Social Development PDF

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC Social Development This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Learning Outcomes ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Social Nexus ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Developmental Changes in Infants’ Social Interactions ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Attachment and Development John Bowlby Attachment...

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC Social Development This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Learning Outcomes ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Social Nexus ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Developmental Changes in Infants’ Social Interactions ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Attachment and Development John Bowlby Attachment describes close emotional relationship between two people mutual affection desire to maintain proximity Reciprocal relationships Attachment and Development Interactional synchrony Participants adjust behaviours in response to partner Like a “dance” Occur several times a day Promotes attachment This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY Attachment and Development Phases in infant attachment development (Schaffer & Emerson, 1964) 1. Asocial phase (0 to 6 weeks) 2. Indiscriminate attachments (6 weeks to 6/7 months) 3. Specific attachment (7 to 9 months) 4. Multiple attachments (by 18 months) Theories of Attachment Is feeding the cause of attachment? Learning theorists Food is primary reinforcer Mother becomes secondary reinforcer Psychoanalytic theorists Oral gratification This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Theories of Attachment Harlow and Zimmerman (1959) tested feeding hypothesis Rhesus monkeys reared with surrogate “mothers” Made of wire, one covered with soft cloth, one just wire Half of monkeys fed by wire surrogate, half fed by cloth surrogate Theories of Attachment Would monkeys prefer a “mother” who fed them or one who was soft and cuddly? All monkeys preferred cloth surrogate … even if it was not the surrogate that fed them! Contact comfort more powerful contributor to attachment than feeding Theories of Attachment Cognitive-developmental view Object-permanence prerequisite Ethological view All species have built-in behaviours to foster attachment. Establishing attachment is adaptive. Imprinting is adaptive. Theories of Attachment What behaviours are adaptive? Those that elicit care and attention Smiling Reflexes like rooting, sucking, grasping Babbling Increase likelihood that infant will be cared for and eventually grow up to reproduce This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Attachment-Related Fears of Infancy Stranger anxiety Negative reaction of infant/toddler to unfamiliar person Emerges once first attachment formed Peaks at 8 to 10 months Separation anxiety Discomfort when separated from object of attachment (e.g., mother) Peaks at 14 to 18 months Attachment-Related Fears of Infancy Ethological viewpoint Biologically programmed fear Cognitive-developmental viewpoint Fear reflects perceptual and cognitive development Assessing Attachment Security The strange situation procedure Laboratory test of eight episodes Simulates caregiver–infant interactions in everyday life Infant’s behaviour is recorded Attachment style can be determined This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Strange Situation Episodes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Experimenter introduces parent and infant to playroom and leaves Parent sits while baby plays Stranger enters, sits, talks to parent Parent leaves Parent returns and greets baby, stranger leaves Parent leaves Stranger enters and offers comfort Parent returns, comforts, engages baby with toys Attachment Styles Secure (65%) Infant explores while mother is present Upset when mother leaves Greets mother warmly upon her return Seeks her for comfort Friendly to stranger when mother present Attachment Styles Avoidant (20%) Very little distress when mother leaves Seems to ignore mother May be sociable with or ignore stranger Disorganized/Disoriented (5–10%) Seem to both approach and avoid mother May act dazed or freeze Attachment Styles Resistant (10%) Infant stays close to mother; upset when she leaves Explores very little in mother’s presence Ambivalent when she returns Wary of stranger at all times Attachment and Development Attachment figure comes to serve as a secure base Encourages independence Although child-rearing traditions vary dramatically across cultures, secure attachments are more common than are insecure attachments around the world. Attachment and Development Are meanings of attachment relationships universal or do they vary from culture to culture? Amae: Japanese concept Refers to an infant’s feeling of total dependence on his or her mother and presumption of the mother’s love and indulgence Fathers as caregivers Amount of time spent with infant Contribution to social and emotional development Influences on Attachment Caregiving hypothesis (Ainsworth, 1979) Attachment style is result of caregiving style Secure attachment—sensitive caregiving Resistant attachment—inconsistent caregiving Avoidant attachment—impatient, rejecting, or overstimulating caregiving Disorganized—abusive behaviours Risk Factors for Insensitive Caregiving Depression Emotionally insecure adults Unplanned pregnancies/unwanted infants Health, legal, or financial problems Unhappy marriages This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Promoting Secure Attachment Sensitivity Positive attitude and affect Synchrony Mutuality Support Stimulation This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Influences on Attachment Can an infant’s temperament explain attachment? Temperament hypothesis Kagan’s view that the strange situation measures individual differences in the infants’ temperament rather than the quality of their attachments Evidence against temperament hypothesis Infants can have both secure and insecure attachments Changing parental behaviour can change attachment Integrative theory: caregiving + temperament Quality of caregiving determines secure/insecure, but temperament predicts type of insecurity Attachment and Later Development Internal working models Figure 12.4 Four perspectives on close emotional relationships that evolve from the positive or negative “working models” of self and others that people construct from their experiences with intimate companions Adapted from “Attachment Styles Among Young Adults: A Test of a Four Category Model,” by K. Bartholomew & L.M. Horowitz, 1991, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, pp. 226–44. Copyright © 1991 by the American Psychological Association. Adapted by permission. Learning Outcomes Types of Relationships ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ The Development of Relationships Interaction Mother-infant infant-object ▪ Cognitive component ▪ Affective component Self-development Self recognition Personal pronouns Pretend play ▪ Relationships attachment/ friendships Social Behaviours empathy/ Sharing The Development of Relationships ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Behavioural Inhibition ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ The Social Network ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ How do we measure and describe social networks? ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Summary ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Summary ▪ ▪ The type of attachment that an infant develops with a particular caregiver depends primarily on the kind of caregiving he or she has received from that person