Module 3 pp2 PDF

# Administering The Regular Services of the Architect ## The Architect's Regular Services ### Module 4 #### The Client's Support Circle - **Economic Feasibility Study:** A study to determine the viability of a project such as its cost development versus its potential return to the Owner. A detai...

# Administering The Regular Services of the Architect ## The Architect's Regular Services ### Module 4 #### The Client's Support Circle - **Economic Feasibility Study:** A study to determine the viability of a project such as its cost development versus its potential return to the Owner. A detailed cost-benefit analysis can guide the client and the architect in selecting a more viable alternative plan. - **Project Financing:** Architect assists in the determination of requirements of lending agencies, income-expense relationship and relative demand for different building types in actual negotiations. - **Architectural Programming:** A systematic approach to finding, analyzing, and elaborating on the underlying needs of a design project. The architectural program lays the groundwork for a unique, meaningful, and ultimately practical architectural solution. - **Space Planning:** A vital part of the schematic design process, and it is used to create a geometric layout of a space that meets the needs of the project. Space programming/planning is, by its very nature, an iterative process that evolves in response to the needs of the client. - **Bubble Diagram:** A Bubble Diagram is a very simple (hand) drawing that consists of roughly drawn bubbles (representing spaces) connected by solid lines, broken lines or wavy lines etc. to specify the type of relationship between the spaces. The main purpose of the bubble diagram is to help you translate the program into a strategy or form. Bubble diagrams simplify this step by graphically depicting the program and allowing for quick expressions, multiple layouts, and revisions. - **Floor Plan Bubble Diagram:** The bubbles can be used to represent kinds of spaces in a plan, varying in shape to represent features of greater or lesser importance and size. The bubble diagram can create a sense of flow which is used to develop a more refined plan. A bubble diagram floor plan, for example, can represent the flow of a space and provide information about the sizes of spaces relative to each other. - **Site Selection and Analysis:** Assisting the client in locating sites for the proposed project and evaluating their adequacy with regards to topography, subsurface conditions, utilities, development costs, climate, population, legal considerations and other factors. - **SWOT Analysis:** SWOT analysis in Site Selection and Analysis is used to evaluate the suitability of a site for a specific project. - **Strengths:** Advantages like location, good topography, and available infrastructure. - **Weaknesses:** Issues such as environmental constraints, poor accessibility, or zoning limits. - **Opportunities:** Future development potential, sustainability options, or government incentives. - **Threats:** Risks from environmental factors, regulatory changes, or competition. - **TOWS Analysis:** TOWS Analysis is an extension of the SWOT Analysis framework that identifies your Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats but then goes further in looking to match up the Strengths with Opportunities and the Threats with Weaknesses. It's a great next step after completing your SWOT and allows for you to take action from the analysis. - **Site Utilization and Land-Use Studies:** The detailed analysis of the site involves the identification of a site's development potentials through the proper utilization of land. The analysis covers the context of the site as well as that of its surrounding environment and the development controls that apply to the site and its environs. - **Promotional Services:** Projects may require promotional activities in order to develop and generate financial support and acceptance from governing agencies or from the general public. In such cases, Architect can act as the agent of the Owner by producing and coordinating the additional activities necessary to complete the services. In all such activities, the Architect must maintain his professional status as the representative of the Owner. #### Sub-Function: Presentation Boards Presentations are visual tools that represent a projects and works in architecture. Architectural presentations are designed both for juries and submissions during student years and for customers in professional life. Architects present their projects of different scales as architectural presentation boards. ##### Types of Architectural Presentation Boards - **Conceptual Board:** Concept boards are essential for initiating an architectural project, focusing on key elements such as analysis, theoretical concepts, problem analysis, and proposed solutions. They evaluate the project's context and requirements while exploring design theories that inform the direction. By identifying challenges within the scope, concept boards enable architects to develop effective strategies to address these issues, forming a comprehensive foundation for the design process that guides subsequent stages of development. - **Technical Drawing Board:** Architectural technical drawings are crucial for representing the comprehensive details of a project, including architectural, structural, electrical, mechanical, plumbing, and other systems. For student and application projects, these drawings should be presented on technical drawing boards, showcasing the complete plans and necessary detail drawings to effectively communicate the project's scope and construction requirements. - **Analysis Board:** Analysis boards are critical tools for architects, showcasing thorough and detailed evaluations before a project begins. They typically include site analysis, urban scale analysis, sociocultural factors, and physical conditions such as climate and geography. Environmental considerations are also part of the board, providing a holistic view of the context. This information serves as a foundation for developing the project concept, ensuring that all relevant aspects are thoroughly examined. ## The Design Service An architect is more than a designer of buildings. He or she is a highly trained, licensed professional who provides important professional services that benefit both his or her clients and the general public at large. ### The Design Services - **Pre-Design Services:** The Architect can render the services in a manner of: - Architect's Own Staff - By Association or Consultation - **Pre-Design Services:** - Economic Feasibility Study - Project Financing - Architectural Programming - Space Management/Planning - Site Selection and Analysis - Site Utilization and Land-Use Studies - Promotional Services - **Design Services:** Regular Services - sequence of 4 phases: - Schematic Design Phase - Design Development Phase - Contract Document Phase - Construction Phase - **Specialized Allied Services:** - Interior Design Services - Acoustic, Communication and Electronic Engineering Services - Landscape Design Services - Physical Planning