Science 10: Probing the Physical World Module 3 & 4 Summary PDF

SCIENCE 10: P ROBING TH E P HYSICAL WORLD MODULE 3 FORMATION OF STARS AND PLANETS  TOP IC 1 FORMATION OF STARS TOPICS COVERED: THE FIRST STARS IN THE UNIVERSE FORMATION OF PROTOGALAXIES STAR FORMATION TODAY THE FIRST STARS...

SCIENCE 10: P ROBING TH E P HYSICAL WORLD MODULE 3 FORMATION OF STARS AND PLANETS  TOP IC 1 FORMATION OF STARS TOPICS COVERED: THE FIRST STARS IN THE UNIVERSE FORMATION OF PROTOGALAXIES STAR FORMATION TODAY THE FIRST STARS FACTS IN THE UNIVERSE THE FIRST STARS WERE MASSIVE AND LUMINOUS THAT THEIR FORMATION LEAD TO THE PRODUCTION AND DISPERSION OF HEAVIER ELEMENTS WHICH LEAD TO THE FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM TODAY DENSITY FLUCTUATION LEFT OVER FROM THE BIG BANG COULD HAVE EVOLVED INTO THE FIRST STARS. OBSERVATIONS OF DISTANT QUASARS ALLOWED SCIENTISTS TO CATCH A GLIMPSE OF THE FINAL DAYS OF THE COSMIC DARK AGES. THIS QUASAR IS SO FAR FROM EARTH THAT ITS LIGHT Quasars (Quasi-stellar radio sources) TOOK BILLIONS OF YEARS TO TRAVEL HERE. luminous and far celestial objects in the universe that are detected due Source: https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k- the large electromagnetic radiation that they emit 4/dictionary/Quasar.html They are thought to be powered by supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies  FACTS PROTOGALAXIES STAR-FORMING SYSTEM IS MUCH SMALLER AND LESS ORGANIZED THAN THE MODERN GALAXY DOES NOT CONTAIN SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF ANY ELEMENTS BESIDES HYDROGEN AND HELIUM. PROTOGALAXIES MERGE TO FORM GALAXIES AND WOULD GATHER INTO GALAXY CLUSTERS Jeans mass minimum mass that a clump of gas must have to collapse under its gravity  CLOUDS OF GAS AND DUST THAT 1 SLOWLY AGGREGATES TO FORM MORE MATTER FORMATION OF PROTOGALAXIES AS THEY EVOLVE, THEY WILL BEGIN TO MERGE WITH EACH OTHER AND FORM LARGER 2 STRUCTURES LIKE THE GALAXY THAT WE KNOW TODAY HOW ARE STARS FORMED? From a cloud of dust and hydrogen gas called nebuli NGC 604 Star forming region in the nebula NGC 604, in the nearby sprial galaxy M33, as imaged by HST and the Mount Palomar telescope. Source: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/astro/hst_starform_ngc604.jpg CONTINUATION  The life of a star begins as a protostar. Protostar -hot core formed from the collection of dust and gas The protostar within the dark cloud L1527, captured from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) Source: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/nasa-s-webb- catches-fiery-hourglass-as-new-star-forms CONTINUATION  Accretion Growing of protostar by adsorbing more material from its surroundings. Results in the increase of temperature and density. Hydrogen molecules in these clouds begin to react with one another to form Helium gas through the process called Thermonuclear fusion. CONTINUATION With enough mass and huge amount of energy the protostar eventually collpases into its own gravitational force and forms a hot ball of gas. Two solar prominences, directly at opposite sides of the Sun, rose up, twisted around, and fell apart at roughly the same time over a 26-hour period (Nov. 12-13, 2018). Source: https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/animation/PIA18143  Role of the First Stars in the Formation of Later Stars and Planets 1.Re-ionization: Emission of ultraviolet radiation, ionizing surrounding neutral hydrogen gas in the universe. 2. Chemical Enrichment: First stars - massive and ended their lives in powerful supernova explosions leading to release of heavy elements into the surrounding gas clouds, chemically enriching the interstellar medium. - This enrichment allowed for the formation of later generations of stars (Population II and I), which could form smaller stars, planets, and complex molecules necessary for life. 3. Galactic Evolution: The presence of metals made it possible for subsequent generations of stars to form planets and other structures more easily. CLASSIFICATION OF STARS SURFACE LUMINOSITY TEMPERATURE CATEGORIES FOR STARS FORMATION macrophysics DEALS WITH HOW microphysics SYSTEMS OF STARS FORM, Deals with how RANGING FROM CLUSTERS TO GALAXIES. individual stars form LIFESPAN OF STARS DEPENDENT ON THE AMOUNT OF HYDROGEN PRESENT, WHEN ALL OF THE HYDROGENS ARE CONSUMED THE STAR WILL DIE... Less Massive Stars Massive Stars MOST Massive Stars EMIT THEIR STELLAR Blast matter in the solar space (3x the mass of the sun) MATERIAL INTO SPACE in a bright supernova that collapse into themselves and THAT WILL LEAVE leaves behind a highly dense creates a black hole. BEHIND A WHITE DWARF body called a neutron star SURROUNDED BY A PLANETARY NEBULA  TOP IC 2 FORMATION OF PLANETS JUPITER URANUS EARTH MERCURY PLUTO MARS VENUS NEPTUNE SATURN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IS MADE UP THE ORDER OF THE PLANETS IN THE SOLAR OF A STAR, EIGHT PLANETS AND SYSTEM, STARTING NEAREST THE SUN AND COUNTLESS SMALLER BODIES SUCH WORKING OUTWARD IS THE FOLLOWING: AS DWARF PLANETS, ASTEROIDS MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, MARS, JUPITER, AND COMETS. SATURN, URANUS, NEPTUNE Source: https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/review/solar-system-formation/infographic.en.png  1. Protoplanetary disk formation - contains the rotating disk of gas and dust. Planetary Formation 2. Dust grain growth - dust grain growth collide and stick together due to Van der Waals forces forming larger particles.  