MODULE-3_ABUTLN2 (1) PDF - Building Electrical Circuits

#3 COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE B.S. ARCHITECTURE FLEX Course Material To understand the concept of Electrical Circuits and its different components. To identify the two main types of circuit design(Series...

#3 COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE B.S. ARCHITECTURE FLEX Course Material To understand the concept of Electrical Circuits and its different components. To identify the two main types of circuit design(Series and Parallel) and its application. ABUTLI2S To identify the different BUILDING UTILITIES 2: types of wires, wire insulators, and conduits ELECTRICAL, and other wiring devices its different ELECTRONICS AND characteristics. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS To introduce the different methods of wiring and its application. BUILDING ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND ITS COMPONENTS Cluster Chair AR. KAOLYNE GRACE C. HILARIO Cluster Heads AR. EMMARIE ROSE V. CRUZ & AR. ANNIE C. PUGEDA Cluster Members AR. JOFFREY STEPHEN C. CHUNG AR. ALPHER E. DE VERA AR. HARVARD LOUIE D. HERNANI AR. FERNANDO RAPHAEL F. LOPEZ AR. ANTHONY M. PLA  #1 Definition of Circuits. Types of Electrical Introduction to Electrical Circuits Circuits. Basic rules for Series and Parallel of Circuits.. What is a Circuit? An electrical circuit is a path in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow. The point where those electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the "source" of electrons. The point where the electrons leave an electrical circuit is called the "return" or "earth ground". The exit point is called the "return" because electrons always end up at the source when they complete the path of an electrical circuit. The part of an electrical circuit that is between the electrons' starting point and the point where they return to the source is called an electrical circuit's "load". A load of an electrical circuit may be as simple as those that power home appliances Circuits use two forms of electrical power: Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC). Types of Circuit Closed Circuit – complete, continuous path. Open Circuit – broken, incomplete, disconnected. *Note: in order for a circuit to work, it must be closed; thus open circuits are not functional. Series Circuit – a circuit in which the same current flows through all components of the circuit; the current has only one path to take. Parallel Circuit – a circuit in which the components are arranged so that the current divides between them; each component is Electric current – flow in an assured a charge. If a path breaks, the other electric circuit. Two types: paths will still work because they are not reliant Direct current (DC) on each other. Alternating current (AC) Short Circuit – a condition resulting from Electric circuit – path for electric bridging any part of a circuit with a conductor of current. very low resistance. The piece of circuit bypassed by the short circuit may cease to function and a large amount of current may begin flowing. This causes wires to heat up and can potentially cause fire. 3  A Series Circuit is one that has more than one resistor, but only one path through which the electricity (electrons) flows. From one end of the cell (battery), the electrons move along one path with NO branches, through the resistors, to the other end of the cell. All the components in a series circuit are connected end-to-end. Series Circuit In a series circuit, the same current flows through all the components. The total voltage across the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each component, and the total resistance is the sum of the resistances of each component. In this A Resistor in a circuit is anything that uses some of the power from the cell. In circuit, V = V1 + V2 + V3 and R = R1 + R2 + a series circuit, the components are R3. arranged in a line, one after the other. An example of a series circuit is a string of Christmas lights. If any one of the bulbs is missing or burned out, no current will flow and none of the lights will go on. 4 Basic Rules of Series Circuits: The same current flows through each part of a series circuit. In a series circuit, the amperage at any point in the circuit is the same. The total resistance of a series circuit is equal to the sum of individual resistances In a series circuit you will need to calculate the total Voltage applied to a series resistance of the circuit in circuit is equal to the sum of order to figure out the the individual voltage drops. amperage. This is done by A voltage drop is the amount adding up the individual values the voltage lowers when of each component in series. crossing a component from the negative side to the positive side in a series circuit. This simply means that the voltage drops have to add up to the voltage coming from the battery or batteries. V total = V1 + V2 + V3.. 