Lect6-Environmental Systems and Measurements.pdf

CE2214: Environmental Science and Engineering Environmental Systems and Measurements Ref.: (1) Introduction to Environmental Engineering, Davis and Cornwell (2) Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science, Davis and Masten DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERIN...

CE2214: Environmental Science and Engineering Environmental Systems and Measurements Ref.: (1) Introduction to Environmental Engineering, Davis and Cornwell (2) Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science, Davis and Masten DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025  ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS Water Resource Management System Water Supply Subsystem:  The nature of the water source commonly determines the planning, design, and operation of the collection, purification, transmission and distribution works.  The two major sources used to supply community and industrial needs comes from the surface water and groundwater. Streams, lakes, and rivers are the surface water sources while groundwater sources are those pumped from wells.  Population and water consumption patterns are the prime factors that govern the quantity of water required and the source and the whole composition of water resource system.  Factors that influence water consumption are (1) industrial activity, (2) meterage and water price, (3) system management, (4) standard of living, and (5) climate. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025  The pipe network in the city is called the distribution system.  Excess water produced by the treatment plant during periods of low demand is held in a storage reservoir.  The storage reservoir may be elevated, or it may be at ground level.  The stored water is used to meet high demand during the day.  Storage compensates for changes in demand and allows a smaller treatment plant to be built.  It also provides emergency backup in case of a fire. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025  Population and water-consumption patterns are the prime factors that govern the quantity of water required and hence the source and the whole composition of the water resource system.  One of the first steps in the selection of a suitable water-supply source is determining the demand that will be placed on it.  The essential elements of water demand include average daily water consumption and peak rate of demand.  If the demand for water is measured on a per capita basis, climate is the most important factor influencing demand. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025 Wastewater Disposal Subsystem:  Safe disposal of all human wastes is necessary to protect the health of the individual, family, and the community, and also to prevent the occurrence of certain nuisances.  Human wastes must be disposed so that: 1. They will not contaminate any drinking water supply. 2. They will not give rise to a public health hazard by being accessible to insects, rodents, or other possible carriers that may come into contact with food or drinking water. 3. They will not give rise to a public health hazard by being accessible to children. 4. They will not pollute or contaminate the waters of any bathing beach or stream used for public and domestic water-supply purposes or recreational purposes. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025 5. They will not give rise to a nuisance due to odor or unsightly appearance. 6. They will not cause violation of laws or regulations governing water pollution or sewage disposal. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025  Source: MWSI Sewage Transmission in Central Manila thru Main Sewer Lines and Lift Stations DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025  Sewers are classified into three categories: sanitary, storm, and combined.  Sanitary sewers are designed to carry municipal wastewater from homes and commercial establishments.  Storm sewers are designed to handle excess rainwater to prevent flooding of low areas.  Combined sewers accommodate both municipal wastewater and stormwater.  When gravity flow is not possible or when sewer trenches become uneconomically deep, the wastewater may be pumped.  When the sewage is pumped vertically to discharge into a higher- elevation gravity sewer, the location of the sewage pump is called a lift station. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025  Sanitary and Storm Sewer DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025  Sewage treatment is performed at the wastewater treatment plant to stabilize the waste material to make it less putrescible  The effluent may be discharged into an ocean, lake, river, or be processed for reuse.  Alternatively, it may be discharged onto the ground or may be processed for reuse.  The by-product sludge from the WWTP also must be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner.  Whether the waste is discharged onto the ground or into a receiving body, care must be exercised not to overtax the assimilative capacity of the ground or receiving body.  In summary, water resource management is the process of managing both the quantity and the quality of the water for human benefit without harming its availability and purity. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025 Air Resource Management System  Unlike water resource, air is delivered free of charge in whatever quantity we desire and also unlike water, which can be treated before using, it is impractical to go about with a gas mask on to treat impure water.  Air resource management is the balance of cost and benefit to obtain a desired quality of air.  Air resource management programs are instituted since air quality has deteriorated and the potential for a future problem is strong.  In order to carry out an air resource management program effectively, many elements must be employed as shown: DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025 Simplified Diagram of Air Resource Management System DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025 Solid Waste Management System Solid waste management system includes the following:  Maximization of utilization of valuable resources and resources conservation and recovery.  Solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source reduction and waste minimization measures.  Proper segregation, storage, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of solid waste. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025  Environmental Legislations and Regulations RA 9275: Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 An act providing for a comprehensive water quality management. The declaration of the policy states that the State shall pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the protection, preservation, and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish and marine waters. RA 8749: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 The principle declares that the State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. The specific objectives of the Act are: DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025 RA 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. An act providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes. It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste manage- ment program. RA 6969: Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act Law designed to respond to increasing problems associated with toxic chemicals and hazardous and nuclear wastes. It mandates the control and management of import, manufacture, process, distribution, use, transport, treatment, and disposal of toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes in the country. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025 RA 3931 & PD 984: Pollution Control Law It is declared a national policy to prevent, abate and control pollution of water, air and land for more effective utilization of the resources of the country. PD 1586: Environmental Impact Assessment System Law Contains the rules and regulations implementing the establishment of the environmental impact statement system promulgating the Philippine environmental policy. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025  UNITS OF MEASUREMENT (Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science Masters and Ela)  The conversion factors between the SI and USCS systems for some of the most basic units that will be encountered are presented in the following table.  In the study of environmental engineering, it is common to encounter both extremely large quantities and extremely small ones.  The concentration of some toxic substance may be measured in parts per billion (ppb), for example, whereas a country’s rate of energy use may be measured in thousands of billions of watts (terawatts).  To describe quantities that may take on such extreme values, it is useful to have a system of prefixes that accompany the units. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025  Some of the most important prefixes are presented on the right Table.  Often, it is the concentration of some substance in air or water that is of interest.  Using the metric system in either medium, concentrations may be based on mass (usually mg or g), volume (usually L or m3), or number (usually mol). DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 1st Term A.Y. 2024-2025