Module 1 Questions Part 6
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Questions and Answers

What does the term "systole" refer to?

  • Blood flow into the atria
  • Relaxation of a chamber
  • Contraction of a chamber (correct)
  • Electrical conduction through the heart
  • Blood flow through the pulmonary veins

What is the primary cause of blood movement through the circulatory system?

  • Temperature changes in the body
  • Electrical impulses
  • Pressure differences created by heart contraction (correct)
  • Muscle contraction in the limbs
  • Gravity

What occurs during passive ventricular filling?

  • The atria contract to fill the ventricles
  • The ventricles contract to pump blood
  • The AV valves close
  • Blood flows into the ventricles due to pressure differences (correct)
  • The semilunar valves open

What is the role of atrial systole in the cardiac cycle?

<p>Push blood into the ventricles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the first heart sound ("lubb")?

<p>Closure of the AV valves (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the right atrium?

<p>Receive deoxygenated blood from the body (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood to the heart?

<p>Pulmonary veins (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the left ventricle?

<p>Pump blood to the entire body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the left ventricle from the aorta?

<p>Aortic semilunar valve (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure ensures one-way blood flow through the heart?

<p>Valves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during isovolumetric contraction?

<p>Ventricular pressure increases without blood flow (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks the end of ventricular ejection?

<p>Closure of the semilunar valves (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase follows ventricular systole?

<p>Isovolumetric relaxation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of ventricular filling occurs passively?

<p>70% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the P wave represent on an ECG?

<p>Atrial depolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What follows the QRS complex on an ECG?

<p>Ventricular contraction (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by a prolonged QT interval?

<p>Risk of arrhythmias (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "preload" refer to?

<p>The amount of stretch in the ventricular walls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law explains the relationship between ventricular stretch and contraction strength?

<p>Frank-Starling law (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is afterload?

<p>The pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is mean arterial pressure (MAP) calculated?

<p>MAP = CO × PR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cardiac output (CO)?

<p>Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula represents cardiac output?

<p>CO = HR × SV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stroke volume?

<p>Blood ejected per heartbeat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is peripheral resistance (PR)?

<p>Force opposing blood flow in the vascular system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increases cardiac output (CO)?

<p>Increased stroke volume (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cardiac reserve?

<p>Difference between resting and maximum cardiac output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intrinsic regulation of the heart?

<p>Regulation due to the heart's functional characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Frank-Starling law of the heart state?

<p>The greater the preload, the stronger the ventricular contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does afterload affect?

<p>Stroke volume (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases heart rate and force of contraction?

<p>Epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart?

<p>Decreases heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?

<p>Vagus nerve (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sympathetic stimulation do to stroke volume?

<p>Increases stroke volume (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are baroreceptors that regulate blood pressure located?

<p>Aortic arch and carotid sinuses (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies monitor?

<p>Blood oxygen levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of prolonged low oxygen levels on the heart?

<p>Increased heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the second heart sound ("dupp")?

<p>Closing of the semilunar valves (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a murmur indicate?

<p>Turbulent blood flow due to valve problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes valvular insufficiency?

<p>Backward blood flow through a closed valve (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stenosis of a heart valve?

<p>Narrowing of a valve opening (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during ventricular ejection?

<p>Semilunar valves open (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood is typically ejected from the ventricles during systole?

<p>70-80% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion primarily affects resting membrane potential in cardiac muscle cells?

<p>Potassium (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the SA node?

<p>Act as the heart's pacemaker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stroke volume dependent on?

<p>Preload, afterload, and contractility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event occurs first in the cardiac cycle?

<p>Atrial systole (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the AV valves during isovolumetric relaxation?

<p>They remain closed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is end-diastolic volume?

<p>Blood volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber generates the highest pressure during contraction?

