Module 1 Questions Part 6 PDF

**Section 1: Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds** 1. **What does the term \"systole\" refer to?**\ a) Relaxation of a chamber\ b) Contraction of a chamber\ c) Blood flow into the atria\ d) Electrical conduction through the heart\ e) Blood flow through the pulmonary veins\ **Ans...

**Section 1: Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds** 1. **What does the term \"systole\" refer to?**\ a) Relaxation of a chamber\ b) Contraction of a chamber\ c) Blood flow into the atria\ d) Electrical conduction through the heart\ e) Blood flow through the pulmonary veins\ **Answer: b) Contraction of a chamber** 2. **What is the primary cause of blood movement through the circulatory system?**\ a) Gravity\ b) Electrical impulses\ c) Pressure differences created by heart contraction\ d) Temperature changes in the body\ e) Muscle contraction in the limbs\ **Answer: c) Pressure differences created by heart contraction** 3. **What occurs during passive ventricular filling?**\ a) The atria contract to fill the ventricles\ b) The ventricles contract to pump blood\ c) Blood flows into the ventricles due to pressure differences\ d) The semilunar valves open\ e) The AV valves close\ **Answer: c) Blood flows into the ventricles due to pressure differences** 4. **What is the role of atrial systole in the cardiac cycle?**\ a) Eject blood into the pulmonary trunk\ b) Push blood into the ventricles\ c) Relax the ventricles\ d) Close the semilunar valves\ e) Reduce atrial pressure\ **Answer: b) Push blood into the ventricles** 5. **What causes the first heart sound (\"lubb\")?**\ a) Closure of the semilunar valves\ b) Opening of the AV valves\ c) Closure of the AV valves\ d) Contraction of the atria\ e) Relaxation of the ventricles\ **Answer: c) Closure of the AV valves** **Section 2: Blood Flow Through the Heart** 6. **What is the function of the right atrium?**\ a) Pump oxygenated blood to the body\ b) Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs\ c) Receive deoxygenated blood from the body\ d) Pump blood into the pulmonary trunk\ e) Open the semilunar valves\ **Answer: c) Receive deoxygenated blood from the body** 7. **Which vessel carries oxygenated blood to the heart?**\ a) Pulmonary arteries\ b) Aorta\ c) Pulmonary veins\ d) Superior vena cava\ e) Inferior vena cava\ **Answer: c) Pulmonary veins** 8. **What is the function of the left ventricle?**\ a) Pump blood to the lungs\ b) Receive blood from the left atrium\ c) Pump blood to the entire body\ d) Receive deoxygenated blood from the body\ e) Open the tricuspid valve\ **Answer: c) Pump blood to the entire body** 9. **What separates the left ventricle from the aorta?**\ a) Mitral valve\ b) Aortic semilunar valve\ c) Pulmonary semilunar valve\ d) Tricuspid valve\ e) Interventricular septum\ **Answer: b) Aortic semilunar valve** 10. **What structure ensures one-way blood flow through the heart?**\ a) Chordae tendineae\ b) Valves\ c) Papillary muscles\ d) Ventricular septum\ e) Purkinje fibers\ **Answer: b) Valves** **Section 3: Cardiac Cycle Events** 11. **What happens during isovolumetric contraction?**\ a) Ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure\ b) Blood is ejected into the aorta\ c) Ventricular pressure increases without blood flow\ d) The semilunar valves open\ e) Blood flows into the atria\ **Answer: c) Ventricular pressure increases without blood flow** 12. **What marks the end of ventricular ejection?**\ a) Closure of the AV valves\ b) Opening of the semilunar valves\ c) Closure of the semilunar valves\ d) Opening of the AV valves\ e) Relaxation of the atria\ **Answer: c) Closure of the semilunar valves** 13. **Which phase follows ventricular systole?**\ a) Passive ventricular filling\ b) Isovolumetric relaxation\ c) Atrial contraction\ d) Atrial diastole\ e) Ventricular ejection\ **Answer: b) Isovolumetric relaxation** 14. **What percentage of ventricular filling occurs passively?**\ a) 10%\ b) 30%\ c) 50%\ d) 70%\ e) 90%\ **Answer: d) 70%** **Section 4: Electrocardiogram** 15. **What does the P wave represent on an ECG?**\ a) Ventricular depolarization\ b) Atrial depolarization\ c) Atrial repolarization\ d) Ventricular repolarization\ e) Contraction of the ventricles\ **Answer: b) Atrial depolarization** 16. **What follows the QRS complex on an ECG?**\ a) Atrial contraction\ b) Atrial depolarization\ c) Ventricular contraction\ d) Ventricular repolarization\ e) Relaxation of the atria\ **Answer: c) Ventricular contraction** 17. **What condition is indicated by a prolonged QT interval?