fond of record-keeping (historical events and legislated laws)  literature was also changed form from clay tablets to parchment paper  according to sources, Julius Cesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book  later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus  earlier covers was made of wax but were later on replaced by animal skin (stronger and long-lasting)  ROMAN NUMERALS  devised their own number system specifically to address the need for standard counting method Fig. 1.27 Bound books known as codex Fig. 1.28 Roman Numerals Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  22  ROMAN ARCHITECTURE  one of the most visual contributions of the Roman Empire to the world  considered a continuation of Greek architecture  all engineering and architecture development was fully supported and funded by the Roman government  able to implement major projects such as large churches (basilicas and cathedrals, coliseums amphitheaters etc.) Fig. 1.29 The Capitolium temple at Thugga (Dougga) in modern Tunisia, c. 166 CE Fig 28. The Roman theatre at Thugga in modern Tunisia, c. 168 CE (Left), and The Arch of Alexander Severus is a Roman triumphal arch which was built in 228 CE, in gratitude to the emperor for his beneficence towards the city. The arch functioned as one of the city gates, at the end of a road linking to the road between Carthage and Tébessa. Please click/ visit the link below: Want to know more about the Roman Civilization? https://www.history.com/topics /ancient-rome/ancient-rome READ __________________________________________________________________  MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION  Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the boarder of South America. There is no doubt that Mesoamerican region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of its European colonizers. Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  23  MAYAN CIVILIZATION  One of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000 years.  The Maya Empire, centered in the tropical lowlands of what is now Guatemala, reached the peak of its power and influence around the sixth century A.D.  The Maya excelled at agriculture, pottery, hieroglyph writing, calendar-making and mathematics, and left behind an astonishing amount of impressive architecture and symbolic artwork.  ASTRONOMY  They incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and religious structures. A good example is the pyramid El Castillo at the Chichen Itza in Mexico is situated at the location of the sun during the spring and fall equinoxes.  They were able to predict eclipses and used astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.  They built observatories so their priests could watch the stars and plan the best time for festival, religious rituals and cultural celebrations.  The Maya used two calendars.An everyday calendar with 13 months of 20 days each was probably related to the appearance of the planet Venus.  The Maya developed their own hydraulic system Fig. 1.30 El Castillo at Chichen Itza in Mexico Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  24  WEAVING LOOMS  They also have weaving loom for weaving cloths  HEIROGLYPH  The Maya hieroglyph writing is arguably one of the most visually striking writing systems in the world. It is also very complex, with hundreds of unique signs or glyphs in the form of humans, animals, supernaturals, objects, and abstract design Fig. 1.31 Traditional weaving loom Fig. 1.32 Sample Mayan heiroglyphs  INCA CIVILIZATION  The Inca civilization made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization.  The largest empire in pre-Columbian America, and possibly the largest empire in the world in the early 16th century.  It flourished in Ancient Peru between 1400 and 1533 BCE.  The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help them in everyday life : Fig. 1.33 Quipu Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  25  Roads paved with stones;  Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters;  Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land;  Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season  The first suspension bridge  Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret; and  Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements Fig. 1.34 Machu Picchu is a site of ancient Inca ruins located about 50 miles from Cuzco, Peru, in the Cordillera de Vilcabamba of the Andes Mountains. It is believed to be a royal estate and at the same time earthquake proof. _____________________________________________________________  AZTEC CIVILIZATION  The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican people of central Mexico in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. They were a civilization with a rich cultural heritage whose capital, Tenochtitlan, rivaled the greatest cities of Europe in size and grandeur.  Among the significant contribution of the Aztec Civilization are the following:  MANDATORY EDUCATION  The Aztec puts value on education; that is why their children are mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender, or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive education.  CHOCOLATES  The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In the Mayan culture, they used it as currency The Aztec valued Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  26 the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tributes to Gods.  CHINAMPA  It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals. Fig. 1.35 Chinampas  AZTEC CALENDARS  This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting seasons.  