Module 6 Study Guide PDF

**MODULE 6 STUDY GUIDE** CHAPTERS READ ATI FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING Chapter 18: Infants (1 Month to 1 Year) Pg 2 - 4 ATI Community Health Engage Economic Influences Environmental Influences Individual Influences Social Influences \*\* This is just an outline of information covered in each ch...

**MODULE 6 STUDY GUIDE** CHAPTERS READ ATI FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING Chapter 18: Infants (1 Month to 1 Year) Pg 2 - 4 ATI Community Health Engage Economic Influences Environmental Influences Individual Influences Social Influences \*\* This is just an outline of information covered in each chapter if any information is highlighted a better understanding is needed and more information will be provided\*\* Infants (1 Month to 1 Year) **Physical Development** **Fontanel Closure** Posterior fontanel: Closes by 2 months. Anterior fontanel: Closes between 12 to 18 months. **Growth Measurements** Weight doubles birth weight by 5 months, triples by 12 months. Height: Grows about 1in per month for the first 6 months **Reflexes** Notable reflexes include startling, sucking, rooting, grasping, yawning, coughing, and the Babinski reflex. Assessment of reflexes helps monitor neurological development. **Sleep Patterns** Establishes nocturnal sleep by 3-4 months. Sleeps 14-15 hours daily; 9-11 hours at night by 4 months. Generally sleeps through the night with 1-2 naps by 12 months. **Cognitive Development** **Piaget's model** **Sensorimotor** Engages in sensorimotor activities from birth to 24 months. Key tasks: Separation, object permanence (develops around 9-10 months), and mental representation. **Psychosocial Development** **Erikson's stage** **Trust vs. Mistrust** Development of trust depends on the quality of caregiver-infant interaction. Recognizes parents and begins to mimic facial expressions like smiling by 2 weeks. **Nutrition** Breast milk recommended until at least 6 months, introduction of solids around 6 months. Introduction of iron-fortified cereal first, followed by other solids. Avoid cow's milk and honey, excessive water/juice in the first year. **Health Promotion** Immunizations: Hepatitis B at birth; DTaP, RV, IPV, Hib, PCV starting at 2 months. Regular checkups post-discharge, especially if discharged within 48 hours of birth. **Injury Prevention** Guidelines on feeding, sleeping positions, toy safety, and car seat usage to prevent common injuries such as aspiration, falls, and suffocation. **SIDS, Shaken baby syndrome** **Dental Health** Teething typically begins between 6-10 months with the eruption of 6-8 teeth by the end of the first year. Teething discomfort can be managed with teething rings, and hygiene can be maintained with cool, wet washcloths. **Language development** Crying is the first form of verbal communication. Says three to five words by the age of 1 year. Comprehends the word "no" by 9 to 10 months and obeys single commands. **Social development** Separation anxiety begins around 4 to 8 months of age.  Stranger fear becomes evident between 6 and 8 months of age **Aspiration of foreign objects** Hold the infant for feedings; do not prop bottles. Small objects that can become lodged in the throat (grapes, coins) should be avoided. **Burns** Hot water thermostats should be set at or below 49° C (120° F). Electrical outlets should be covered. **Drowning** Infants should not be left unattended in bathtubs or around water source **Falls** Crib mattresses should be kept in the lowest position possible with the rails all the way up. Infant seats should be placed on the ground or and they should not be left unattended or on elevated surfaces. **Motor-vehicle injuries** Infants and toddlers remain in a rear-facing car seat until the age of 2 years, or the height recommended by the manufacturer. **Suffocation** Crib slats should be no farther apart than 6 cm (2.375 in).