**\ a) Tachycardia\ b) Bradycardia\ c) Risk of arrhythmias\ d) Heart block\ e) Atrial fibrillation\ **Answer: c) Risk of arrhythmias** **Section 5: Regulation of Heart Function** 18. **What does the term \"preload\" refer to?**\ a) The force of ventricular contraction\ b) The pressure in the aorta\ c) The amount of stretch in the ventricular walls\ d) The heart rate at rest\ e) The total peripheral resistance\ **Answer: c) The amount of stretch in the ventricular walls** 19. **Which law explains the relationship between ventricular stretch and contraction strength?**\ a) Frank-Starling law\ b) Ohm\'s law\ c) Newton\'s law\ d) Bernoulli\'s principle\ e) Starling-Weber law\ **Answer: a) Frank-Starling law** 20. **What is afterload?**\ a) The amount of blood ejected per beat\ b) The force required to open the AV valves\ c) The pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood\ d) The force of ventricular contraction\ e) The resting heart rate\ **Answer: c) The pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood** **Section 6: Mean Arterial Pressure** 21. **How is mean arterial pressure (MAP) calculated?**\ a) MAP = HR × SV\ b) MAP = CO × PR\ c) MAP = EDV - ESV\ d) MAP = SV ÷ HR\ e) MAP = BP ÷ PR\ **Answer: b) MAP = CO × PR** 22. **What is cardiac output (CO)?**\ a) Total blood volume in the body\ b) Blood flow through the coronary arteries\ c) Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute\ d) Resistance to blood flow in the arteries\ e) Stroke volume multiplied by preload\ **Answer: c) Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute** 23. **Which formula represents cardiac output?**\ a) CO = HR × SV\ b) CO = MAP × PR\ c) CO = EDV - ESV\ d) CO = HR ÷ PR\ e) CO = MAP ÷ SV\ **Answer: a) CO = HR × SV** 24. **What is stroke volume?**\ a) Blood ejected per minute\ b) Blood ejected per heartbeat\ c) Blood remaining after contraction\ d) Volume of blood in the atria\ e) Blood returning to the heart\ **Answer: b) Blood ejected per heartbeat** 25. **What is peripheral resistance (PR)?**\ a) Pressure in the atria during diastole\ b) Force opposing blood flow in the vascular system\ c) Amount of blood pumped per minute\ d) Resistance in the AV valves during systole\ e) Blood volume in the veins\ **Answer: b) Force opposing blood flow in the vascular system** 26. **What increases cardiac output (CO)?**\ a) Decreased heart rate\ b) Increased stroke volume\ c) Reduced blood volume\ d) Increased peripheral resistance\ e) Closure of semilunar valves\ **Answer: b) Increased stroke volume** 27. **What is the cardiac reserve?**\ a) Stroke volume divided by heart rate\ b) Difference between resting and maximum cardiac output\ c) Resting blood pressure multiplied by heart rate\ d) Maximum heart rate during exercise\ e) Total blood volume in the circulatory system\ **Answer: b) Difference between resting and maximum cardiac output** **Section 7: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart** 28. **What is intrinsic regulation of the heart?**\ a) Neural control of heart rate\ b) Hormonal stimulation of the ventricles\ c) Regulation due to the heart\'s functional characteristics\ d) Influence of body temperature on heart rate\ e) Control by baroreceptors in the aorta\ **Answer: c) Regulation due to the heart\'s functional characteristics** 29. **What does the Frank-Starling law of the heart state?**\ a) The greater the preload, the stronger the ventricular contraction\ b) The greater the afterload, the lower the cardiac output\ c) Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate\ d) Increased heart rate always increases cardiac output\ e) The heart\'s electrical activity determines contraction strength\ **Answer: a) The greater the preload, the stronger the ventricular contraction** 30. **What does afterload affect?**\ a) Heart rate\ b) End-systolic volume\ c) Peripheral resistance\ d) Atrial pressure during diastole\ e) Stroke volume\ **Answer: e) Stroke volume** 31. **Which hormone increases heart rate and force of contraction?**\ a) Acetylcholine\ b) Epinephrine\ c) Cortisol\ d) Glucagon\ e) Thyroxine\ **Answer: b) Epinephrine** 32. **What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart?**\ a) Increases heart rate\ b) Decreases heart rate\ c) Increases stroke volume\ d) Increases blood pressure\ e) Enhances ventricular contraction\ **Answer: b) Decreases heart rate** 33. **Which nerve is responsible for parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?