INVENTION OF THE CANOE  A light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems Fig. 1.36 Aztec Calendar (Left), and Aztec canoeing as illustrated in Florentine Codex, Book 2 (Right) Please click/ visit the link below: Want to know more about the https://www.history.com/topics Mesoamerican Civilizations? /ancient-americas READ Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  27 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Identifying Similarities and Differences (Lesson Check – Up) The previous readings gave you a glimpse on how human beings embarking in scientific activities in order to know and understand the things around them. Ancient people have observed and studied the natural and physical world in order to adapt within their environment and to make their life more convenient. The innovations in each civilization played a very significant role in the development of human beings, transformation of the society, and the formulation of scientific ideas. Your task is to create a Multiple Venn Diagram that shows the similarities and differences of the Asian, African, and Western Civilizations. Asian Civilization African Civilization Western Civilization Rubrics for the creation of Venn Diagram Criteria Exemplary (5) Emerging (3) Proficient (2) Text support All statements are Most statements are Few or none of and supported by text. supported by text the statement are comparison supported by text. statement All statements with Most statements are Few statements similarities are placed placed in the correct are placed on the Placement of in the center circle and circle, but student correct circle. statements all statements that mixed up a few within the note differences are statements. Venn Diagram placed in the outer circle There are five or more There are three to There are at least Number of comparison four comparison one to two quality statements in each statements in each comparison statements circle. circle. statements in each circle. Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  28 On a clean sheet of paper, write your reflection on the following questions: 1. How do political and cultural landscapes of the society affect the development of scientific culture, science activities and science literacy? 2. How do social and human issues influence science? LESSON 2.2 MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time As such; great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production, and health. The wars have resulted in population decline, but during the latter part of the period, there was a significant rise in population. Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in greater demands for transportation technology and some of the most innovative minds from this period. The middle ages were also known as the ―Age of Exploration‖. INNOVATION HIGHLIGHTS DURING THE MEDIEVAL TIMES  PRINTING PRESS  After the Chinese developed woodblock printing Johann Gutenberg was able to invent a more reliable way of printing using a cast type  utilized a wooden machine that extracted from juices  Attached to them a metal impression of the letters and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper which then made an exact impression on paper.  soon evolved to be a mechanical printing press which was eventually used all over the world Fig. 1.37 Gutenberg Printing Press  advantage: to address the need for publishing books that would spread information to many people at faster rate  made works accessible to individuals who could not even write Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  29  MICROSCOPE Another invention in the middle ages is the microscope. Growing populations caused massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and more people transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in many people getting sick and needed medical attention. To develop the proper medications for illnesses, experts must understand the sickness through an investigation.  It was invented by ZACHARIAS Fig. 1.38 Janssen’s Microscope JANSSEN  the key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various illness  TELESCOPE The need for nautical inventions was high. Considering the vast empty oceans that separated lands, ship captains needed to see far and wide for them to navigate or to avoid dangers at sea, hence, the invention of the TELESCOPE.  It is an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects  The invention of compass, oars and rudders made sea travelling easier and safer.  The first person to apply for a patent for Fig. 1.39 One of Galileo's first telescopes. He a telescope was a Dutch eyeglass did not invent the telescope, but he did make maker named Hans Lippershey (or several improvements and was the first to aim one at the stars. Source: Lipperhey). In 1608, Lippershey laid https://www.space.com/21950-who- claim to a device that could magnify invented-the-telescope.html objects three times. His telescope had a concave eyepiece aligned with a convex objective lens. Thus, he got the credit for the invention because of his patent applications.  