Module 6 PDF - Environmental Science Lecture Notes

Republic of the Philippines North Eastern Mindanao State University Lecture Notes in Environmental Science Global and Regional Environmental Problems: Causes, Interconnections, and Proposed soluti...

Republic of the Philippines North Eastern Mindanao State University Lecture Notes in Environmental Science Global and Regional Environmental Problems: Causes, Interconnections, and Proposed solutions. Environmental Science Pollution The action or process of making land, water, air, etc., dirty and not safe or suitable to use. Hazard Refers to a situation, condition, or object that poses a threat to the health, safety or well-being of individuals, communities or the environment. Deforestation the clearing or thinning of forests by humans. Deforestation represents one of the largest issues in global land use. Estimates of deforestation traditionally are based on the area of forest cleared for human use, including removal of the trees for wood products and for croplands and grazing lands. Ozone is a naturally-occurring gas that can be good or bad for your health and the environment depending on its location in the atmosphere. 1. Water Pollution What is Water Pollution? Water pollution is when waterways become damaged by contaminants, making them unsuitable for human use, or when it creates an undesirable or dangerous environment for aquatic life. When water becomes polluted, harmful substances contaminate the water, making it toxic. Water pollutants include chemicals, bacteria, parasites, and trash. Water pollution is the contamination of water by pollutants such as bacteria, parasites, chemicals, and trash like plastic. TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION: Groundwater Pollution Surface Water Pollution Suspended Matter Oil Spillages Microbiological Pollution Chemical Water Pollution Thermal Pollution Oxygen-Depletion Pollution Groundwater Pollution Groundwater comes from below the Earth’s surface, found in stores called aquifers. A key source of water pollution that ends up in groundwater resources comes from agriculture. Fertilizers and pesticides applied to farmland are easily absorbed into the ground, or they can be transported as runoff during rainfall. Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300 086-211-4221 www.nemsu.edu.ph  Republic of the Philippines North Eastern Mindanao State University Surface Water Pollution Surface water refers to all bodies of water above the Earth’s surface, such as oceans, lakes, and rivers. Any hazardous substance that comes into contact with surface water is called surface water pollution. Surface water pollution occurs in three ways: naturally, accidentally, and intentionally. Naturally: Flooding or tsunamis, that pick up fertilizers, pesticides, debris, and other contaminants. Accidentally: Oil spills and agricultural runoff. Intentionally: Industries dumping waste directly into waterways. Suspended Matter Waste such as plastics, rubber, and other man-made materials that are improperly disposed of and cannot be broken down easily in water is called particulate or suspended matter. Oil Spillages Water can be polluted from accidental oil spills, transportation, runoff, and intentionally dumping. Oil spillage can have devastating effects on water environments, and they are extremely difficult to remove; just one liter of oil can pollute one million liters of water. Microbiological Pollution Microbiological pollution is a type of naturally occurring water pollution. It comes from microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa that can cause waterborne diseases such as cholera. This type of water pollution is common in areas where people drink untreated water. Chemical Water Pollution Chemicals are the most common type of water pollution, and many industries use chemicals that can end up in water systems. These chemicals can be anything from metals and solvents in industrial operations, fertilizers and pesticides in the agricultural industry to chemicals used in pest control companies. Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300 086-211-4221 www.nemsu.edu.ph  Republic of the Philippines North Eastern Mindanao State University Thermal Pollution Heat is also considered a type of water pollution, as it reduces the ability of water to hold dissolved oxygen (DO); as the temperature of water increases, the level of DO decreases. Thermal pollution also increases the rate of metabolism in fish and damages larvae and eggs in rivers. Oxygen-Depletion Pollution Another consequence of nutrient water pollution is oxygen depletion. When oxygen levels are too low, any life that relies on oxygen for respiration will be killed off, and anaerobic organisms will survive. SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION Point source pollution: Comes from a specific, identifiable source, such as pipe, tank, pit, ditch or channel to a body of water. The bulk of point source pollution comes from wastewater discharge from power plants or large industrial plants. Nonpoint source pollution: Comes from a diffuse source rather than one specific