**\ a) Phrenic nerve\ b) Vagus nerve\ c) Cardiac nerve\ d) Spinal accessory nerve\ e) Glossopharyngeal nerve\ **Answer: b) Vagus nerve** 34. **What does sympathetic stimulation do to stroke volume?**\ a) Reduces stroke volume\ b) Increases stroke volume\ c) Maintains a constant stroke volume\ d) Affects only heart rate, not stroke volume\ e) Decreases end-diastolic volume\ **Answer: b) Increases stroke volume** **Section 8: Regulation by Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors** 35. **Where are baroreceptors that regulate blood pressure located?**\ a) Medulla oblongata\ b) Aortic arch and carotid sinuses\ c) Right atrium and pulmonary veins\ d) Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava\ e) Ventricles of the heart\ **Answer: b) Aortic arch and carotid sinuses** 36. **What do chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies monitor?**\ a) Blood glucose levels\ b) Blood oxygen levels\ c) Atrial pressure\ d) Sodium and potassium levels\ e) Stroke volume\ **Answer: b) Blood oxygen levels** 37. **What is the effect of prolonged low oxygen levels on the heart?**\ a) Reduced heart rate\ b) Increased heart rate\ c) Reduced stroke volume\ d) Decreased blood pressure\ e) Inhibition of sympathetic stimulation\ **Answer: b) Increased heart rate** **Section 9: Heart Sounds and Abnormalities** 38. **What causes the second heart sound (\"dupp\")?**\ a) Closing of the AV valves\ b) Closing of the semilunar valves\ c) Atrial contraction\ d) Opening of the mitral valve\ e) Turbulent blood flow in the ventricles\ **Answer: b) Closing of the semilunar valves** 39. **What does a murmur indicate?**\ a) Normal blood flow through the heart\ b) Turbulent blood flow due to valve problems\ c) Constriction of the pulmonary arteries\ d) Low cardiac output\ e) Normal relaxation of ventricles\ **Answer: b) Turbulent blood flow due to valve problems** 40. **What causes valvular insufficiency?**\ a) Narrowing of a valve opening\ b) Backward blood flow through a closed valve\ c) Excessive ventricular pressure\ d) Overstretching of the atria\ e) Increased end-systolic volume\ **Answer: b) Backward blood flow through a closed valve** 41. **What is stenosis of a heart valve?**\ a) Backflow of blood into the atrium\ b) Irregular electrical signals in the ventricles\ c) Narrowing of a valve opening\ d) Overstretching of ventricular walls\ e) Failure of the SA node to fire\ **Answer: c) Narrowing of a valve opening** **Section 10: Miscellaneous** 42. **What happens during ventricular ejection?**\ a) AV valves close\ b) Blood flows into the atria\ c) Semilunar valves open\ d) Ventricles relax\ e) The QRS complex is generated\ **Answer: c) Semilunar valves open** 43. **What percentage of blood is typically ejected from the ventricles during systole?**\ a) 30-40%\ b) 50-60%\ c) 70-80%\ d) 90-100%\ e) Less than 30%\ **Answer: c) 70-80%** 44. **Which ion primarily affects resting membrane potential in cardiac muscle cells?**\ a) Calcium\ b) Sodium\ c) Potassium\ d) Chloride\ e) Magnesium\ **Answer: c) Potassium** 45. **What is the function of the SA node?**\ a) Slow conduction to the ventricles\ b) Act as the heart's pacemaker\ c) Prevent backflow into the atria\ d) Increase end-diastolic volume\ e) Maintain cardiac reserve\ **Answer: b) Act as the heart's pacemaker** 46. **What is stroke volume dependent on?**\ a) Blood pressure only\ b) Preload, afterload, and contractility\ c) Oxygen levels in the blood\ d) Resting heart rate\ e) Atrial contraction\ **Answer: b) Preload, afterload, and contractility** 47. **Which event occurs first in the cardiac cycle?**\ a) Atrial systole\ b) Ventricular systole\ c) Ventricular diastole\ d) Isovolumetric relaxation\ e) Ejection\ **Answer: a) Atrial systole** 48. **What happens to the AV valves during isovolumetric relaxation?**\ a) They open\ b) They close\ c) They remain closed\ d) They are forced open by atrial pressure\ e) They vibrate due to turbulent blood flow\ **Answer: c) They remain closed** 49. **What is end-diastolic volume?**\ a) Blood ejected per heartbeat\ b) Blood remaining after ventricular systole\ c) Blood volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole\ d) Total blood volume in the atria\ e) Volume of blood in systemic circulation\ **Answer: c) Blood volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole** 50. **Which chamber generates the highest pressure during contraction?**\ a) Right atrium\ b) Left atrium\ c) Right ventricle\ d) Left ventricle\ e) Pulmonary trunk\ **Answer: d) Left ventricle**