WAR WEAPONS  since wars were widespread during this age, great development in weaponry technology occurred Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  30  for open area battles, people developed cross bows and long bows so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection of walls and fortresses  in close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron body armors  body armors were heavy and limited their movements Fig. 1.40 Several weaponries used during the medieval times. ___________________________________________________________________ LEARNING ACTIVITY 2. Delving Deeper (Lesson Check – Up) Aside from the different inventions discussed, can you name other breakthroughs made during the medieval age? What do you think are the other innovations during those times that made a great impact on our society and the environment? Your task is to look for other scientific discoveries, theories, or inventions that were made during the medieval age. Choose one among your find and create a photo essay composed of four (4) pictures to relate its impact to the society. (You may use existing images from the internet or you may capture your own photos to support whatever you have researched). Submit your output via WHAT IS A PHOTO ESSAY? A photo-essay is a set or series of photographs made to visualize a story. It is a way to present a narrative through a series of images. Often it creates a series of emotions in the viewer. LOOK AT THE EXAMPLE BELOW. What do you think does it try to convey? Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  31 Ang Hari ng Kalsada  The set of pictures discuss public transportation. The photo essay also tells us the importance of Jeepney to commuters who are usually traveling for work or school. Photos from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/08/manilas- commutes-from-hell-a-photo-essay Rubric for rating your photo essay Criteria Exemplary Proficient Emerging Developing 40 30 20 10 All of the Most of the Some of the Few of the images are images are images are images are appropriate to appropriate to appropriate to appropriate to the topic, the topic, the topic, the topic, Text - 40 % evocative, evocative, evocative, evocative, (photographs/ visually visually visually visually images) captivating, captivating, captivating, and captivating, and show and show show unique and show unique unique perspectives of unique perspectives of perspectives the theme. perspectives the theme. of the theme. of the theme. 20 17 12 10 Typography & Title and Title and Title and Title and Semantics - 20 captions captions captions captions % compliment the compliment sometimes seldom (the meaning, images and the images compliment the compliment arrangement, work together and often images but the images and harmoniously work together inconsistently and do not appearance of to reinforce the to reinforce work together to work together printed matter) theme the theme. reinforce the to reinforce consistently. theme. the theme. Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  32 20 17 12 10 Organization - Photos are Photos create Photos create Photos 20 % carefully emotion and emotion and inconsistently (how the sequenced to communicate represent create various build emotion thematically. subject matter. emotion and elements are and may veer organized) communicate from subject thematically. matter. 20 17 12 10 Theme is clear Theme is Theme is clear Theme is Theme -20 % and well- clear and and well- unclear or not (the universal developed well- developed well- insight that is throughout developed throughout developed communicated entire photo throughout some of the throughout by the essay) essay. most of the photo essay. the photo photo essay. essay. LESSON 2.3 MODERN AGES The Modern Era includes the early period, called the early modern period, which lasted from 1500 - present. The Modern Period covers human history from the creation of a more global network to present day. A. Early Modern Period  The Renaissance is a period in the history of Europe beginning in about 1300-1600, and following the medieval period. ―Renaissance‖ is a French word meaning ―rebirth‖.  The Scientific Revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and chemistry transformed societal views about nature that unfolded in Europe roughly during 1550-1700. The Scientific Revolution began in Europe toward the end of the renaissance period, and continued through the late 18th century influencing the intellectual social movement known as Enlightenment.  The Age of Enlightenment period of the Modern Era of philosophy corresponds roughly to the 18th Century (1700). In general terms, the Enlightenment was an intellectual movement developed mainly in France and Germany, which advocated freedom, democracy and reason as the primary values of society. Famous Scientists during the Scientific Revolution Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  33  Galileo Galilei - Father of Modern Astronomy; Father of Modern Physics; Albert Einstei called him Father of Modern Science.  Nicolaus Copernicus – Heliocentric Theory.  Johannes Kepler – Three Laws of Planetary Motion (1) All planets move about the sun in elliptical orbits, having the Sun as one of the foci. (2) A radius vector joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time. (3) The squares of the sidereal periods (of revolution) of the planets are directly proportional to the cubes of their mean distance to the Sun.  Sir Isaac Newton – Father of Calculus and formulated the Universal Law of Gravitation and the Famous Laws of Motion. B. Mid Modern Period  Industrial Revolution 1700’s. From the introduction of the first viable Steam Engine by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, the invention of steam engine was crucial to the industrialization of modern civilization, for almost 200 years it was the outstanding source of power industry and transport system in the West.  The Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned from the 1890s to 1920s. The main objectives of the Progressive movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and corruption in government.  