Infant Growth and Development (PDF)

11/26/2024 Growth and Development Brenda S. Cirilo,MD, MPH,BSN-RN Infant (1 month to 1y/o) Growth and development of an infant 1. weight – average bw of filipinos 2.8-3kg...

11/26/2024 Growth and Development Brenda S. Cirilo,MD, MPH,BSN-RN Infant (1 month to 1y/o) Growth and development of an infant 1. weight – average bw of filipinos 2.8-3kg double their birthweight at 4 -6 months Triple by 1 year Average weight gain of 2 lbs per month for the first 6 month 1 lb per month for the second 6 months Physical development At 4-6 mo. -2x BW 2. Height –average length at birth is 20 inches (51cm) At 1 year- 3 x BW increase in ht. during the 1st year is 50% At 2 years- 4 x BW From 20 inches to 30 inches( 50.8 to 76.2 cm) At 3 years – 5 x BW Growth is apparent in the trunk during the early At 5 years- 6 x BW months At 7 years- 7 x BW Second half of year- more lengthening of legs At 10 years- 10 x BW 1  11/26/2024 Physical development increase in height during the first year is by 50% 3. Head circumference – increases rapidly during Total length for the 1st year infancy, reflecting rapid brain growth Birth to 3 mo. -9 cm 4. chest circumference –less than the head at birth by 3-6 months- 8 cm 2 cm 6-9 mo. -5 cm Equal to head circumference from 6 to 12 months 9-12 mo. – 3 cm 5. abdomen – protuberant until child is walking /toddler period 6. cardiovascular- heart rate slows from 120-160bpm Teeth : to 100 to 120 bpm by the end of 1st year 1st baby tooth is the central incisor, erupts at 6 Increase in bp from 80/40 to 100/60mmhg months of age 7. RR slows from 30-60/min  20-30/min by the end of 1st yr Deciduous teeth – temporary of baby teeth Permanent teeth erupts at 6-7 y/o Most systems are immature 2  11/26/2024 parental concerns normal to infant development 1. teething 7. Miliaria or prickly heat rash 2. thumb sucking-should stop by school age Clusters of pinpoint, reddened papules with occasional vesicles and 3. use of pacifiers= wean after 3 months, sucking reflex fades at 6-9 pustules surrounded by erythema. months 4. constipation usually appear on the neck first and may spread upward to around 5. loose stool the ears and onto the face or down onto the trunk. 6. colic-disappear at 3 months occurs most often in warm weather or when babies are overdressed or sleep in overheated rooms. play Infants play peek-a-boo because they realize the person playing with them exists behind his or her hands. a newborn “listens” to the sound of a music box or a musical rattle. Nutrition Nursing interventions : 1. promote achievement of developmental task which BF for the first 6 mo. is Trust vs mistrust introduce one food each week(to identify any allergy) (see notes) chopped foods introduce at 12 months 2. promote infant safety: Aspiration prevention- avoid round/cylindrical shaped foods , avoid 1 inch cylinder shaped foods. 3. Fall prevention – use of crib, high siderails 4. car safety –car seat 5. safety with siblings 3  11/26/2024 Toddler 1-3 y/o weighs 4x the BW by 2 y/o Growing sense of autonomy/independence Toddlers parallel play Parallel play is when two or more toddlers play near one another or have a prominent abdomen—a pouchy belly next to one another, but without interacting directly. waddle or walk with a wide stance , this stance seems to increase the They will sometimes be observing and even mimicking the other child. lordotic curve parallel play ***Physical milestones for toddlers Can turn pages of a book Ready for toilet training Reaches 1⁄2 of final adult height ***Cognitive milestones for toddlers Able to communicate needs Can organize phrases Vocabulary has increased. 4  11/26/2024 Psychosocial milestones for toddlers ---Object permanence is the knowledge that an object or person continues to exist when not seen, heard or felt Mimics activities Enjoys being read to Enjoys play that involves building and creating --- Ritualistic behavior is exhibited during the toddler period. Ritualism is the toddler’s need to maintain sameness and reliability. Provides sense of comfort Toddlers cannot differentiate between fantasy and reality Toddlers begin to formulate a sense of right and wrong, but their reason for doing right is centered most strongly in “mother or father they believe cartoon characters or children in books says so” are real. They may become “stuck” in their fantasies -->Such intense involvement in play is part of “magical thinking,” or believing thoughts and wishes can come true. Toddler Parental Concerns : 1. toilet training 3. negativism-reply with “no” Possible only if: They have control of rectal and urethral sphincters They have cognitive understanding of what it means to hold urine and stool until they can release them at a 4. discipline – setting rules certain place and time Parents need to be consistent They must have the desire to delay immediate Correct behavior is praised rather than wrong gratification for a more socially accepted action behavior punished 2.ritualistic behavior- cling to object or routine 5  11/26/2024 Nursing care tips for toddlers 5.separation anxiety – begins at 6 months old and persists through Let the child hold some of your equipment. preschool Let toddler sit on parent’s lap. Say goodbye firmly Sneaking is discouraged because it can strengthen fear of abandonement Give praises. 6. temper tantrums stay calm ignore the tantrum pre-schooler ages 3, 4, and 5 years 20 of their deciduous teeth by 3 years of age ask questions constantly, mostly “how” and “why” They imitate what they see parents doing: eating meals, mowing the lawn, cleaning the house, arguing, and so forth. ***Encourage Role playing They pretend to be teachers, cowboys, firefighters, and store clerks. Many preschoolers have imaginary friends as a normal part of having an active imagination. These often exist until children formally begin school. 6  11/26/2024 provide play materials that encourage creative play The developmental task for the preschool-age child is to achieve a sense of initiative (Erikson, 1963). ( finger paints, soapy water to splash or blow into bubbles, mud to make into pies, sand to build castles, and modeling clay or homemade A child with a well-developed sense of initiative has discovered that dough to mold into figures or make into pretend cookies). learning new things is fun. “magical thinking,” or believing thoughts and wishes can come true. Preschool thinking is also influenced by role fantasy, or how children would like something to turn out. Oedipus complex refers to the strong emotional attachment of a Fear of Separation or Abandonment preschool boy to his mother; an Electra complex is the attachment of a preschool girl to her father. common accidents among preschoolers safety 1. fall Motor Vehicle and Bicycle Safety 2. motor accidents 3. drowning Warning a child never to talk with or accept a ride from a stranger 4. poisoning 5. animal bites 6. burns 7  11/26/2024 School age child 6-12 y/o Developmental Task: Industry Versus Inferiority Sports-Injury adolescent 13-18/20 yrs old Transition from childhood to adulthood 8