source. Usually nonpoint source pollution comes from storm water run offs from large land areas which may contaminate the surface and ground water over a large area. What are the effects of water pollution? On human health Waterborne pathogens, in the form of disease-causing bacteria and viruses from human and animal waste, are a major cause of illness from contaminated drinking water. Diseases spread by unsafe water include cholera, giardia, and typhoid. much more than lead, as a wide range of chemical pollutants—from heavy metals such as arsenic and mercury to pesticides and nitrate fertilizers—are getting into our water supplies. Once they’re ingested, these toxins can cause a host of health issues, from cancer to hormone disruption to altered brain function. Even swimming can pose a risk,contracting health issues such as skin rashes, pinkeye, respiratory infections, and hepatitis from sewage- laden coastal waters. On the environment In order to thrive, healthy ecosystems rely on a complex web of animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi—all of which interact, directly or indirectly, with each other. Harm to any of these organisms can create a chain effect, imperiling entire aquatic environments. When water pollution causes an algal bloom in a lake or marine environment, the proliferation of newly introduced nutrients stimulates plant and algae growth, which in turn reduces oxygen levels in the water. This dearth of oxygen, known as eutrophication, suffocates plants and animals and can create “dead zones,” where waters are essentially devoid of life. In certain cases, these harmful algal blooms can also produce neurotoxins that affect wildlife, from whales to sea turtles. Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300 086-211-4221 www.nemsu.edu.ph  Republic of the Philippines North Eastern Mindanao State University Case Study: India’s Ganges River: Religion,poverty and health. Culture Ganges River is called the "Holy River" to India's Hindu people. More than 4 million Hindus bathe or take a "holy dip" in the river Many people also drink its water and use the river to wash their clothes There is a Hindu belief that if they cremate the dead and throw the body into the Ganges River the soul of the person will have an increased chance to gain access to heaven Pollution The wood fires the cremation occurs in the open air and causes air pollution as well as depletion of India's forests Water pollution occur due to people not being able to afford enough wood for cremation; resulting in people dumping bodies in the river with no cremation or partial burns causing disease carrying bacteria and viruses to be add to the water 19 million decaying bodies are added to Ganges River each year Problems The problems with water pollution is that the Ganges River has over 350 million (1/3 of the population) lives along the waters basin 29 large cities are also treated along the basin The Governments Plans The Indian government has a launched a plan to clean up the river that involves: 1. Building water treatment plants along the basin's 29 large cities 2. Constructing 32 electric crematoriums - to help bodies burn more efficiently and lower cost of wood cremation 3. Introduction of 25,000 snapping turtles in the Ganges River - to devour the corpse Bad News with the Government's Plan The Sewage Treatment plants are not completed Some do not work well Only a few crematoriums have been successfully completed There is a cultural concern that Hindus will not abandon the traditional ritual of wood cremation or will not be able to afford any type of cremation 2. AIR POLLUTION What Is Air Pollution? Air pollution is the introduction of particulates ,biological molecules or other harmful materials into Earth’s atmosphere, causing diseases, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as animals and food crops or the natural or built environment. Air pollution may come from anthropogenic or natural sources. Air pollution from a fossil-fuel power station Types of Pollution In order to understand the causes of air pollution, several divisions can be made. 1. Primary air pollutants can be caused by primary sources or secondary sources. The pollutants that are a direct result of the process can be called primary pollutants. 2. Secondary pollutants are the ones that are caused by the inter mingling and reactions of primary pollutants. Primary Pollutants Major primary pollutants produced activity, by human.  Sulfur oxides (SO) Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300 086-211-4221 www.nemsu.edu.ph  Republic of the Philippines North Eastern Mindanao State University - particularly sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in varies industrial process. Coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, and their combustion generates sulfur di-oxide.  Nitrogen oxides (NO₂) - (NOx) Nitrogen particularly dioxide, are oxides- nitrogen expelled from high temperature combustion, and are also produced during thunderstorms by electric discharge. They can be seen as a brown haze dome above or a plume downwind of cities.  