3. Planetesimals formation - larger dust aggregates accumulate and form larger objects Planetary Formation - continues to grow through collisions and gravitational interaction. 4. Protoplanetary cores - massive planetesimals attract significant amount of gas from the protoplanetary disk. - building blocks of gas giants planets  5. Terrestrial planet formation - planetesimals collide and merge in the inner regions of protoplanetary disk. Planetary Formation - closer to the sun. 6. Clearing the disk - protoplanets interact with surrounding gas which either accrete more materials or clear out their paths Planetary Formation 7. Stabilization and Evolution - planets stabilize in their orbits, and the protoplanetary disk gradually dissipates. 8. Mature Planetary System - protoplanetary disk is gone and planets are in stable orbits around the sun.  HOW PLANETS FORM Small objects in space Planetesimals gather coalesce and form planet together due to common precursors called gravity and form a Planet PLANETESIMALS  REVOLUTION: 88 DAYS/ YEAR KNOWN AS A SHRINKING PLANET BECAUSE ITS IRON CORE IS SLOWLY COOLING CAUSING IT TO AFFECT THE PLANET’S OVERALL SIZE TO MERCURY DECREASE. DOES NOT CONTAIN AN ATMOSPHERE, JUST A THIN LAYER OF EXOSPHERE MAXWELL MONTES VOLCANO IN VENUS THAT IS ALMOST AS HIGH AS VENUS MT. EVEREST TERRESTRIAL Rain in Venus is made up of Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) PLANETS Cause of Venus’ brightness: It reflects 70% of all Made of rocky material the sunlight that reaches the planet Solid surface No ring systems Few moons Relatively small  ONLY PLANET KNOWN TO SUSTAIN LIFE BECAUSE OF ITS DISTANCE FROM THE SUN, IT IS ABLE TO EARTH CONTAIN WATER IN ALL OF ITS FORM LIFE ON EARTH FIRST BEGAN IN THE OCEANS IN THE FORM OF MICROORGANISMS THE RED PLANET same seasons as the Earth but these seasons lasts MARS longer TERRESTRIAL Gravity is weaker compared to Earth PLANETS atmosphere is mostly composed of carbon dioxide Made of rocky material Solid surface No ring systems Few moons Relatively small  SOLAR SYSTEM’S FIRST PLANET LARGEST PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM CONTAINS 79 MOONS JUPITER THE GREAT RED SPOT MOST ICONIC FEATURE OF JUPITER A CRIMSON BROWN STORM RAGING FOR 300 YEARS A GIANT COLLECTION OF SWIRLING CLOUDS LIGHTEST PLANET Less dense than water TS LARGEST STORM IS LOCATED ON ITS NORTH POLE AND HAS JOVIAN SATURN A HEXAGONAL SHAPE PLANETS SATURN'S RING SYSTEM 7 LAYERS Multiple moons COMPOSED OF ICY REMNANTS OF COMETS, ASTEROIDS AND MOONS No solid surface IT STAYS ON TRACK AND INTACT DUE TO SATURN’S Has ring systems SMALLEST MOONS WHICH ORBITS BETWEEN THE RINGS AND Large in size USES THEIR GRAVITY TO SHAPE IT  COLDEST PLANET ROTATES VERTICALLY ALONG ITS EQUATOR CONTAINS 13 RINGS AND 27 MOONS URANUS cause of the planet’s blue color: ITS SURFACE IS MADE UP OF WATER, AMMONIA, METHANE COLD, DARK AND ICY DUE TO ITS FAR DISTANCE FROM THE SUN NEPTUNE CONTAINS 6 RINGS AND 14 MOONS JOVIAN TRITON NEPTUNE’S LARGEST MOON PLANETS Multiple moons No solid surface Has ring systems Large in size  WHY IS P LUTO NOT A P LANET? Dwarf planet Structure Core Mantle Crust Contains 5 moons Its inability to clear its orbit of debris was the cause why Pluto lost its status as a planet OUR LITTLE FRIEND, PLUTO 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF A PLANET 1.ORBIT THE SUN 2.Not a moon 3.Enough mass to be round 4.Able to clear orbit of debris SCIENCE 10: P ROBING TH E P HYSICAL WORLD MODULE 4 NUCLEOSYNTHESIS  NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IT IS THE PROCESS OF FORMING A NEW ATOMIC NUCLEI FROM EXISTING SMALLER NUCLEI. An atomic nuclei may be formed through the combination of light elements or from the breakdown of heavier elements. Nuclear Fusion – a combination of two or more atomic nuclei to form one or more new atomic nuclei Nuclear Fission – breakdown of a nuclei into two or more separate nuclei  Big-bang Nucleosynthesis - Lighter elements (H and He, traces of Li, Be, B) formed - 3 minutes – 300,000 years after Bigbang Stellar nucleosynthesis - Elements (some He to Fe) synthesized in Types of young stars through fusion - Extreme temperature is required at the Nucleosynthesis core Supernova nucleosynthesis - Heavier elements formed during supernova explosions of stars - conditions: extremely high temp (100 billions degree C) and abundant neutrons Source: Helmenstine (2019)  238 Np Neptunium-238 238 ACTIVITY