5  In a Parallel Circuit, there is more than one resistor (bulb) and they are arranged on many paths. This means electricity (electrons) can travel from one end of the cell through many branches to the other end of the cell. Parallel Circuit An example of a parallel circuit is the wiring system of a house. A single electric power source supplies all the lights and appliances with the same voltage. If one of the lights burns out, A Resistor in a circuit is anything that current can still flow through the rest uses some of the power from the cell. In a parallel circuit, the components are of the lights and appliances. However, arranged in individual paths. if there is a short circuit, the voltage drops to almost zero, and the entire system goes down. 6 Basic Rules of Parallel Circuits: The same current flows through each part of a series circuit. In a series circuit, the amperage at any point in the circuit is the same. The total resistance of a series circuit is equal to the sum of individual resistances In a series circuit you will need to calculate the total Voltage applied to a series resistance of the circuit in circuit is equal to the sum of order to figure out the the individual voltage drops. amperage. This is done by A voltage drop is the amount adding up the individual values the voltage lowers when of each component in series. crossing a component from the negative side to the positive side in a series circuit. This simply means that the voltage drops have to add up to the voltage coming from the battery or batteries. V total = V1 + V2 + V3.. 7 Comparison: As the diagrams should make In a series circuit, the apparent, in a parallel circuit, relationships are the the voltage across each exact inverse of those in the element is the same, and parallel circuit. The current equal to the source voltage through each series element is (Vs), and the current through the same, and equal to the each element (I1, I2, I3) varies source current (Is), while the according to the impedance (in voltage across each series this example, the resistance) of element (V1, V2. V3) varies each element. according to the impedance (in Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) this example, the resistance) of applies, and the total current each element. flowing from the source (Is), is Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) equal to the sum of the applies, and the voltage individual currents flowing supplied by the source (Vs) is through each parallel element. equal to the sum of the individual voltage drops across each series element. 8  #2 Different kinds of Insulators and Conductors Insulators and Conductors. What are the different characteristics of Insulators and Conductors. Identify Semiconductors and Resistors.  What is a Conductor? A conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of charge (electrical current) in one or more directions. Materials made of metal are common electrical conductors. Electrical current is generated by the flow of negatively charged electrons, positively charged holes, and positive or negative ions in some cases. Metal is an ideal conductor. Characteristically, it possess a delocalized sea of electrons which gives the electrons enough mobility to collide and thus effect a momentum transfer. Conducting Materials Conduction materials include metals, electrolytes, superconductors, semiconduct ors, plasmas and some nonmetallic conductors such as graphite and conductive polymers. Electrons are the primary mover in Copper has a high conductivity. metals; however, other devices such as Annealed copper is the international the cationic electrolyte(s) of a battery, standard to which all other electrical or the mobile protons of the proton conductor of a fuel cell rely on positive conductors are compared. charge carriers Silver is 6% more conductive than copper, Electrolytes are minerals in your body but due to cost it is not practical in most that have an electric charge. They are in your blood, urine, tissues, and other cases. However, it is used in specialized body fluids. equipment, such as satellites, and as a thin plating to mitigate skin effect losses at high frequencies. 10  Conducting Materials Aluminum wire is the most common metal in electric power transmission and distribution. Although only 61% of the conductivity of copper by cross-sectional area, its lower density makes it twice as conductive by mass. As aluminum is roughly one- third the cost of copper by weight, the economic advantages are considerable when large conductors are required. The disadvantages of aluminum wiring lie in its mechanical and chemical properties. It readily forms an insulating oxide, making connections heat up. Conducting Materials The best electrical conductor, under conditions of ordinary temperature and pressure, is Silver. It is not always an ideal choice as a material, however, because it is expensive and susceptible to tarnishing, and the Humans and animals are all conductors. oxide layer known as tarnish is not This is the reason we get electric shocks! Moreover, the human body is a good conductive. conductor; it provides a resistance-free path for the current to flow from wire to body. Similarly, rust, verdigris, and other Other strong conductors include: Platinum, oxide layers reduce conductivity Brass, Bronze, Graphite, Dirty water, Lemon juice even in the strongest conductors. Verdigris is the common name for a green The most effective pigment obtained through the application of acetic acid to copper plates or the natural electrical conductors are: Silver, patina formed when copper, brass or bronze is weathered and exposed to air or Gold, Copper, Aluminum, Mercury, seawater over time. Steel, Iron, Seawater, Concrete, Mercury 11  What is an Insulator? Insulators are materials that impede the free flow of electrons from atom to atom and molecule to molecule. If charge is transferred to an insulator at a given location, the excess charge