Carbon monoxide (CO) - is a colorless, odorless, toxic yet non-irrigation gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.  Volatile organic compound. - VOCs are a well-known outdoor air pollutant. They are categorized as either methane (CH) or non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced global warming. The aromatic NMVOCS benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia with prolonged expure.  Particulates - Alternatively referred to particulate as matter (PM), atmospheric particulate matter, or fine particles, are tiny particles and gas. - Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation and sea spray. - Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols.  Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - Harmful to the ozone layer; emitted from products currently banned from use. - These are gases which are released from air conditioners, refrigerators, sprays, etc. aerosol. - This allows harmful ultraviolet rays to reach the earth’s surface.  Ammonia (NH3) - Emitted from agriculture processes. - Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. - Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. - In the atmosphere, ammonia reacts with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur to form secondary particles. Secondary Pollutants - Particulates created from gaseous pollutants compounds primary and in photochemical smog. - Smog is a kind of air pollution. - Smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide.  Ground Level Ozone (0) - Formed from No, and VOCs. - It is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer. - Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. Sources - There are various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for releasing pollutants into the atmosphere. These sources can be classified into two major categories: 1. Anthropogenic (man-made) sources 2. Natural sources Major sources of pollutants o Anthropogenic sources - These are related to the burning of multiple types of fuel. - Stationary Sources include smock stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities and waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel- burning heating devices. o Natural Source Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300 086-211-4221 www.nemsu.edu.ph  Republic of the Philippines North Eastern Mindanao State University - Dust from natural sources usually large areas of land with few or no vegetation. - Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle. - Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth’s crust. - It is considered to be a health hazard. Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings, especially in confined areas such as the basement.  Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.  Volcanic activity, which produces sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates. 1. Bunning of Fossil Fuels: - Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles of pollution. - Pollution emitted from vehicles including trucks, jeeps, cars, trains, airplanes cause immense amount of pollution. 2. Agricultural activities - Ammonia is a very common by product from agriculture related activities and is one of the most hazardous gases in the atmosphere. - Use of insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural activities has grown quite a lot. - They emit harmful chemicals into the air and can also cause water pollution. 3. Exhaust from factories a industries - Manufacturing industries release large amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and chemicals into the air thereby depleting the quality of air. 4. Mining operators - Mining is a process wherein minerals below the earth are extracted using large equipment. - During the process dust and chemicals are released in the air causing massive air pollution. 5.Indoor air pollution - Household cleaning products, painting supplies emit toxic chemicals in the air and cause air pollution.  Air pollution causes following dise in human body:  Cystic fibrosis  Lung disease  Cancer  Difficulty in breathing  Wheezing  Coughing  Asthma  Worsening of existing respiratory and cardiac condition Solutions for Air Pollution 1. Use public mode of transportation 2.Conserve energy 3.Understand the concept Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. 4. Emphasis on clean energy resources: Case Study: Air pollution in Mexico City  Mexico City has long struggled with severe air pollution, once ranked as the world’s most polluted city by the UN in 1992. Contributing factors include its vast population of over 9 million in the city proper (and 2 million more in the surrounding area), its geographic location in a mountain-surrounded valley at high elevation, and thermal inversions that trap pollutants. Vehicle emissions, industrial activity, and even volcanic eruptions from Popocatépetl worsen the situation.  