Machine Age is an era that includes the early 20th century, sometimes also including the late 19th century. An approximate dating would be about 1880 to 1945. It forms a late part of the Second Industrial Revolution C. Contemporary Period The 1940s saw the beginning of the Atomic Age, where modern physics saw new applications such as the atomic bomb, the first computers, and transistor.  Postmodernity is the state or condition of being postmodern - after or in reaction to that which is modern, as in postmodern art. Postmodernism a late-20th-century style and concept in the arts, architecture, and criticism that represents a departure from modernism Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  34 and has at its heart a general distrust of grand theories and ideologies as well as a problematical relationship with any notion of ―art‖.  World War I was a situation where defensive technologies were far superior to offensive ones-trenches, bunkers and machine guns were far superior to artillery and infantry running while defended by a thin layer of uniform made out of cotton. The mobile technology of the day – cavalry – was rendered irrelevant. Air power did not play a major role. Fig. 1.41 Fighter planes during the World War II  Atomic Age or World War II. The Atomic Era, is the period of history following the detonation of the first nuclear bomb, Trinity, on July 16, 1945, during World War II. New weapons made warfare much more mobile - mainly tanks but also air power. That made World War II much more about maneuvering than about fortification and concentration of firepower to thin defensive line. As the Germans learned first and Allies, learned next, tactics, intelligence, and maneuvering ruled the battlefield of the 1940s, not trenches and barbed wire. Some technologies that shaped World War II:  Airplanes - fighters and  Sonar bombers  Tanks  Submarines (started in  Code-breaking WWI but matured in WWII)  Electronic warfare  Radar  Atomic bomb  Space Age is a time period encompassing the activities related to Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and cultural developments influenced by these events. The space age is generally considered to have begun with Sputnik.  Information Age also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age or New Media Age is a historic period in the 21st century characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry that the Industrial revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based on information technology. This era brought about a time period in which people could access information and knowledge easily. Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  35 Other Significant Highlights during the Modern Age:  PASTEURIZATION  It is the process of heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster  It is a better means of production to meet the needs for population, food preservation and food safety  It was invented by Louis Pasteur (French biologist, microbiologist and chemist)  advantage: milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period  prevents illnesses caused by harmful Fig. 1.42 Pasteurization process bacteria  PETROLEUM REFINERY  Modern times demanded better means of powering homes and transportation  They used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their homes  Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by refining petroleum  KEROSENE was later on referred to as the illuminating oil (was used at first to provide lightning at homes) and then was used for heating purposes  the development of Kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry  At present, petroleum is used in poring automobiles, factories and power plants         Fig. 1.44 The process of petroleum refinery Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  36  TELEPHONE  The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they needed a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with each other in real time  It was one of the most important inventions at that time and was invented by ALEXANDER Graham Bell Fig. 1.45 Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone  CALCULATOR  Was invented to make easier way for arithmetic calculations  It resulted in the development of more complex processing machine like computer. _______________________________________________________________________ LEARNING ACTIVITY 3. It’s time to Reflect (Lesson Check – Up) The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance. Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to establish connections between and among nations. All these needs resulted in the development of industries. However, due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great concern. Your task is to choose one major scientific and technological development in the modern age and discuss how it created an impact in your daily life by writing a short expository essay containing at least 350 words. Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  37 Submit your output via Rubric for Expository Essay Developing Criteria Exemplary(5) Proficient (4) Emerging (3) (2) Introductory The The introduction The introduction There is no paragraph introduction is clearly states the main states the main clear inviting, states topic and previews the topic, but does introduction of the main topic structure of the paper, not adequately the main topic and previews but is not particularly preview the or structure of the structure of inviting to the reader. structure of the the paper. the paper. Includes all necessary paper nor is it Does not Includes all elements of an particularly include all the necessary introductory inviting to the necessary elements of an paragraph. reader. Does not elements of an introductory include all the introductory paragraph. necessary paragraph. elements of an introductory paragraph. Body Details are Details are placed in a Some details are Many details paragraphs placed in a logical order, but the not in a logical or are not in a organization logical order way in which they are expected order, logical or and the way presented/introduced and this distracts expected they are sometimes makes the the reader. order. There is presented writing less interesting. Supportive little sense that effectively Supportive sentences sentences do the writing is keeps the clarify and explain the not always organized. interest of the topic sentence clarify and Supportive reader. explain the topic sentences do Supportive sentence not clarify and sentences explain the clarify and topic sentence explain the topic sentence Focus on There is one Main idea is clear but Main idea is The main idea Topic clear, well- the supporting somewhat clear is not clear. (Content) focused topic. information is general. but there is a There is a Main idea need for more seemingly stands out and supporting random is supported by information. collection of detailed information. information. Conclusion The conclusion The conclusion is The conclusion There is no (Organization) is strong and recognizable and ties is recognizable, clear leaves the up almost all the loose but does not tie conclusion, reader with a ends. Includes all the up several loose the paper just feeling that necessary elements of ends. Does not ends. Does they a closing paragraph include all the not include all understand necessary the necessary what the writer elements of a elements of a Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  38 is "getting at." closing closing Includes all the paragraph paragraph necessary elements of a closing paragraph Grammar & Consistently Generally follows rules Mostly does not Does not Spelling follows rules for spelling and correct follow rules of follow rules for (Conventions) for spelling and use of grammar. Uses spelling and spelling and correct use of complete sentences correct use of correct use of grammar. generally and grammar. Mostly grammar. Uses complete indicates paragraphs exhibits errors in Uses sentence sentences and often. sentence structure that consistently structure that makes it quite indicates impede difficult to paragraphs. communication. understand. Generally does Does not use not indicate paragraphing. paragraphs LESSON 3. Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science and technology IN THE PHILIPPINES Despite the Philippines being considered as a developing country, its contribution to global advancement of science and technology is also remarkable. The Philippines is known to be one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters. Many of the discoveries and inventions made by the Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment. HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES  Science and Technology in the Philippines had experienced periods of intense growth as well as long periods of stagnation  The main managing agency responsible for science and technology is the Department of Science and Technology.  Numerous national scientists have contributed in different fields of science including Fe del Mundo in the field of Pediatrics, Eduardo Quisumbing in the field of plant taxonomy, Gavino Trono in the field of tropical marine phycology, Maria Orosa in the field of food technology and many more.  PRE-SPANISH ERA  Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine islands, the natives of the Philippine archipelago already had practices linked to science and technology.  Filipinos were already aware of the medical and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs.  They already had an alphabet number system, a weighing and measuring system and a calendar. Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving.  The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish era Filipinos. Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  39 Fig. 1.46 An illustration showing Filipino rites and rituals during the Pre-Spanish Era  SPANISH COLONIAL ERA  The colonization of the Philippines contributed to the growth of science and technology in the archipelago.  The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution.  During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught.  Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture were taught to natives.  Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including the oldest existing university in Asia, the University of Santo Tomas.  The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy.  Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard Colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits.  The opening of Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and some Filipinos were able to study in Europe who was probably influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals brought by the age of Enlightenment. Fig. 1.47 Filipino Children during the Spanish Fig. 1.48 The Galleon Ship era Science,Technology and Society- (STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University  40  AMERICAN PERIOD  The progress of Science and Technology in the Philippines continued under the American rule of the Islands  They established the public education system  Improved the engineering works and health conditions of the people.  They established the University of the Philippines which is a research university.  The Americans created more public hospitals than the Spaniards.  Basic education science focused on nature studies and sanitation. Later, the subject was formal