will remain at the initial location of charging. The particles of the insulator do not permit the free flow of electrons; subsequently charge is seldom distributed evenly across the surface of an insulator. Strong insulators are often used to coat or provide a barrier between conductors to keep electric currents under control. This can be seen in rubber-coated wires and cables. Glass (silica, soda ash and Insulating Materials limestone) Rubber - Rubber in its natural Plastics - PVC and other plastics replaced and synthetic forms was used as rubber as an insulator for wires and other an insulator from before the parts. PVC and nylon are now standard in 1870s until the 1950s. most types of wire. Wax and oil Paper/Cardboard - paper and cardboard are used as insulators in certain circumstances as these materials are cheap and can work in Strong insulators are often used to coat situations without high heat or high voltages. or provide a barrier between conductors to keep electric currents under control. Mica - This is a good stable material even This can be seen in rubber-coated wires when exposed to the elements. It is a good and cables. The most effective electrical insulators are: Rubber, Glass, Pure thermal conductor while being an insulator. water, Oil, Air, Diamond, Dry wood, Dry Sheet mica is easily stamped and shaped for cotton, Plastic, Asphalt electrical components. Mica is very important Glass is the best insulator as it has the highest resistivity. for the most common types of capacitors. Other strong insulators include: Clay (ceramic)(porcelain) - This is the standard Fiberglass, Dry paper, Porcelain, material for high voltage and RF insulators. Ceramics, Quartz 12 Conductor/Insulator Table: Glass Insulators Oil Insulators Ceramic Insulators 13  Insulators in HV Power Transmission Insulators in power transmission are designed to: 1. Separate the wire from the structural support 2. Stop lighting from bridging the gap, so this means insulating more than just for current in the wire 3. Stop ground shorts by resisting buildup of oils, water and dirt on the insulator (this is the reason for the ridged design) A semiconductor is a substance, usually a solid chemical element or compound, that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others, making it a The specific properties of a semiconductor depend on the good medium for the control of impurities, or dopants, added to it. electrical current. Silicon is the best-known of these, Its conductance varies depending on forming the basis of most integrated circuits (ICs). the current or voltage applied to a control electrode, or on the intensity of irradiation by infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV), or X rays. 14 Resistors A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. 15  #3 Different types of Wires Electrical Wires and Cables and and Cables, Conduits and Devices for Distribution and Utilization. Different types of wires and assemblies used in Conduits electrical applications. What is a Wire? A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals. Wire comes in solid core, stranded, or braided forms. Color coding is used both on the outer sheathing of bundled electrical cables and on the individual conduction wires within cables or inside conduit. The coloring on individual conducting wires usually does not indicate a size or rating but rather the standard or preferred use of the wire. For example, black and red wires typically are used for current-carrying or "hot" connections, and white wires usually are grounded "neutral" conductors, green-insulated wires and bare copper wires are used for grounding wires. Wire gauge is a measurement of wire diameter. This determines the amount of electric current a wire can safely carry, as well as its electrical resistance and weight. The lower the gauge number, the thicker the wire. 17  TYPE/TRADE NAME FOR WIRES: Maximum Trade Name Type Operating Location C-F Moisture and Heat Resistance RHW 75 - 167 Dry and wet Rubber Thermoplastic T 60 – 140 Dry Moisture Resistant TW 60 – 140 Dry and wet Thermoplastic Heat Resistant Thermoplastic THHN 90 – 194 Dry Moisture and Heat Resistant THW THWN 75 – 167 Dry and wet Thermoplastic Moisture and Heat Resistant cross linked XHHW 90 – 194 Dry and wet With Thermosetting Polyethylene Silicone Asbestos SA 90 – 194 Dry Asbestos and Varnished Cambric AVA 110 - 230 Dry THHN and THWN are codes for the two most common types of insulated wire used inside the conduit. Unlike NM cable, in which two or more individual The letters indicate specific insulated conductors are bundled inside properties of the wire a plastic sheathing, THHN and THWN insulation: wires are single conductors, each with T: Thermoplastic its color-coded insulation. H: Heat-resistant; HH means highly heat- Instead of being protected by NM cable resistant sheathing, these wires are protected by W: Rated for wet tubular metal or plastic conduit. locations N: Nylon-coated, for added protection 18  TYPE/TRADE NAME FOR WIRES: NM CABLE Most interior wiring is done with non-metallic, or NM, cable— also known by the popular brand name "Romex." NM cable is made of three or more wires wrapped inside a flexible plastic jacket, or sheathing. It is used for most interior circuits, such as those for outlets, switches, light fixtures, and appliances. Most NM cables have a flattened tubular shape and run invisibly through the walls and floor cavities of your home. The most common sizes and their amperage (amp) ratings are: Amperage is the strength of an electric current in amperes. 