To combat this, the government implemented the ProAire program in the 1990s, featuring measures like the Hoy No Circula policy, which restricts vehicle use based on license plate numbers. Other efforts included stricter emissions testing, catalytic Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300 086-211-4221 www.nemsu.edu.ph  Republic of the Philippines North Eastern Mindanao State University converters, cleaner fuels, improved public transit, bike-sharing programs, and retiring old buses. These initiatives significantly reduced pollution, cutting emissions of key pollutants like lead by 97% and PM by 66% over 25 years. Mexico City received international recognition in 2013 for its air-quality improvements.  However, progress has slowed in recent years due to population growth, increased traffic, inconsistent enforcement, and unintended consequences of policies like Hoy No Circula, which encourages multiple car ownership. By 2016, pollution levels spiked again, leading to renewed bans and environmental emergencies. While Mexico City has made significant strides, challenges remain in sustaining air-quality improvements. 3. Solid and Hazardous Waste Solid waste- means any garbage or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities. Nearly everything we do leaves behind some kind of waste. It is important to note that the definition of solid waste is not limited to wastes that are physically solid. Many solid wastes are liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material. A solid waste is any material that is discarded by being: Abandoned: The term abandoned means thrown away. A material is abandoned if it is disposed of, burned, incinerated, or sham recycled. Inherently Waste-Like: Some materials pose such a threat to human health and the environment that they are always considered solid wastes; these materials are considered to be inherently waste-like. Examples of inherently waste-like materials include certain dioxin- containing wastes. A Discarded Military Munition: Military munitions are all ammunition products and components produced for or used by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) or U.S. Armed Services for national defense and security. Unused or defective munitions are solid wastes when: o abandoned (i.e., disposed of, burned, incinerated) or treated prior to disposal; o rendered nonrecyclable or nonusable through deterioration; or o declared a waste by an authorized military official. Used (i.e., fired or detonated) munitions may also be solid wastes If collected for storage, recycling, treatment, or disposal. Recycled in Certain Ways: A material is recycled if it is used or reused (e.g., as an ingredient in a process), reclaimed, or used in certain ways (used in or on the land in a manner constituting disposal, burned for energy recovery, or accumulated speculatively). Specific exclusions to the definition of solid waste are listed in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at 40 CFR section 261.4(a). Many of these exclusion are related to recycling. Materials that do not meet this definition are not solid wastes and are not subject to RCRA regulation. Several materials are excluded from the definition of solid waste. These materials are excluded for a variety of reasons, including public policy, economic impacts, regulation by other laws, lack of data, or impracticability of regulating the waste. The decision to exclude the following materials from the solid waste definition is a result of either Congressional action (embodied in the statute) or an EPA rulemaking. A material cannot be a hazardous waste if it does not meet the definition of solid waste. Thus, wastes that are excluded from the definition of solid waste are not subject to RCRA subtitle C hazardous waste regulation. Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300 086-211-4221 www.nemsu.edu.ph  Republic of the Philippines North Eastern Mindanao State University Solid wastes from the definition of hazardous waste. If a material meets an exclusion from the definition of hazardous waste, it is not regulated as a hazardous waste, even if the material technically meets a listing or exhibits a characteristic that would normally meet this definition. Hazardous waste- is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or capable of having a harmful effect on human health or the environment. Hazardous waste is generated from many sources, ranging from industrial manufacturing process wastes to batteries and may come in many forms, including liquids, solids gases, and sludge’s. Hazardous waste generators- are the first link in the hazardous waste management system. All generators must determine if their waste is hazardous and must oversee the ultimate fate of the waste. Furthermore, generators must ensure and fully document that the hazardous waste that they produce is properly identified, managed, and treated prior to recycling or disposal. The degree of regulation that applies to each generator depends on the amount of waste that a generator produces. Hazardous Waste Transportation- After generators produce a hazardous waste, transporters may move the waste to a facility that can recycle, treat, store or dispose of the waste. Since such transporters are moving regulated wastes on public roads, highways, rails and waterways. Regulations for Specific Wastes Fostering environmentally sound recycling and conservation of resources, Making the rules easier to understand, Facilitating better compliance, or Providing flexibility in how certain hazardous waste is managed. 