<p>Left ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Systole

Contraction of a heart chamber

Cardiac Cycle

Sequence of events in one heartbeat

Blood Pressure

Force of blood against vessel walls

Passive Ventricular Filling

Blood flows into ventricles due to pressure differences

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Atrial Systole

Atrial contraction to push blood into ventricles

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First Heart Sound

Closure of AV valves

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Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from body

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Pulmonary Veins

Carry oxygenated blood to the heart

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Left Ventricle

Pumps blood to the entire body

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Aortic Semilunar Valve

Separates left ventricle from the aorta

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Valves in Heart

Ensure one-way blood flow

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Isovolumetric Contraction

Ventricular pressure rises, but no blood flow

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Ventricular Ejection

Blood ejection into arteries during systole

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Isovolumetric Relaxation

Ventricles relax but no blood flows in or out

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P wave

Atrial depolarization on ECG

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QRS Complex

Ventricular depolarization on ECG

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Preload

Ventricular stretch before contraction

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Frank-Starling Law

More stretch, stronger contraction

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Afterload

Pressure ventricles need to overcome to eject

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Cardiac Output (CO)

Volume of blood pumped per minute

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Stroke Volume (SV)

Blood pumped per heartbeat

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Peripheral Resistance (PR)

Opposition to blood flow in vessels

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Cardiac Reserve

Difference between resting and maximal cardiac output

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Intrinsic Regulation

Heart's own inherent regulation

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Epinephrine

Hormone increasing heart rate and strength

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Parasympathetic Stimulation

Decreases heart rate

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Baroreceptors

Detect blood pressure changes

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Chemoreceptors

Monitor blood oxygen and other changes

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Second Heart Sound

Closure of semilunar valves

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Murmur

Turbulent blood flow indicating problems

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Valvular Insufficiency

Backflow due to faulty valves

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Stenosis

Narrowed valve opening

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SA Node

Heart's pacemaker

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End-Diastolic Volume

Blood in ventricles at end of diastole

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Study Notes

Section 1: Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds

  • Systole refers to the contraction of a chamber.
  • The primary cause of blood movement through the circulatory system are pressure differences created by heart contraction.
  • Passive ventricular filling involves blood flowing into the ventricles due to pressure differences.
  • Atrial systole pushes blood into the ventricles.
  • The first heart sound ("lubb") is caused by the closure of the AV valves.

Section 2: Blood Flow Through the Heart

  • The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
  • The left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body.
  • The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart.
  • The aortic semilunar valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta

Section 3: Cardiac Cycle Events

  • Isovolumeric contraction involves ventricular pressure increases without blood flow.
  • The end of ventricular ejection is marked by the closure of semilunar valves.
  • Ventricular systole is followed by isovolumetric relaxation.
  • 70% of ventricular filling occurs passively.

Section 4: Electrocardiogram

  • The P wave on an ECG represents atrial depolarization.
  • The QRS complex is followed by ventricular contraction.
  • A prolonged QT interval indicates a specific cardiac condition.

Section 5: Regulation of Heart Function

  • Preload refers to the amount of stretch in the ventricular walls.
  • Frank-Starling law describes the relationship between ventricular stretch and contraction strength.
  • Afterload is the pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood.

Section 6: Mean Arterial Pressure

  • Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is calculated as CO x PR.

Section 7: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart

  • Intrinsic regulation of the heart involves its functional characteristics.
  • The Frank-Starling law states that the greater the preload, the stronger the ventricular contraction.
  • Afterload affects stroke volume .
  • Epinephrine increases heart rate and force of contraction.
  • Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate and contractility.
  • The vagus nerve is responsible for parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

Section 8: Regulation by Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors

  • Baroreceptors regulating blood pressure are located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses.
  • Chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies monitor blood oxygen levels.

Section 9: Heart Sounds and Abnormalities

  • The second heart sound ("dupp") is caused by the closure of semilunar valves.

Section 10: Miscellaneous

  • Ventricular ejection involves the opening of semilunar valves.
  • Approximately 70-80% of blood is typically ejected during ventricular systole.
  • Calcium plays a key role in resting membrane potential in cardiac muscles.

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Module 1 Questions Part 6 PDF

Description

This quiz explores the cardiac cycle, focusing on key terms such as systole and diastole, as well as heart sounds. It covers blood flow through the heart, the role of atrial and ventricular contractions, and key events in the cardiac cycle. Test your knowledge of how the heart works and the mechanics behind its sounds.

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