14-gauge (15-amp circuits) Technically "Amperes” is the 12-gauge (20-amp circuits) measure of current. It is basically the movement of charge per 10-gauge (30-amp circuits) second. 8-gauge (40-amp circuits) 6-gauge (55-amp circuits) 19 UF CABLE Underground Feeder (UF) is a type of nonmetallic cable designed for wet locations and direct burial in the ground. It is commonly used for supplying outdoor fixtures, such as lampposts. Like standard NM cable, UF contains insulated hot and neutral wires, plus a bare ground wire. But while sheathing on NM cable is a separate plastic wrap, UF cable sheathing is solid plastic that surrounds each wire. UF cable is normally sold with gray outer sheathing. LOW VOLTAGE WIRE Low-voltage wiring is used for circuits typically requiring 50 volts or less. Several common types are landscape lighting wire, sprinkler system connections, bell wire (for doorbells), speaker system wires, and thermostat wires. Wire sizes range from about 22 gauge to 12 gauge. Low-voltage wires typically are insulated and may be contained in cable sheathing or combined in twisted pairs, similar to lamp cord wire. It must be used only for low-voltage applications. These are typically very small wires that are much different from standard circuit wiring. 20 PHONE AND DATA WIRE Telephone and data wiring are low-voltage wires used for “landline” telephones and internet hookups. Telephone cable may contain four or eight wires. Category 5 (Cat 5) cable, the most common type of household data wiring, contains eight wires wrapped together in four pairs. It can be used for both phone and data transmission and offers greater capacity and quality than standard phone wire. COAXIAL CABLE Coaxial cable is a round jacketed cable that features an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield made of braided wire. It can be identified by the threaded connectors that are used to make unions and device hookups. Coaxial cable was once the standard for connecting televisions to antenna or cable service delivery and is still often used to connect satellite dishes or to bring subscription television service to an in- home distribution point. It typically has black or white insulation and is perfectly round in shape, making it easy to distinguish from NM electrical circuit cables. 21 STEEL WIRED ARMOUR CABLE Commonly abbreviated as SWA, is a hard-wearing power cable designed for the supply of mains electricity. It is one of several armored electrical cables which include 11 kV Cable and 33 kV Cable, and is found in underground systems, power networks and cable ducting. BX CABLE (METALLIC SHEATHED CABLE) Going under alternative names such as metallic sheathed cable, type AC, MC, Greenfield, or armored cable, BX cable is a collection of plastic-coated insulated wires (typically 14- or 12-gauge), bundled together and protected by a ribbon-like metal sheathing. BX is contrasted with a newer cable, NM, which stands for "non-metallic." A chief distinction between BX and NM is that BX can achieve grounding through the outer metal casing. 22 MC CABLE (METAL CLAD CABLE) MC Cable is a corrosion-resistant metal cable containing insulated copper or aluminum connectors. (two circuit conductors and a green equipment grounding conductor) Based on the National Electric Code’s (NEC) technical definition, it is “a factory assembly of one or more insulated circuits enclosed in an armor of interlocking metal tape, or smooth or corrugated metallic sheath.” Standard ones usually contain three connectors made of copper or aluminum. AC CABLE (ARMORED CABLE) Type AC cable is a factory assembly of insulated conductors protected in an overall flexible interlocked metallic armor (sheath). The metallic sheath may be of aluminum or steel material. Armored cable having an aluminum sheath is suitable for use in alternating current circuits only. Type AC cable is permitted to have from two to four conductors in sizes 14 through 1 AWG copper with or without an equipment grounding conductor. The difference between MC and AC is that, MC has full size ground wire while AC uses a combination of the jacket and a thin bonding strip or wire to function as the equipment ground. 23 BUS BAR In electric power distribution, a busbar is a metallic strip or bar, typically housed inside switchgear, panel boards, and busway enclosures for local high current power distribution. They are also used to connect high voltage equipment at electrical switchyards, and low voltage equipment in battery banks. Busbar systems are used to safely implement three-phase power distribution systems, often in large environments. BUS DUCT In electric power distribution, a bus duct (also called busway), is a sheet metal duct containing either copper or aluminum busbars for the purpose of conducting a substantial current of electricity. It is an alternative means of conducting electricity to power cables or cable bus. 24 CABLE BUS Is an electrical system that transmits electrical energy through an assembly of insulated conductors that are mounted on a metal housing with cable support blocks installed on it. The support blocks help maintain cable spacing and short circuit protection. Just like any other busways, it includes other components for equipment connections such as elbows, flanges, wall seals, lugs and others. ASSEMBLIES FLAT CABLE ASSEMBLIES Type FC cable is a flat assembly with three or four parallel 10 AWG special stranded copper conductors. The assembly is installed in an approved U-channel surface metal raceway with one side open. Then tap devices can be inserted anywhere along the run. Type FC contain an entire wiring system that includes cable, cable support, splicer and other components. 