4. DEFORESTATION Deforestation -the clearing or thinning of forests by humans. Deforestation represents one of the largest issues in global land use. Estimates of deforestation traditionally are based on the area of forest cleared for human use, including removal of the trees for wood products and for croplands and grazing lands. Deforestation: Case Study Philippines 1. The Philippines faces challenges with forest degradation and economic under performance. Sustainable resource use could promote both environmental conservation and economic growth. 2. Over the past century, heavy logging in the Philippines, particularly between 1960 and 1980, has significantly harmed the environment, with population growth and increased log exports contributing to forest loss. 3. Although the government aims to keep 40% of land as forest, only about 13% remains. Balancing the needs of a growing population with land use demands requires careful allocation of forest areas for logging, national parks, and other uses. Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300 086-211-4221 www.nemsu.edu.ph  Republic of the Philippines North Eastern Mindanao State University 4. Biodiversity Loss-refers to the decline or disappearance of biological diversity, understood as the variety of living things that inhabit the planet, its different levels of biological organization and their respective genetic variability, as well as the natural patterns present in ecosystems. 5. Biodiversity loss Case study: Costa Rica Biodiversity includes all living things in an ecosystem. Costa Rica, with 5-6% of the world’s biodiversity, is facing threats primarily from land use changes. Replacing traditional cacao agroforestry systems with more profitable crops like plantains and bananas, and abandoning native shade trees, harms local ecosystems. These changes disrupt biodiversity, leading to ecosystem collapse and affecting forest communities. Maintaining traditional practices with native trees is crucial for sustaining both biodiversity and economic benefits. 6. Global Climate Change Global climate change is the long-term warming of Earth's temperature due to human activities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, leading to rising temperatures, shifting weather patterns, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events. This warming is happening at an unprecedented rate, primarily driven by human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Addressing climate change is crucial for the future of our planet. Climate change impacts are interconnected, affecting food production, human health, and ecosystems. These impacts are uneven, disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities. While the future is not predetermined, limiting warming and reducing emissions can help avoid the worst outcomes. Investing in new technologies and infrastructure will create jobs and improve health, but action is needed now to mitigate the effects of climate change. Water Climate change is altering water resources, leading to increased flooding and drought. Flooding is more frequent and intense, while droughts are becoming more common, especially in the western US, due to increased water use and higher temperatures. Warmer temperatures are also causing snow pack to melt earlier and shrink, reducing its reliability as a water source, particularly in regions like the western US. These changes highlight the need for sustainable water management practices to ensure adequate water resources for the future. Food Climate change is impacting our food supply. Increased temperatures, drought, and extreme weather events make it harder for farmers to grow crops and raise livestock. Farm workers face heat-related health risks, and livestock suffer from heat stress. While adaptation is possible, some challenges may be difficult to overcome, raising concerns about food security for the future. Human Health Climate change is harming human health. Extreme heat, stronger hurricanes, wildfires, and flooding all pose health risks. These impacts are felt most acutely by vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and low-income communities. Public health groups are working to raise awareness and build resilience, but urgent action is needed to mitigate climate change's health impacts. Environment Climate change is disrupting ecosystems, with the Arctic warming rapidly and melting ice sheets contributing to sea-level rise. While some species adapt, many struggle to keep up with the pace of change, leading to ecosystem stress and the spread of invasive species. The ocean is becoming more acidic, harming marine life, and rising sea levels threaten coastal areas. Coral reefs are particularly vulnerable to warming waters, hurricanes, and sea-level rise, putting thousands of species at risk. Urgent action is needed to mitigate climate change's impacts on the environment. Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300 086-211-4221 www.nemsu.edu.ph  Republic of the Philippines North Eastern Mindanao State University 7. STRATOSPHERE OZONE DEPLETION Ozone Layer Depletion The stratospheric ozone layer forms a thin shield in the upper atmosphere, protecting life on Earth from the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays. It has been called the Earth’s sunscreen. In the 1980s, scientists found evidence that the ozone layer was being depleted. Depletion of the ozone layer results in increased UV radiation reaching the Earth’s surface, which in turn leads to a greater chance of overexposure to UV radiation and the related health effects of skin cancer, cataracts, and immune suppression. This fact sheet explains the importance of protecting the stratospheric ozone layer. What is Stratospheric Ozone? Ozone is a naturally-occurring gas that can be good or bad for your health and the environment depending on its location in the atmosphere. In the layer near the Earth’s surface—the troposphere— ground-level or “bad” ozone is an air pollutant that is a key ingredient of urban smog. But higher up, in the stratosphere, “good” ozone protects life on Earth by absorbing some of the sun’s UV rays. An easy way to remember this is the phrase “good up high, bad nearby.” Ozone Layer Depletion Compounds that contain chlorine and bromine molecules, such as methyl chloroform, halons, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), are stable and have atmospheric lifetimes long enough to be transported by winds into the stratosphere. When these ozone-depleting substances (ODS) break down in the atmosphere, they release chlorine or bromine, which attack ozone. Each chlorine or bromine atom reacts with ozone, repeatedly combining with and breaking apart as many as 100,000 ozone molecules during its stratospheric life. CFCs, which have a long history of use as refrigerants, solvents, foam-blowing agents and in other applications, have been almost completely phased out worldwide. In addition, restrictions are now in place to phase out hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), compounds used as substitutes for the more damaging CFCs. The U.S. will phase out HCFCs completely in 2030. What is Being Done? In 1987, the U.S. and fewer than 30 other countries signed the Montreal Protocol treaty to phase out the production and use of ODS. In September 2009, the Montreal Protocol became the first international agreement to reach universal participation, with 196 Parties. The Protocol continues to phase out ODS worldwide. As international control measures reduce the release of ODS, natural atmospheric processes will repair the ozone layer during the second half of the 21st century. What is EPA Doing About Ozone Layer Depletion?  Ending the production, import and use of ODS, often ahead of the Montreal Protocol schedule;  Ensuring that ODS are recycled properly, and prohibiting unnecessary releases of  ODS; Identifying safe alternatives through the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program;  Banning the release of ozone-depleting refrigerants during the service, maintenance, and disposal of air conditioners and other refrigeration equipment; and  Requiring that manufacturers label products containing or made with the most harmful ODS The Largest Ozone Hole To Date According to NASA scientists, from September 21 to 30, 2006, the average area of the ozone hole was the largest ever observed, at 10.6 million square miles. The hole is a seasonal occurrence over the South Pole that occurs because of special weather conditions in the Antarctic. Source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) EPA’s SunWise Program In response to the serious public health threat posed by exposure to increased UV levels, EPA is working with schools and communities across the nation through the SunWise Program. SunWise is an environmental and health education program that teaches children and their caregivers about ozone depletion, UV radiation, and how to protect themselves from overexposure to the sun. What You Can Do?  Properly dispose of your appliances — this will reduce emissions of ODS and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.  Shop for energy-efficient appliances Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300 086-211-4221 www.nemsu.edu.ph  Republic of the Philippines North Eastern Mindanao State University  Be SunWise.  The UV Index The UV Index forecasts the strength of the sun’s harmful rays. The higher the number, the greater the chance of sun damage. References: https://atlas-scientific.com/blog/types-of-water-pollution/?srsltid=AfmBOooqLBiJwoSlzFBjxtS-vNihLyiP- rgpTbmZKLJVK8zJKOsV0Why https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/PHA_CaseStudy_MexicoCity.pdf https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/air-pollution-slide-presentation/60720584 https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/ozonedep letion.pdf Prepared by: Aporbo, Elie Mike Caoagdan, Joji Mae Cayangcang, Melba Entegro, Jeramae Pagaling, Jemverson Pazo, Wenefredo Jr. Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300 086-211-4221 www.nemsu.edu.ph