Module 2.pptx.pdf

Module 2 Environmental Systems; Matter, Energy, Life, and Biogeochemical Cycles Lesson 2.1 Environmental Systems Learning Outcomes: To pinpoint some characteristics of a system To understand how systemic equilibrium is achieved  What is a system? a network of int...

Module 2 Environmental Systems; Matter, Energy, Life, and Biogeochemical Cycles Lesson 2.1 Environmental Systems Learning Outcomes: To pinpoint some characteristics of a system To understand how systemic equilibrium is achieved  What is a system? a network of interdependent components and processes working together, with materials and energy flowing from one component to another  Types of System Open System Closed System can receive inputs in the no matter & energy form of matter & energy from exchanges with the the surrounding and produce surroundings outputs that leave the system Is the Earth a system? How are systems stabilized?  Feedback loops permit systems to adjust their response to change AKA cause and effect loop Positive Feedback Loop increases a process or component and produces change or instability Feedback loops Negative Feedback Loop decreases a process or component, discourages change and helps maintain balance Positive Feedback Loop Increases a process or component and produces instability  Negative Feedback Loop decreases a process or component and helps maintain balance  Disturbances events that interrupt standard feedback loops Emergent Properties properties that are entirely unexpected and include emergent phenomena in materials or emergent behavior in living creatures  Adapting to The ability to return to a current previous condition after conditions or disturbance STATE SHIFT not returning to RESILIENCE previous conditions Equilibrium a relatively stable state Lesson 2.2 Matter and Energy Learning Outcomes: To understand and describe how matter and energy behave  Matter Everything that takes up space and has mass. It is what makes up the world.  Composition of Matter Elements Atoms Substances that cannot be broken The smallest particles that exhibit the down into simpler forms by ordinary characteristics of an element chemical reactions *at STP Molecules A group of two or more atoms of the same or different elements that can take part in a chemical reaction Elements Often Combine Compounds A substance or molecule made up of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio. Law of Conservation of Matter Under ordinary circumstances, matter is neither created nor destroyed. It can only change form. This means that in any chemical or physical change, the total mass of the substances involved remains constant.  Energy the ability to do work, it delivers the force to hold structures together and move from one place to another  Heat vs Temperature Heat Temperature Refers to the transfer of Temperature is determined energy between systems as the energy contained within a singular system or or bodies. Heat is body. Temperature is a ENERGY MEASURE OF ENERGY  Solar Energy energy produced by the sun, it is the primary energy source for most processes in the Earth system and drives Earth’s energy budget.  Thermodynamics deals with how energy is transferred in natural processes  st 1 Law of Thermodynamics AKA Conservation of Energy, states that energy can change forms, but is neither created nor destroyed  nd 2 Law of Thermodynamics States that with each successive energy transfer or transformation in a system, less energy is available. Energy is lost as heat  nd 2 Law of Thermodynamics “High to Low” – for any process, a natural flow will always be from a higher energy to a lower energy.  nd 2 Law of Thermodynamics “Perfect is impossible” – for every real world process, there will always be energy loss. Lesson 2.3 Energy for Life Learning Outcomes: To understand the energy exchange in ecosystems To understand the importance of solar radiation, chemosynthesis, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration. All Living Things Need Energy  How Organisms Get Energy: Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Autotrophs Heterotrophs Organisms that make Organisms that cannot their own food make their own food Also called as producers Also called as consumers Photoautotrophs Get energy from Chemoautotrophs autotrophs or other heterotrophs  No sun, no life: Photoautotrophs organisms that use sunlight as their energy source to produce food via the process of photosynthesis  Photosynthesis the chemical reaction by which green plants and certain organisms transform light energy (sunlight) into chemical energy in the form of glucose Components of Photosynthesis Chloroplast Chlorophyll Chlorophyll-containing A unique green molecule organelle in photosynthetic that can absorb light energy cells; sites of and use it to create photosynthesis high-energy chemical bonds in compounds that serve as the fuel for all subsequent cellular processes  Who can photosynthesize? Who can photosynthesize? plants some cyanobacteria some algae protists What happens during photosynthesis? Photosynthetic organisms, such as plants take in carbon dioxide and water from the air and soil Plants capture light energy using chlorophyll and use that energy to make glucose Sunlight provides the energy needed by chlorophyll to change molecules of carbon dioxide and water into glucose Oxygen is also released in this reaction Why is photosynthesis important? We cannot make our own food, we must get our food from plants The oxygen released during photosynthesis is necessary for all living things  Cellular Respiration occurs in the A metabolic process that breaks down glucose and produces ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)  What is Cellular Respiration? Once the energy that was in sunlight is changed into chemical energy by photosynthesis, an organism has to transform the chemical energy into a form that it can use in the form of ATP. This process is cellular respiration.  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. The process of releasing chemical energy for use by cells that involves splitting carbon and hydrogen atoms from the glucose molecule and recombining them with oxygen to recreate carbon dioxide and water  Glucose vs ATP Glucose ATP Primary energy source for cells Primary energy currency of cells Glucose is broken down through ATP stores and releases energy cellular respiration to form ATP for various cellular processes The food for our cells such as growth, and muscle Stored as starch found in the contraction. roots, stems, and leaves of plants Used immediately after Stored as glycogen found in the production to power various liver and muscles of animals cellular activities  No sun, no problem: Chemoautotrophs organisms that can produce their own food using energy derived from inorganic substances. They are often found in extreme environments, such as deep-sea vents  Chemosynthesis the synthesis of organic compounds by bacteria or other living organisms using energy obtained from reactions involving inorganic chemicals, typically in the absence of sunlight  Who can chemosynthesize? extremophiles – organisms that live in “extreme environments” Chemoautotrophs (sulfur-oxidizing bacteria), with the help of carbon dioxide and oxygen, and using the energy released from the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), produce glucose, sulfur, and water.  How do energy and matter flow through systems? food chains, food webs, & biogeochemical cycles  Key Terms Food Chain The sequence of transfers of energy in the form of food from organism to organism Trophic Level An organism’s feeding status in an ecosystem 10% Rule Each trophic level transfers 10% of its energy to the level above them in the food chain  Facts about food chains In a food chain, each organism obtains energy from the one at the level below Plants are called producers, because they create their own food through photosynthesis Animals are consumers because they cannot create their own food, they must eat plants or other animals to get needed energy  Key Terms Food Web A connection of multiple food chains Lesson 2.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Learning Outcomes: To understand how essential nutrients, elements, and matter move through the biotic and abiotic components.  Biogeochemical Cycles pathways through which essential elements, nutrients, and matter move between biotic and abiotic components of the Earth’s system  Essential Elements elements that are absolutely necessary for the growth and development of living organisms  Essential Elements Macronutrients Micronutrients Required in larger Required in smaller quantities by the body quantities by the body Ex: C, H, O, N, S, P, K, Ex: Fe, Zn, Cu Ca, Mg  Key Components of Biogeochemical Cycles Reservoirs These are places where elements are stored, like the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and rocks. Processes These are the mechanisms that move elements between reservoirs, such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and weathering  Main Reservoirs oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, etc. Plant-usable Form water (H2O)  Main Reservoirs the atmosphere, oceans, the land, fossil fuels, etc. Plant-usable Form carbon dioxide (CO2)  Main Reservoirs rocks, ocean sediments, organisms, soil, etc. Plant-usable Form phosphates (PO4) Water Pollution Eutrophication Global Warming