MODULE 2 Agricultural Biotechnology (1).pdf

MODULE 2 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Prepared by: Samuel C. Brillo, MSc-Biology (cand.) Agricultural Biotechnology consists of three subtopics: Module 2.1 Transgenics Module 2.2 Gene Identification, Gene Delivery Systems, and Gene Expression Module 2.3 GM Crops and Environment...

MODULE 2 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Prepared by: Samuel C. Brillo, MSc-Biology (cand.) Agricultural Biotechnology consists of three subtopics: Module 2.1 Transgenics Module 2.2 Gene Identification, Gene Delivery Systems, and Gene Expression Module 2.3 GM Crops and Environmental Impact MODULE 2.1 Transgenics  define transgenic organisms explain how transgenic organisms produce proteins that were not previously part of their species' proteome Producing Transgenic Crops https://www.nytimes.com/video/us/1000000 02297044/test-tube-tomato.html https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/untitled/b2- biotechnology-in-agricul/transgenics.html https://www.nytimes.com/video/us/100000002297044/test -tube-tomato.html  MODULE 2.2 Gene Identification, Gene Delivery Systems, and Gene Expression  define gene identification, gene delivery systems, and gene expression describe genetic modification can be used to overcome environmental resistance to increase crop yields illustrate the process of using recombinant DNA in different applications in agricultural biotechnology demonstrate identification of an open reading frame (ORF) READ MORE: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/orffinder/ Methods of Gene Delivery Plant Transgenesis Techniques Marker Genes https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/untitled/b2- biotechnology-in-agricul/gene-identification.html https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/untitled/b2- biotechnology-in-agricul/gene-delivery-systems.html https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/untitled/b2- biotechnology-in-agricul/gene-expression.html http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0078802849 /383937/BL_22.html  MODULE 2.3 GM Crops and Environmental Impact  define GM crops value applications of using tumor-inducing plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to introduce glyphosate resistance into soybean crops, genetic modification of tobacco mosaic virus to allow bulk production of Hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants, and production of Amflora potato for paper and adhesive industries apply skills in evaluation of data on the environmental impact of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans  Use of Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to introduce glyphosate resistance into soybean crops Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a pathogenic bacteria that induces tumors (called crown galls) in certain species of plant The bacterium inserts a tumor- inducing (Ti) plasmid into plant cells, which then integrates its DNA into the plant genome  Genetic modification of tobacco mosaic virus to allow bulk production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants Hepatitis B is a liver disease in humans caused by a virus (HBV)– however infection can be prevented by vaccination Vaccination involves introducing antigenic fragments to the immune system in order to develop specific memory cells  Production of Amflora potato (Solanum tuberosum) for paper and adhesive industries Potatoes contain two forms of starch – a branched form (amylopectin = 80%) and an unbranched form (amylose = 20%) Amylopectin is responsible for the useful industrial properties of starch (adhesives, textiles, paper, etc.) Amylose forms a gel which makes potato starch less stable and more difficult to use for industrial purposes GMOs (genetically modified organisms) have been artificially manipulated through genetic engineering to express new traits There are a number of possible applications for the genetic modification of organisms: ✓ Agricultural crops are commonly modified to improve yield, growth rates and nutritional value ✓ Genetically modified animals may be used to grow human transplant tissues and organs (xenotransplantation) ✓ A number of microorganisms are being considered as future clean fuel producers and biodegraders ✓ Pharmaceutical companies are exploring the possibilities of introducing vaccines, antibodies and medicines into foods Glyphosate-resistant soybeans can tolerate exposure to glyphosate – which is used in agriculture to eliminate weeds (herbicide) Consequently, these transgenic crops have been widely adopted in a number of countries around the world There are several potential environmental benefits and risks associated with the use of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans These include the impact of tillage, effects on biodiversity and the potential for unintended transfer of glyphosate resistance Impact of Tillage Spraying crops with glyphosate reduces the need for tillage, which removes topsoil and increases soil erosion Reducing the amount of tillage will also reduce the associated use of fossil fuels, limiting the impact of Cross Contamination pollution Glyphosate tolerance can potentially be transferred to native Effects on Biodiversity species – producing weeds that are resistant to the herbicide Glyphosate has very low levels of toxicity in animal This impact can be reduced by targeting the resistance species and so is unlikely to impact population numbers gene to chlorophyll – preventing its spread in pollen granules in an ecosystem Several species of glyphosate-resistant weeds have already It is also rapidly degraded by soil microbes and so is been identified in the wild unlikely to accumulate to dangerous levels within the environment However, the effect of sublethal exposure glysophate has not been well studied in most plant and animal models The removal of native weed species by glysophate treatment could also adversely effect food chains – reducing biodiversity Potential Environmental Consequences of the Use of Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybeans https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/untitled/b2- biotechnology-in-agricul/gm-crops.html https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/untitled/b2- biotechnology-in-agricul/environmental-impact.html