25 LIGHTING TRACKS Or Track lighting is a method of lighting where light fixtures are attached anywhere on a continuous track device which contains electrical conductors. This contrasts with directly routing electrical wiring to individual light positions. Track light systems have two main parts. One is the Track, which is wired to power and holds the conductors for the heads. Heads are the lamp- holding fixtures. Each has a piece with two metal tabs that connect it to the power inside the track. CABLE TRAYS A cable tray system is used to support insulated electrical cables used for power distribution, control, and communication. Cable trays are used as an alternative to open wiring or electrical conduit systems and are commonly used for cable management in commercial and industrial construction. They are especially useful in situations where changes to a wiring system are anticipated, since new cables can be installed by laying them in the tray, instead of pulling them through a pipe. 26 RACEWAY A raceway (sometimes referred to as a raceway system) is an enclosed conduit that forms a physical pathway for electrical wiring. Raceways protect wires and cables from heat, humidity, corrosion, water intrusion and general physical threats. CLOSED RACEWAY (SURFACE RACEWAY) Raceway can also refer to surface mounted wire moulding. 27 CLOSED RACEWAYS (UNDERFLOOR DUCTS) Are floor channels that provide for the placement of telephone and electrical lines; allows for flexibility in use for commercial and office buildings. They provide a flexible system by which the location of outlets may be changed easily to accommodate the rearrangement of furniture and partitions. An underfloor raceway system consists of ducts laid below the surface of the floor and interconnected by means of special cast-iron floor junction boxes. 28 CLOSED RACEWAYS (CONDUIT PIPES) An electrical conduit is a tube used to protect and route electrical wiring in a building or structure. Different Types: RMC/RSC IMC EMT ENT FMC LFMC Rigid PVC 29 CONDUIT PIPES RMC/RSC Rigid metal conduit, or RMC, is heavy-duty galvanized steel tubing that is installed with threaded fittings. It is typically used outdoors to provide protection from damage and can also provide structural support for electrical cables, panels, and other equipment. IMC Intermediate metal conduit, or IMC, is a thinner, lighter-weight version of rigid metal conduit and is approved for use in all of the same applications as RMC. EMT EMT (electrical metal tubing) is most made of galvanized steel but can also be aluminum. It is also called "thin-wall" conduit because it is thin and lightweight, especially compared to RMC. EMT is rigid but can be bent with a simple tool called a conduit bender. ENT Electrical nonmetallic tubing (ENT) is a flexible corrugated plastic tubing that is moisture-resistant and flame-retardant. Non- metallic tubing are not ideal in exposed locations and is commonly used inside walls. 30 CONDUIT PIPES FMC Flexible metal conduit (FMC) is also called "Greenfield," after the name of its inventor. It has a spiral construction that makes it flexible so it can snake through walls and other structures. LFMC Liquid-tight flexible metal conduit (LFMC) is a special type of flexible metal conduit that has a plastic coating and is used with sealed fittings to make it watertight. It is commonly used with outdoor equipment, such as air conditioner units. 31 CONDUIT PIPES Rigid PVC Rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is like plastic plumbing pipe and is installed with plastic fittings that are glued in place. It can be bent after being heated in a portable heater box. Because the conduit tubing and fittings are glued together, the conduit assemblies can be watertight, making PVC suitable for direct burial in the ground for many applications. It is also allowed in corrosive environments. 32 DEVICES FOR DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION OUTLETS AND BOXES Comes in a variety of shapes and materials. Metal boxes are generally made of steel, while plastic boxes are either PVC or fiberglass. Weatherproof metal boxes for outdoor use are generally made of aluminum. Common Types: Utility box, Junction box, Pull box Locally, are galvanized stamped sheet metal provided with conduit knockouts conveniently placed around the periphery or at the back. Most common is the 4” square sand rectangular boxes used for fixtures, junctions, and devices. Junction box are enclosure for housing and protecting electric wires or cables that are joined, in connecting or branching electric circuits 33 JUNCTION BOX Are metal or plastic enclosures used as housings for wiring connections. The connections within are called branch circuits and usually represent the end of a conduit run. 34  PULL BOX A metal box with a blank cover that is installed in an accessible place in a run of conduit to facilitate the pulling in of wires or cables. UTILITY BOX Are used for convenience outlets, switch boxes or small junction boxes. They are popular for exposed work applications (surface mounted wiring). 35