Services - Comprehensive Planning Services - **Construction Services:** - Four Principal members in Design and Building Construction - Owner - Architect and Engineers - Contractor - Individual or group of individuals who assist in the supervision and delivery of work - Full-Time Supervision - Construction Management - Construction Manager - Functions of a Construction Manager - Legal Responsibility of the Construction Manager - Other Contracting Concepts - **Post-Construction Services:** - Building and Equipment and Maintenance - Building and Grounds Administration - Post-Construction Evaluation - **Comprehensive Architectural Services:** - Scope of Comprehensive Architectural Services - Pre-Design Services - Design Services - Specialized Allied Services - Construction Services - Post-Construction Services - Project Management - Basic Function of a Project Manager - Pre-Construction Phase - Construction Phase - **Design-Build Services:** - Design-Build Services by Administration - Design-Build Services on a Guaranteed Maximum Cost ### Design Process The architectural design process involves developing and analyzing a construction project in 6 organized phases. This structured approach ensures effective management and communication of design intent, minimizing risks associated with costly delays. Given the complexity and regulations in building construction, it's crucial to avoid design revisions once construction begins, as significant changes would require demolition. By providing clear phases, the process facilitates efficient information production and helps maintain transparency throughout the project. ### Contractual Framework An Architectural Contractual Framework refers to the structure and arrangement of legal agreements that define the roles, responsibilities, and relationships between all parties involved in an architectural project. This framework outlines how the architect, client (owner), contractors, and other stakeholders interact and collaborate throughout the design and construction process. The Architectural Contractual Framework is essential for ensuring clear communication, project coordination, and legal compliance among all parties. The framework helps mitigate risks, manage disputes, and ensure that all parties are aware of their obligations under the law and the project requirements. ## The Architect's Delivery Approaches - **Design-Bid-Build (DBB):** The Design-Bid-Build (DBB) method is a traditional project delivery approach that separates design and construction processes. While it is familiar and can theoretically reduce costs, it often leads to increased project expenses due to conflicts between design documents and on-site constructability. Additionally, selecting the lowest bidder can compromise quality, as contractors may need to cut corners to maintain profitability within a tight budget. - **Design-Build (DB):** The Design-Build (DB) method allows for quick project delivery by splitting components into packages, enabling simultaneous design and construction to meet deadlines. Owners can set a maximum price early on, providing significant cost control. This method is effective for projects with clearly defined requirements and is particularly advantageous when schedules are tight, as it eliminates delays typically associated with the bidding and procurement processes. - **Construction Manager at Risk (CMAR):** CMAR, or Construction Manager at Risk, is a modern project delivery method where the owner selects a Construction Manager based on criteria beyond just cost, such as quality, experience, and project approach. In this method, design and construction are contracted separately, allowing for a focus on schedule adherence and project execution. The CM is responsible for overseeing the construction while mitigating risks throughout the project lifecycle. - **Integrated Project Delivery (IPD):** Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is a relatively new construction method that has gained traction in the past decade. In IPD, the owner selects an architect/engineer (A/E) and construction manager (CM) before design begins, leading to a joint contract among the three parties after collaboratively setting goals and objectives. This method encourages early contractor involvement, resulting in streamlined designs aligned with project objectives. The owner plays a vital role in the team, and IPD promotes cost minimization and efficiency through collaboration. It is important to note that the owner, A/E, and CM are legally bound into a single entity so risk that is normally assigned to one party is now spread to all parties, which is uncomfortable for many owners. However, the increased collaboration among the parties is thought to reduce the overall risk. - **Public-Private Partnership (3P):** The Public-Private Partnership (P3 or PPP) delivery model involves a contract between a government entity and a private corporation to fund, construct, renovate, and maintain public infrastructure. While more common internationally, it is gradually being adopted in certain U.S. public projects. The private entity receives income generated from the project over a set period to repay and profit from its investment. For instance, a private company might finance a city's light rail system in exchange for a share of the revenue from ridership fees. - **Benefits of Public-Private Partnerships (3P):** - **Cost Relief for Taxpayers:** PPPs can alleviate some or all of the funding burdens on taxpayers for public projects. - **Expertise and Efficiency:** Private entities often bring greater expertise and efficiency in construction and operation, driven by profit motivations. - **Regulatory Oversight:** Public entities maintain regulatory control over infrastructure operations, ensuring proper management while allowing private involvement. Utilizing a P3 model requires public entities to accept certain risks. While profit-driven efficiency from private corporations can lead to shortcuts in operation and maintenance, potentially causing long-term issues, public entities must find a balance between budget constraints and the control they relinquish to private partners. Eventually, public entities will need to manage the infrastructure operations themselves after contracts end or seek new bidders for continued services. ## Design Documentation The architect creates the architectural design document to document the design factors and the specific choices that have been made to satisfy those factors. The document serves as a way for the architect to show his work when making design decisions. The architecture design document includes the conceptual, logical, and physical designs. Design documentation is a collection of documents and resources that covers all aspects of your product design. Documentation should include information about users, product features, and project deadlines; all essential implementation details; and design decisions that your team and stakeholders have agreed on. - **Examples of Design Documentation:** - Printed Complete set of plan or PDF copy - Minutes of every meeting - Site Pictures - Construction Logbook - Compilation of Schematic Designs